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DIRECTORY.md (45 PRs): Added shunt capacitor power factor correction #9535 Added an algorithm in how to use genetic algorithm for numbers #9577 Multinomial naive bayes text classifier #9619 Added pairwise iteration algorithms #9645 Added postfix-prefix conversion #10474 feat: implements a hex to rgb conversion function #11113 The sum of outcomes for rolling an N-sided dice K times. #11463 Add algorithm for approximating the nth root with Newton's Method #11509 finding different diffraction parameters #11608 Add activity selection new algorithm #11667 Proof of Work Algorithm for Blockchain #11699 String Tokenization with Byte-Pair Encoding #11782 Added doctests to eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py #11883 Added reverse_selection_sort #11910 Add files via upload #11924 Add Ridge Regression to Machine Learning #12111 Fixes issue #12108: Added Ridge Regression to Machine Learning #12246 Implementing Dynamic array #12271 First Implementation of Johnson Graph Algorithm #12281 Logical Implementation of Shor Algorithm #12317 Adding algorithm delta-star transformation #12356 Add Functional Programming Pipeline with Unix Pipeline Syntax #12413 Backpropagation weight decay #12421 algorithm for shuffling elements of an array. #12540 added multi armed bandit problem with three strategies to solve it #12668 Added Random Forest Regressor as an additional prediction model. #12767 Added kernel svm algorithm code file #12784 Add simple recursion examples: factorial, fibonacci, sum_of_digits #12834 Transitive Closure Algorithm #12940 Add K-means++ #12976 feat: add isomorphic strings #13014 Added Skeletonizing and Pruning Operations - DIP #13141 New Genetic Algorithm solution for Knapsack problem #13234 Add ml algorithms #13270 Add ARIMA model #13271 Add cnn model #13273 feat: Add Weighted Job Scheduling algorithm to dynamic programming #13378 Implement modified vigenere cipher for all printable ASCII #13452 Euler project solution 60 #13475 Add Merge Sorted Arrays Algorithm with Type Hints and Doctests #13589 feat(searches): Add Floyd's Cycle-Finding Algorithm #13609 machine_learning: add RidgeRegression with tests and demo #14016 Implement recursive binary search in Python #14056 Fix bugs and typo errors in closest_pair_of_points.py #14363 python3.15t #15142 searches/binary_search.py (11 PRs): Remove inefficient validation checks in binary search functions #13836 Fixes #13840 - handle duplicate items correctly in binary search #13841 Fix binary search to return leftmost occurrence for duplicates #13891 fixed logical error in parameter "hi" the bisect functions of the bin… #13900 Fix: return the correct index when duplicates in binary_search #13901 Fix: Return first index for binary search with duplicate elements (#1… #13955 Clarify doctest usage in binary search docstring #14051 Improve binary search doc #14456 Fix binary search final #14523 Improve error message clarity in binary search functions #14622 added time complexity to binary_search.py docstring #14708 machine_learning/linear_regression.py (4 PRs): Update linear_regression.py #11567 Contributes to #9943 by add tests in linear regression #11622 Added Exception Handling and type hinting #11802 Add regression visualization #14637 machine_learning/loss_functions.py (4 PRs): Add connectionist temporal classification (CTC) loss algorithm #11240 Add the sparse categorical cross-entropy loss #11250 Add Gaussian negative log likelihood loss algorithm #11263 Adding RMSE - Root Mean Squared Error Loss function #13410 maths/factorial.py (4 PRs): fix-factorial-validation: Fix input validation and doctests #13818 I have updated the print statement to understand #13994 Add recursive factorial implementation #14158 docs: improve module docstring clarity for factorial #14216 sorts/pancake_sort.py (4 PRs): docs: Add type hints and improve documentation for pancake_sort #13960 Improve: add type hints to pancake_sort #14738 chore: add type hints to pancake_sort #14841 sorts: make pancake_sort generic over Comparable items #15311 sorts/quick_sort.py (4 PRs): Added complexities #11725 sorts: make quick sort support comparable items #15290 sorts: make quick_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15327 sorts: make bogo_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15331 geometry/geometry.py (3 PRs): Add triangle in Geometry #12980 chore(geometry): add angle conversion, ellipse eccentricity, polygon geometry, and triangle class #13447 Fix ellipse perimeter calculation #13690 graphs/directed_and_undirected_weighted_graph.py (3 PRs): Add doctests to DFS and BFS. Contributes to #9943 #11757 Test cases for graphs/directed and undirected weighted graph.py #12287 Add to doctests #12790 graphs/graphs_floyd_warshall.py (3 PRs): Add doctests to graphs_floyd_warshall.py #11820 Unit tests #12125 Improve Test Coverage with Doctests for Floyd Warshall algorithm #12616 machine_learning/ridge_regression.py (3 PRs): Add Ridge Regression to Machine Learning #12111 Fixes issue #12108: Added Ridge Regression to Machine Learning #12246 machine_learning: add RidgeRegression with tests and demo #14016 matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py (3 PRs): Added doctests for matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py #12555 Contributes to #9943: Add docstrings and doctests, fix is_safe logic, and improve code formatting #12691 Added the doctests - Contributes to #9943 #13716 searches/linear_search.py (3 PRs): Fix: Improve docstrings and use ValueError in rec_linear_search #14626 Improve: Handle empty sequence case in linear_search #14627 Replace generic exception with ValueError in linear search #14641 sorts/shell_sort.py (3 PRs): Add Shell Sort Algorithm #13911 sorts: make shell_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15326 sorts: make bogo_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15331 strings/camel_case_to_snake_case.py (3 PRs): corrected the typos in camel_case_to_snake_case.py #14832 Add docstring frequency finder #14833 Correct typos and add secret_language file #14843 tests/test_sorts.py (3 PRs): sorts: make pancake_sort generic over Comparable items #15311 sorts: make cycle_sort generic for comparable items #15329 sorts: type shrink shell sort for comparable items #15334 .python-version (2 PRs): CI: try Python 3.15t release candidate (DRAFT — do not merge until 3.15t GA) #15105 python3.15t #15142 backtracking/all_permutations.py (2 PRs): Test cases for all_permutations #10662 Added doctests [Contributes to #9943] #13106 blockchain/README.md (2 PRs): Updated blockchain readme #12792 Update README.md #13296 blockchain/proof_of_stake.py (2 PRs): Added Proof of Stake(PoS) #11945 New: Added proof of work(PoW) #11946 boolean_algebra/and_gate.py (2 PRs): Updated the error handling in and_gate.py #13236 Update and_gate.py #13701 ciphers/cryptomath_module.py (2 PRs): Add doctests to cryptomath_module #13147 Add doctests to cryptomath_module.py #13217 ciphers/skytale_cipher.py (2 PRs): (ciphers): add scytale (skytale) transposition cipher with doctests #13100 Feat/ciphers columnar #13102 conversions/binary_to_decimal.py (2 PRs): Update binary_to_decimal.py #11919 Refactor binary to decimal conversion function #14571 conversions/roman_numerals.py (2 PRs): fix: int_to_roman silently returns wrong values for out-of-range input #14635 feat(conversions): add input validation and fix bugs in Roman Numerals #14871 divide_and_conquer/strassen_matrix_multiplication.py (2 PRs): optimize split_matrix function #12552 Docs/strassen docstring complexity #14095 electronics/wheatstone_bridge.py (2 PRs): Refine Wheatstone Bridge explanation #14031 Improve wheatstone docs #14275 graphics/bresenham_line_basic.py (2 PRs): Added Bresenham Line Algorithm basic version for first quadrant #13750 Bresenham line advanced algorithm which handles all octants ( for hacktoberfest ) #13751 graphics/digital_differential_analyzer_line.py (2 PRs): Docs: Improve docstring for DDA algorithm #13906 fix(dda): fix docstring #enhancement 13905 #13909 graphs/dijkstra_2.py (2 PRs): Add doctests to dijkstra_2.py #11823 Tests/doctests dijkstra 2 #13036 hashes/chaos_machine.py (2 PRs): fix: inverted loop condition in chaos_machine.py prevents execution #14777 Remove unnecessary global declarations, inline inner function and fix main loop while condition in chaos_machine #14814 hashes/crc32.py (2 PRs): feat: add CRC32 hash algorithm implementation #14035 Add CRC-32 checksum implementation #14415 machine_learning/apriori_algorithm.py (2 PRs): Refactor Apriori Algorithm: Fix Pruning Logic, Add Type Hints, and Pass Lint Checks #12700 Refactor apriori algorithm #14579 machine_learning/dimensionality_reduction.py (2 PRs): feat: add dimensionality reduction algorithms (PCA, LDA, LLE, MDS) #13118 Add t-SNE implementation and tests for dimensionality reduction #13337 maths/number_of_digits.py (2 PRs): Fix incorrect doctest and improve log handling in num_digits functions #13850 Fix num_digits_fast for powers of ten #14742 matrix/matrix_class.py (2 PRs): Contributes to #9943: Add docstrings and doctests, fix is_safe logic, and improve code formatting #12691 Added the doctests - Contributes to #9943 #13716 project_euler/problem_060/__init__.py (2 PRs): added project euler problem 60 #10082 Euler project solution 60 #13475 project_euler/problem_060/sol1.py (2 PRs): added project euler problem 60 #10082 Euler project solution 60 #13475 project_euler/problem_061/__init__.py (2 PRs): Solve Project Euler 61 #11433 Problem 061 Project Euler #14798 project_euler/problem_061/sol1.py (2 PRs): Solve Project Euler 61 #11433 Problem 061 Project Euler #14798 searches/exponential_search.py (2 PRs): Add exponential_search doctest for empty array edge case #13954 fix: handle not-found edges in exponential_search #14806 searches/interpolation_search.py (2 PRs): Test cases for interpolation_search #10690 Fix out-of-range recursion in interpolation_search_by_recursion #15333 sorts/insertion_sort.py (2 PRs): improve docstrings in insertion_sort.py to include complexity analysis #14868 Add time and space complexity analysis to insertion_sort docstring #15054 sorts/selection_sort.py (2 PRs): Enhance docstring for selection_sort function #13963 docs: add time and space complexity to selection_sort docstring #13972 sorts/topological_sort.py (2 PRs): Updated topological_sort.py #11290 Fix topological sort order #14609 strings/anagrams.py (2 PRs): Improve docstrings and readability in anagrams module #14188 Improve docstring clarity and typing in anagrams #14219 strings/boyer_moore_search.py (2 PRs): Improve Boyer-Moore String Search (Bad Character Rule) Implementation #13039 fix: Boyer-Moore bad character shift was dead code in for-loop #14770 strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py (2 PRs): ✅ Add doctests to string conversion functions #12839 docs: add doctests for min_cost_string_conversion #13601 strings/suffix_automaton.py (2 PRs): add suffix automaton algo #11217 feat(strings): add suffix automaton implementation #13606
143 existing files
.python-version: CI: try Python 3.15t release candidate (DRAFT — do not merge until 3.15t GA) #15105 python3.15t #15142 DIRECTORY.md: Added shunt capacitor power factor correction #9535 Added an algorithm in how to use genetic algorithm for numbers #9577 Multinomial naive bayes text classifier #9619 Added pairwise iteration algorithms #9645 Added postfix-prefix conversion #10474 feat: implements a hex to rgb conversion function #11113 The sum of outcomes for rolling an N-sided dice K times. #11463 Add algorithm for approximating the nth root with Newton's Method #11509 finding different diffraction parameters #11608 Add activity selection new algorithm #11667 Proof of Work Algorithm for Blockchain #11699 String Tokenization with Byte-Pair Encoding #11782 Added doctests to eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py #11883 Added reverse_selection_sort #11910 Add files via upload #11924 Add Ridge Regression to Machine Learning #12111 Fixes issue #12108: Added Ridge Regression to Machine Learning #12246 Implementing Dynamic array #12271 First Implementation of Johnson Graph Algorithm #12281 Logical Implementation of Shor Algorithm #12317 Adding algorithm delta-star transformation #12356 Add Functional Programming Pipeline with Unix Pipeline Syntax #12413 Backpropagation weight decay #12421 algorithm for shuffling elements of an array. #12540 added multi armed bandit problem with three strategies to solve it #12668 Added Random Forest Regressor as an additional prediction model. #12767 Added kernel svm algorithm code file #12784 Add simple recursion examples: factorial, fibonacci, sum_of_digits #12834 Transitive Closure Algorithm #12940 Add K-means++ #12976 feat: add isomorphic strings #13014 Added Skeletonizing and Pruning Operations - DIP #13141 New Genetic Algorithm solution for Knapsack problem #13234 Add ml algorithms #13270 Add ARIMA model #13271 Add cnn model #13273 feat: Add Weighted Job Scheduling algorithm to dynamic programming #13378 Implement modified vigenere cipher for all printable ASCII #13452 Euler project solution 60 #13475 Add Merge Sorted Arrays Algorithm with Type Hints and Doctests #13589 feat(searches): Add Floyd's Cycle-Finding Algorithm #13609 machine_learning: add RidgeRegression with tests and demo #14016 Implement recursive binary search in Python #14056 Fix bugs and typo errors in closest_pair_of_points.py #14363 python3.15t #15142 backtracking/all_permutations.py: Test cases for all_permutations #10662 Added doctests [Contributes to #9943] #13106 backtracking/crossword_puzzle_solver.py: Improve crossword puzzle solver implementation #14568 backtracking/minimax.py: Add Minimax with Alpha-Beta Pruning algorithm #14364 bit_manipulation/count_number_of_one_bits.py: Feature/arun count set bits new approach #13483 blockchain/README.md: Updated blockchain readme #12792 Update README.md #13296 blockchain/diophantine_equation.py: feat(blockchain): add all_diophantine_solutions with type hints & doctests #12999 boolean_algebra/README.md: Added Derived Gates and Modified basic gates along with explanation, symbols, examples and Truth Tables. #13807 boolean_algebra/and_gate.py: Updated the error handling in and_gate.py #13236 Update and_gate.py #13701 boolean_algebra/karnaugh_map_simplification.py: updated the kmap simplification algorithm to give the most simplified expression #14792 ciphers/a1z26.py: Clarify 1-based indexing in a1z26.py docstring #13966 ciphers/caesar_cipher.py: Fix: cleaned caesar_cipher.py with error handling and better docs #13825 ciphers/cryptomath_module.py: Add doctests to cryptomath_module #13147 Add doctests to cryptomath_module.py #13217 ciphers/diffie_hellman.py: Simplify diffie_hellman.py #12541 conversions/binary_to_decimal.py: Update binary_to_decimal.py #11919 Refactor binary to decimal conversion function #14571 conversions/binary_to_hexadecimal.py: Simplify bin_to_hexadecimal function #14570 conversions/excel_title_to_column.py: feat(conversions): add input validation and lowercase support to excel_title_to_column #14872 conversions/molecular_chemistry.py: feat(conversions): Add mass_to_moles and moles_to_molecules conversions to molecul… #14879 conversions/roman_numerals.py: fix: int_to_roman silently returns wrong values for out-of-range input #14635 feat(conversions): add input validation and fix bugs in Roman Numerals #14871 data_compression/coordinate_compression.py: fix(data_compression): handle duplicates correctly and throw consistent ValueError in coordinate_compression #14873 data_structures/arrays/find_triplets_with_0_sum.py: Add two-pointer method for finding triplets with 0 sum #14186 data_structures/arrays/product_sum.py: added iterative solution for product sum problem #11133 data_structures/arrays/rotate_array.py: Add Rotate Array Algorithm (Right Rotation by k Steps) #13093 data_structures/disjoint_set/disjoint_set.py: Add comprehensive doctests to disjoint_set.py #13619 data_structures/linked_list/doubly_linked_list.py: Add doubly_to_singly() method to convert a doubly linked list to a singly linked list #14410 data_structures/trie/trie.py: Enhanced Trie Data Structure Implementation with Complete Documentation and Test Suite #14015 digital_image_processing/resize/resize.py: Add bilinear and bicubic interpolation #12275 divide_and_conquer/closest_pair_of_points.py: Fix bugs and typo errors in closest_pair_of_points.py #14363 divide_and_conquer/inversions.py: task: Add type hints to inversions.py #14262 divide_and_conquer/strassen_matrix_multiplication.py: optimize split_matrix function #12552 Docs/strassen docstring complexity #14095 dynamic_programming/egg_dropping.py: Add Egg Dropping Problem (Dynamic Programming) #13824 dynamic_programming/fibonacci.py: Implement __repr__ method for debugging #13640 dynamic_programming/knapsack.py: Fix: Update Coin Change Dynamic Programming Algorithm Type Hints and Return Type #13395 dynamic_programming/longest_common_subsequence.py: feat: add LCS string reconstruction using DP backtracking #14472 dynamic_programming/optimal_binary_search_tree.py: Add boundary checking to optimal bst #11771 dynamic_programming/subset_generation.py: Changed the Code to return tuple in dynamic_programming/subset_generation.py#10189 #10382 dynamic_programming/trapped_water.py: Optimized Trapping Rainwater Solution to O(1) Space (Two-Pointer Approach) #13973 electronics/wheatstone_bridge.py: Refine Wheatstone Bridge explanation #14031 Improve wheatstone docs #14275 geometry/geometry.py: Add triangle in Geometry #12980 chore(geometry): add angle conversion, ellipse eccentricity, polygon geometry, and triangle class #13447 Fix ellipse perimeter calculation #13690 graphics/digital_differential_analyzer_line.py: Docs: Improve docstring for DDA algorithm #13906 fix(dda): fix docstring #enhancement 13905 #13909 graphs/a_star.py: refactor: Upgrade A* pathfinding algorithm with configurable heuristics (#13917) #14718 graphs/basic_graphs.py: Add doctests to graphs/basic_graphs.py #12881 graphs/check_bipatrite.py: docs: remove stale bipartite doctest fixmes #14729 graphs/dijkstra.py: Refactor Dijkstra pseudo-code and function for readability and type s… #11875 graphs/dijkstra_2.py: Add doctests to dijkstra_2.py #11823 Tests/doctests dijkstra 2 #13036 graphs/directed_and_undirected_weighted_graph.py: Add doctests to DFS and BFS. Contributes to #9943 #11757 Test cases for graphs/directed and undirected weighted graph.py #12287 Add to doctests #12790 graphs/eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py: Added doctests to eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py #11883 graphs/graphs_floyd_warshall.py: Add doctests to graphs_floyd_warshall.py #11820 Unit tests #12125 Improve Test Coverage with Doctests for Floyd Warshall algorithm #12616 graphs/page_rank.py: fix: initialize PageRank to 1/n instead of 1 #15024 graphs/travelling_salesman_problem.py: Added graphs/travelling_salesman_problem.py #12559 hashes/chaos_machine.py: fix: inverted loop condition in chaos_machine.py prevents execution #14777 Remove unnecessary global declarations, inline inner function and fix main loop while condition in chaos_machine #14814 hashes/enigma_machine.py: add tests for enigma_machine #10017 machine_learning/__init__.py: machine_learning: add RidgeRegression with tests and demo #14016 machine_learning/apriori_algorithm.py: Refactor Apriori Algorithm: Fix Pruning Logic, Add Type Hints, and Pass Lint Checks #12700 Refactor apriori algorithm #14579 machine_learning/dimensionality_reduction.py: feat: add dimensionality reduction algorithms (PCA, LDA, LLE, MDS) #13118 Add t-SNE implementation and tests for dimensionality reduction #13337 machine_learning/forecasting/run.py: Added Random Forest Regressor as an additional prediction model. #12767 machine_learning/gaussian_naive_bayes.py: Add Gaussian Naive Bayes classifier in machine_learning/ #14853 machine_learning/linear_discriminant_analysis.py: Fix LDA comment grammar #14800 machine_learning/linear_regression.py: Update linear_regression.py #11567 Contributes to #9943 by add tests in linear regression #11622 Added Exception Handling and type hinting #11802 Add regression visualization #14637 machine_learning/logistic_regression.py: Refactor logistic regression to OOP class with multi-class support #14923 machine_learning/loss_functions.py: Add connectionist temporal classification (CTC) loss algorithm #11240 Add the sparse categorical cross-entropy loss #11250 Add Gaussian negative log likelihood loss algorithm #11263 Adding RMSE - Root Mean Squared Error Loss function #13410 machine_learning/support_vector_machines.py: Update support_vector_machines.py to add the polynomial kernel #12748 machine_learning/t_stochastic_neighbour_embedding.py: Enhancement: t-SNE Script Improvements #13522 maths/abs.py: Refactor: unify abs usage and expand type hints to float #14142 maths/addition_without_arithmetic.py: Clarify bitwise operations used in addition without arithmetic #14059 maths/basic_maths.py: Adding new algorithms which are pretty necessary and improving the readability of algos! #13251 maths/binomial_distribution.py: fix typo in binomial_distribution.py print statement #14779 maths/check_polygon.py: Update check_polygon.pyfix(maths): validate minimum sides for polygon in check_polygon.py #15320 maths/collatz_sequence.py: fix(maths): use specific exception types in collatz_sequence #14769 maths/entropy.py: refactor: generalize entropy calculation and improve semantic clarity #14202 maths/factorial.py: fix-factorial-validation: Fix input validation and doctests #13818 I have updated the print statement to understand #13994 Add recursive factorial implementation #14158 docs: improve module docstring clarity for factorial #14216 maths/fermat_little_theorem.py: Fix binary_exponentiation: integer exponent and floor division, add doctest #14876 maths/find_max.py: Improve documentation and educational comments in find_max.py #13017 maths/gcd_of_n_numbers.py: Improve prime factorization correctness and performance in GCD implementation #14190 maths/greatest_common_divisor.py: Fix and improve module docstring for greatest common divisor #14239 maths/kth_lexicographic_permutation.py: Fix kth lexicographic permutation #14197 maths/least_common_multiple.py: Fix ZeroDivisionError on zero operands in least_common_multiple #14845 maths/lucas_series.py: Optimize Lucas Number Calculation with Matrix Exponentiation #13131 maths/monte_carlo.py: Add doctests and refactor Monte Carlo estimation functions #12703 maths/number_of_digits.py: Fix incorrect doctest and improve log handling in num_digits functions #13850 Fix num_digits_fast for powers of ten #14742 maths/perfect_number.py: improved perfect number algorithm in maths module #14134 maths/persistence.py: refactor(maths): use direct iteration instead of index-based loops in persistence.py #14767 maths/primelib.py: fix: add type hints to maths/primelib.py and fix integer division #14089 maths/sieve_of_eratosthenes.py: Optimize speed and memory sieve_of_eratosthenes.py (skip evens) #13110 maths/softmax.py: refactor: add type hints to maths/softmax.py #14153 maths/sum_of_digits.py: fix(maths): correct recursive call in sum_of_digits_recursion #14768 maths/trailing_zeroes.py: fix: preserve integer precision in trailing zeroes #15313 maths/triplet_sum.py: Added doctests for random dataset function #13360 maths/two_pointer.py: Improve two_pointer documentation and readability #14539 maths/volume.py: docs: improve vol_cuboid docstring with Wikipedia reference and math formula. #14409 matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py: Added doctests for matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py #12555 Contributes to #9943: Add docstrings and doctests, fix is_safe logic, and improve code formatting #12691 Added the doctests - Contributes to #9943 #13716 matrix/matrix_class.py: Contributes to #9943: Add docstrings and doctests, fix is_safe logic, and improve code formatting #12691 Added the doctests - Contributes to #9943 #13716 matrix/matrix_operation.py: Added matrix permanent operation #13987 networking_flow/ford_fulkerson.py: Optimize Ford-Fulkerson algorithm with type annotations and performance improvements #13128 physics/hamiltonian.py: Add classical and quantum Hamiltonian functions (#13235) #13312 physics/photoelectric_effect.py: Improve documentation and clarity of photoelectric effect explanation #14030 physics/potential_energy.py: Add collisions #14787 project_euler/problem_030/sol1.py: Update sol1.py #13639 project_euler/problem_034/sol1.py: feat(euler): Optimize problem 034 with a lower upper bound #13531 project_euler/problem_135/sol1.py: perf: keep Euler 135 arithmetic integral #14990 project_euler/problem_145/sol1.py: Optimize prob 145 #14694 searches/binary_search.py: Remove inefficient validation checks in binary search functions #13836 Fixes #13840 - handle duplicate items correctly in binary search #13841 Fix binary search to return leftmost occurrence for duplicates #13891 fixed logical error in parameter "hi" the bisect functions of the bin… #13900 Fix: return the correct index when duplicates in binary_search #13901 Fix: Return first index for binary search with duplicate elements (#1… #13955 Clarify doctest usage in binary search docstring #14051 Improve binary search doc #14456 Fix binary search final #14523 Improve error message clarity in binary search functions #14622 added time complexity to binary_search.py docstring #14708 searches/binary_tree_traversal.py: feat: add test case of binary_tree_travarsal #11825 searches/exponential_search.py: Add exponential_search doctest for empty array edge case #13954 fix: handle not-found edges in exponential_search #14806 searches/interpolation_search.py: Test cases for interpolation_search #10690 Fix out-of-range recursion in interpolation_search_by_recursion #15333 searches/jump_search.py: Fix binary search final #14523 searches/linear_search.py: Fix: Improve docstrings and use ValueError in rec_linear_search #14626 Improve: Handle empty sequence case in linear_search #14627 Replace generic exception with ValueError in linear search #14641 searches/sentinel_linear_search.py: feat: Add sentinel linear search algorithm #14581 searches/ternary_search.py: fix(searches): correct ternary search pivots and exclusive bounds #15005 sorts/binary_insertion_sort.py: Don't implement binary search again #12593 sorts/bogo_sort.py: sorts: make bogo_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15331 sorts/cycle_sort.py: sorts: make cycle_sort generic for comparable items #15329 sorts/gnome_sort.py: Add module docstring gnome sort #14398 sorts/heap_sort.py: sorts: make quick sort support comparable items #15290 sorts/insertion_sort.py: improve docstrings in insertion_sort.py to include complexity analysis #14868 Add time and space complexity analysis to insertion_sort docstring #15054 sorts/pancake_sort.py: docs: Add type hints and improve documentation for pancake_sort #13960 Improve: add type hints to pancake_sort #14738 chore: add type hints to pancake_sort #14841 sorts: make pancake_sort generic over Comparable items #15311 sorts/quick_sort.py: Added complexities #11725 sorts: make quick sort support comparable items #15290 sorts: make quick_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15327 sorts: make bogo_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15331 sorts/quick_sort_3_partition.py: Add Hoare partition algorithm #12601 sorts/radix_sort.py: fix(sorts): raise ValueError on negative inputs in radix_sort (#14950) #15011 sorts/selection_sort.py: Enhance docstring for selection_sort function #13963 docs: add time and space complexity to selection_sort docstring #13972 sorts/shell_sort.py: Add Shell Sort Algorithm #13911 sorts: make shell_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15326 sorts: make bogo_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15331 sorts/shrink_shell_sort.py: sorts: type shrink shell sort for comparable items #15334 sorts/stooge_sort.py: Add Stooge Sort implementation #14746 sorts/topological_sort.py: Updated topological_sort.py #11290 Fix topological sort order #14609 strings/anagrams.py: Improve docstrings and readability in anagrams module #14188 Improve docstring clarity and typing in anagrams #14219 strings/boyer_moore_search.py: Improve Boyer-Moore String Search (Bad Character Rule) Implementation #13039 fix: Boyer-Moore bad character shift was dead code in for-loop #14770 strings/camel_case_to_snake_case.py: corrected the typos in camel_case_to_snake_case.py #14832 Add docstring frequency finder #14833 Correct typos and add secret_language file #14843 strings/capitalize.py: Simplify capitalize implementation #14654 strings/check_anagrams.py: Improve docstring clarity for anagram check function #14058 strings/frequency_finder.py: Add docstring frequency finder #14833 strings/is_isogram.py: Improve is_isogram performance by removing unnecessary sorting #15318 strings/knuth_morris_pratt.py: refactor(strings): Improve and correct KMP implementation #13694 strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py: ✅ Add doctests to string conversion functions #12839 docs: add doctests for min_cost_string_conversion #13601 strings/palindrome.py: Add is_palindrome_ignore_case_and_spaces to strings/palindrome.py #14907 strings/rabin_karp.py: Add Rabin-Karp String Matching Algorithm (#13918) #13947 strings/split.py: Fixes #14649 #14673 strings/suffix_automaton.py: add suffix automaton algo #11217 feat(strings): add suffix automaton implementation #13606 strings/word_occurrence.py: Fix word occurrence doctest variable typo #14909 tests/test_sorts.py: sorts: make pancake_sort generic over Comparable items #15311 sorts: make cycle_sort generic for comparable items #15329 sorts: type shrink shell sort for comparable items #15334 web_programming/covid_stats_via_xpath.py: Refactor error handling and improve logging #13000 web_programming/crawl_google_scholar_citation.py: Update crawl_google_scholar_citation.py #11655 web_programming/instagram_crawler.py: Instagram Crawler Overhaul using web_profile_info API Fixes#10634 #11193
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DIRECTORY.md(45 PRs): Added shunt capacitor power factor correction #9535 Added an algorithm in how to use genetic algorithm for numbers #9577 Multinomial naive bayes text classifier #9619 Added pairwise iteration algorithms #9645 Added postfix-prefix conversion #10474 feat: implements a hex to rgb conversion function #11113 The sum of outcomes for rolling an N-sided dice K times. #11463 Add algorithm for approximating the nth root with Newton's Method #11509 finding different diffraction parameters #11608 Add activity selection new algorithm #11667 Proof of Work Algorithm for Blockchain #11699 String Tokenization with Byte-Pair Encoding #11782 Added doctests to eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py #11883 Added reverse_selection_sort #11910 Add files via upload #11924 Add Ridge Regression to Machine Learning #12111 Fixes issue #12108: Added Ridge Regression to Machine Learning #12246 Implementing Dynamic array #12271 First Implementation of Johnson Graph Algorithm #12281 Logical Implementation of Shor Algorithm #12317 Adding algorithm delta-star transformation #12356 Add Functional Programming Pipeline with Unix Pipeline Syntax #12413 Backpropagation weight decay #12421 algorithm for shuffling elements of an array. #12540 added multi armed bandit problem with three strategies to solve it #12668 Added Random Forest Regressor as an additional prediction model. #12767 Added kernel svm algorithm code file #12784 Add simple recursion examples: factorial, fibonacci, sum_of_digits #12834 Transitive Closure Algorithm #12940 Add K-means++ #12976 feat: add isomorphic strings #13014 Added Skeletonizing and Pruning Operations - DIP #13141 New Genetic Algorithm solution for Knapsack problem #13234 Add ml algorithms #13270 Add ARIMA model #13271 Add cnn model #13273 feat: Add Weighted Job Scheduling algorithm to dynamic programming #13378 Implement modified vigenere cipher for all printable ASCII #13452 Euler project solution 60 #13475 Add Merge Sorted Arrays Algorithm with Type Hints and Doctests #13589 feat(searches): Add Floyd's Cycle-Finding Algorithm #13609 machine_learning: add RidgeRegression with tests and demo #14016 Implement recursive binary search in Python #14056 Fix bugs and typo errors in closest_pair_of_points.py #14363 python3.15t #15142searches/binary_search.py(11 PRs): Remove inefficient validation checks in binary search functions #13836 Fixes #13840 - handle duplicate items correctly in binary search #13841 Fix binary search to return leftmost occurrence for duplicates #13891 fixed logical error in parameter "hi" the bisect functions of the bin… #13900 Fix: return the correct index when duplicates in binary_search #13901 Fix: Return first index for binary search with duplicate elements (#1… #13955 Clarify doctest usage in binary search docstring #14051 Improve binary search doc #14456 Fix binary search final #14523 Improve error message clarity in binary search functions #14622 added time complexity to binary_search.py docstring #14708machine_learning/linear_regression.py(4 PRs): Update linear_regression.py #11567 Contributes to #9943 by add tests in linear regression #11622 Added Exception Handling and type hinting #11802 Add regression visualization #14637machine_learning/loss_functions.py(4 PRs): Add connectionist temporal classification (CTC) loss algorithm #11240 Add the sparse categorical cross-entropy loss #11250 Add Gaussian negative log likelihood loss algorithm #11263 Adding RMSE - Root Mean Squared Error Loss function #13410maths/factorial.py(4 PRs): fix-factorial-validation: Fix input validation and doctests #13818 I have updated the print statement to understand #13994 Add recursive factorial implementation #14158 docs: improve module docstring clarity for factorial #14216sorts/pancake_sort.py(4 PRs): docs: Add type hints and improve documentation for pancake_sort #13960 Improve: add type hints to pancake_sort #14738 chore: add type hints to pancake_sort #14841 sorts: make pancake_sort generic over Comparable items #15311sorts/quick_sort.py(4 PRs): Added complexities #11725 sorts: make quick sort support comparable items #15290 sorts: make quick_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15327 sorts: make bogo_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15331geometry/geometry.py(3 PRs): Add triangle in Geometry #12980 chore(geometry): add angle conversion, ellipse eccentricity, polygon geometry, and triangle class #13447 Fix ellipse perimeter calculation #13690graphs/directed_and_undirected_weighted_graph.py(3 PRs): Add doctests to DFS and BFS. Contributes to #9943 #11757 Test cases for graphs/directed and undirected weighted graph.py #12287 Add to doctests #12790graphs/graphs_floyd_warshall.py(3 PRs): Add doctests to graphs_floyd_warshall.py #11820 Unit tests #12125 Improve Test Coverage with Doctests for Floyd Warshall algorithm #12616machine_learning/ridge_regression.py(3 PRs): Add Ridge Regression to Machine Learning #12111 Fixes issue #12108: Added Ridge Regression to Machine Learning #12246 machine_learning: add RidgeRegression with tests and demo #14016matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py(3 PRs): Added doctests for matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py #12555 Contributes to #9943: Add docstrings and doctests, fixis_safelogic, and improve code formatting #12691 Added the doctests - Contributes to #9943 #13716searches/linear_search.py(3 PRs): Fix: Improve docstrings and use ValueError in rec_linear_search #14626 Improve: Handle empty sequence case in linear_search #14627 Replace generic exception with ValueError in linear search #14641sorts/shell_sort.py(3 PRs): Add Shell Sort Algorithm #13911 sorts: make shell_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15326 sorts: make bogo_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15331strings/camel_case_to_snake_case.py(3 PRs): corrected the typos in camel_case_to_snake_case.py #14832 Add docstring frequency finder #14833 Correct typos and add secret_language file #14843tests/test_sorts.py(3 PRs): sorts: make pancake_sort generic over Comparable items #15311 sorts: make cycle_sort generic for comparable items #15329 sorts: type shrink shell sort for comparable items #15334.python-version(2 PRs): CI: try Python 3.15t release candidate (DRAFT — do not merge until 3.15t GA) #15105 python3.15t #15142backtracking/all_permutations.py(2 PRs): Test cases for all_permutations #10662 Added doctests [Contributes to #9943] #13106blockchain/README.md(2 PRs): Updated blockchain readme #12792 Update README.md #13296blockchain/proof_of_stake.py(2 PRs): Added Proof of Stake(PoS) #11945 New: Added proof of work(PoW) #11946boolean_algebra/and_gate.py(2 PRs): Updated the error handling in and_gate.py #13236 Update and_gate.py #13701ciphers/cryptomath_module.py(2 PRs): Add doctests to cryptomath_module #13147 Add doctests to cryptomath_module.py #13217ciphers/skytale_cipher.py(2 PRs): (ciphers): add scytale (skytale) transposition cipher with doctests #13100 Feat/ciphers columnar #13102conversions/binary_to_decimal.py(2 PRs): Update binary_to_decimal.py #11919 Refactor binary to decimal conversion function #14571conversions/roman_numerals.py(2 PRs): fix: int_to_roman silently returns wrong values for out-of-range input #14635 feat(conversions): add input validation and fix bugs in Roman Numerals #14871divide_and_conquer/strassen_matrix_multiplication.py(2 PRs): optimize split_matrix function #12552 Docs/strassen docstring complexity #14095electronics/wheatstone_bridge.py(2 PRs): Refine Wheatstone Bridge explanation #14031 Improve wheatstone docs #14275graphics/bresenham_line_basic.py(2 PRs): Added Bresenham Line Algorithm basic version for first quadrant #13750 Bresenham line advanced algorithm which handles all octants ( for hacktoberfest ) #13751graphics/digital_differential_analyzer_line.py(2 PRs): Docs: Improve docstring for DDA algorithm #13906 fix(dda): fix docstring #enhancement 13905 #13909graphs/dijkstra_2.py(2 PRs): Add doctests to dijkstra_2.py #11823 Tests/doctests dijkstra 2 #13036hashes/chaos_machine.py(2 PRs): fix: inverted loop condition in chaos_machine.py prevents execution #14777 Remove unnecessary global declarations, inline inner function and fix main loop while condition inchaos_machine#14814hashes/crc32.py(2 PRs): feat: add CRC32 hash algorithm implementation #14035 Add CRC-32 checksum implementation #14415machine_learning/apriori_algorithm.py(2 PRs): Refactor Apriori Algorithm: Fix Pruning Logic, Add Type Hints, and Pass Lint Checks #12700 Refactor apriori algorithm #14579machine_learning/dimensionality_reduction.py(2 PRs): feat: add dimensionality reduction algorithms (PCA, LDA, LLE, MDS) #13118 Add t-SNE implementation and tests for dimensionality reduction #13337maths/number_of_digits.py(2 PRs): Fix incorrect doctest and improve log handling in num_digits functions #13850 Fix num_digits_fast for powers of ten #14742matrix/matrix_class.py(2 PRs): Contributes to #9943: Add docstrings and doctests, fixis_safelogic, and improve code formatting #12691 Added the doctests - Contributes to #9943 #13716project_euler/problem_060/__init__.py(2 PRs): added project euler problem 60 #10082 Euler project solution 60 #13475project_euler/problem_060/sol1.py(2 PRs): added project euler problem 60 #10082 Euler project solution 60 #13475project_euler/problem_061/__init__.py(2 PRs): Solve Project Euler 61 #11433 Problem 061 Project Euler #14798project_euler/problem_061/sol1.py(2 PRs): Solve Project Euler 61 #11433 Problem 061 Project Euler #14798searches/exponential_search.py(2 PRs): Add exponential_search doctest for empty array edge case #13954 fix: handle not-found edges in exponential_search #14806searches/interpolation_search.py(2 PRs): Test cases for interpolation_search #10690 Fix out-of-range recursion in interpolation_search_by_recursion #15333sorts/insertion_sort.py(2 PRs): improve docstrings in insertion_sort.py to include complexity analysis #14868 Add time and space complexity analysis to insertion_sort docstring #15054sorts/selection_sort.py(2 PRs): Enhance docstring for selection_sort function #13963 docs: add time and space complexity to selection_sort docstring #13972sorts/topological_sort.py(2 PRs): Updated topological_sort.py #11290 Fix topological sort order #14609strings/anagrams.py(2 PRs): Improve docstrings and readability in anagrams module #14188 Improve docstring clarity and typing in anagrams #14219strings/boyer_moore_search.py(2 PRs): Improve Boyer-Moore String Search (Bad Character Rule) Implementation #13039 fix: Boyer-Moore bad character shift was dead code in for-loop #14770strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py(2 PRs): ✅ Add doctests to string conversion functions #12839 docs: add doctests for min_cost_string_conversion #13601strings/suffix_automaton.py(2 PRs): add suffix automaton algo #11217 feat(strings): add suffix automaton implementation #13606143existing files.python-version: CI: try Python 3.15t release candidate (DRAFT — do not merge until 3.15t GA) #15105 python3.15t #15142DIRECTORY.md: Added shunt capacitor power factor correction #9535 Added an algorithm in how to use genetic algorithm for numbers #9577 Multinomial naive bayes text classifier #9619 Added pairwise iteration algorithms #9645 Added postfix-prefix conversion #10474 feat: implements a hex to rgb conversion function #11113 The sum of outcomes for rolling an N-sided dice K times. #11463 Add algorithm for approximating the nth root with Newton's Method #11509 finding different diffraction parameters #11608 Add activity selection new algorithm #11667 Proof of Work Algorithm for Blockchain #11699 String Tokenization with Byte-Pair Encoding #11782 Added doctests to eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py #11883 Added reverse_selection_sort #11910 Add files via upload #11924 Add Ridge Regression to Machine Learning #12111 Fixes issue #12108: Added Ridge Regression to Machine Learning #12246 Implementing Dynamic array #12271 First Implementation of Johnson Graph Algorithm #12281 Logical Implementation of Shor Algorithm #12317 Adding algorithm delta-star transformation #12356 Add Functional Programming Pipeline with Unix Pipeline Syntax #12413 Backpropagation weight decay #12421 algorithm for shuffling elements of an array. #12540 added multi armed bandit problem with three strategies to solve it #12668 Added Random Forest Regressor as an additional prediction model. #12767 Added kernel svm algorithm code file #12784 Add simple recursion examples: factorial, fibonacci, sum_of_digits #12834 Transitive Closure Algorithm #12940 Add K-means++ #12976 feat: add isomorphic strings #13014 Added Skeletonizing and Pruning Operations - DIP #13141 New Genetic Algorithm solution for Knapsack problem #13234 Add ml algorithms #13270 Add ARIMA model #13271 Add cnn model #13273 feat: Add Weighted Job Scheduling algorithm to dynamic programming #13378 Implement modified vigenere cipher for all printable ASCII #13452 Euler project solution 60 #13475 Add Merge Sorted Arrays Algorithm with Type Hints and Doctests #13589 feat(searches): Add Floyd's Cycle-Finding Algorithm #13609 machine_learning: add RidgeRegression with tests and demo #14016 Implement recursive binary search in Python #14056 Fix bugs and typo errors in closest_pair_of_points.py #14363 python3.15t #15142backtracking/all_permutations.py: Test cases for all_permutations #10662 Added doctests [Contributes to #9943] #13106backtracking/crossword_puzzle_solver.py: Improve crossword puzzle solver implementation #14568backtracking/minimax.py: Add Minimax with Alpha-Beta Pruning algorithm #14364bit_manipulation/count_number_of_one_bits.py: Feature/arun count set bits new approach #13483blockchain/README.md: Updated blockchain readme #12792 Update README.md #13296blockchain/diophantine_equation.py: feat(blockchain): add all_diophantine_solutions with type hints & doctests #12999boolean_algebra/README.md: Added Derived Gates and Modified basic gates along with explanation, symbols, examples and Truth Tables. #13807boolean_algebra/and_gate.py: Updated the error handling in and_gate.py #13236 Update and_gate.py #13701boolean_algebra/karnaugh_map_simplification.py: updated the kmap simplification algorithm to give the most simplified expression #14792ciphers/a1z26.py: Clarify 1-based indexing in a1z26.py docstring #13966ciphers/caesar_cipher.py: Fix: cleaned caesar_cipher.py with error handling and better docs #13825ciphers/cryptomath_module.py: Add doctests to cryptomath_module #13147 Add doctests to cryptomath_module.py #13217ciphers/diffie_hellman.py: Simplify diffie_hellman.py #12541conversions/binary_to_decimal.py: Update binary_to_decimal.py #11919 Refactor binary to decimal conversion function #14571conversions/binary_to_hexadecimal.py: Simplify bin_to_hexadecimal function #14570conversions/excel_title_to_column.py: feat(conversions): add input validation and lowercase support to excel_title_to_column #14872conversions/molecular_chemistry.py: feat(conversions): Add mass_to_moles and moles_to_molecules conversions to molecul… #14879conversions/roman_numerals.py: fix: int_to_roman silently returns wrong values for out-of-range input #14635 feat(conversions): add input validation and fix bugs in Roman Numerals #14871data_compression/coordinate_compression.py: fix(data_compression): handle duplicates correctly and throw consistent ValueError in coordinate_compression #14873data_structures/arrays/find_triplets_with_0_sum.py: Add two-pointer method for finding triplets with 0 sum #14186data_structures/arrays/product_sum.py: added iterative solution for product sum problem #11133data_structures/arrays/rotate_array.py: Add Rotate Array Algorithm (Right Rotation by k Steps) #13093data_structures/disjoint_set/disjoint_set.py: Add comprehensive doctests to disjoint_set.py #13619data_structures/linked_list/doubly_linked_list.py: Add doubly_to_singly() method to convert a doubly linked list to a singly linked list #14410data_structures/trie/trie.py: Enhanced Trie Data Structure Implementation with Complete Documentation and Test Suite #14015digital_image_processing/resize/resize.py: Add bilinear and bicubic interpolation #12275divide_and_conquer/closest_pair_of_points.py: Fix bugs and typo errors in closest_pair_of_points.py #14363divide_and_conquer/inversions.py: task: Add type hints to inversions.py #14262divide_and_conquer/strassen_matrix_multiplication.py: optimize split_matrix function #12552 Docs/strassen docstring complexity #14095dynamic_programming/egg_dropping.py: Add Egg Dropping Problem (Dynamic Programming) #13824dynamic_programming/fibonacci.py: Implement __repr__ method for debugging #13640dynamic_programming/knapsack.py: Fix: Update Coin Change Dynamic Programming Algorithm Type Hints and Return Type #13395dynamic_programming/longest_common_subsequence.py: feat: add LCS string reconstruction using DP backtracking #14472dynamic_programming/optimal_binary_search_tree.py: Add boundary checking to optimal bst #11771dynamic_programming/subset_generation.py: Changed the Code to return tuple in dynamic_programming/subset_generation.py#10189 #10382dynamic_programming/trapped_water.py: Optimized Trapping Rainwater Solution to O(1) Space (Two-Pointer Approach) #13973electronics/wheatstone_bridge.py: Refine Wheatstone Bridge explanation #14031 Improve wheatstone docs #14275geometry/geometry.py: Add triangle in Geometry #12980 chore(geometry): add angle conversion, ellipse eccentricity, polygon geometry, and triangle class #13447 Fix ellipse perimeter calculation #13690graphics/digital_differential_analyzer_line.py: Docs: Improve docstring for DDA algorithm #13906 fix(dda): fix docstring #enhancement 13905 #13909graphs/a_star.py: refactor: Upgrade A* pathfinding algorithm with configurable heuristics (#13917) #14718graphs/basic_graphs.py: Add doctests to graphs/basic_graphs.py #12881graphs/check_bipatrite.py: docs: remove stale bipartite doctest fixmes #14729graphs/dijkstra.py: Refactor Dijkstra pseudo-code and function for readability and type s… #11875graphs/dijkstra_2.py: Add doctests to dijkstra_2.py #11823 Tests/doctests dijkstra 2 #13036graphs/directed_and_undirected_weighted_graph.py: Add doctests to DFS and BFS. Contributes to #9943 #11757 Test cases for graphs/directed and undirected weighted graph.py #12287 Add to doctests #12790graphs/eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py: Added doctests to eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py #11883graphs/graphs_floyd_warshall.py: Add doctests to graphs_floyd_warshall.py #11820 Unit tests #12125 Improve Test Coverage with Doctests for Floyd Warshall algorithm #12616graphs/page_rank.py: fix: initialize PageRank to 1/n instead of 1 #15024graphs/travelling_salesman_problem.py: Added graphs/travelling_salesman_problem.py #12559hashes/chaos_machine.py: fix: inverted loop condition in chaos_machine.py prevents execution #14777 Remove unnecessary global declarations, inline inner function and fix main loop while condition inchaos_machine#14814hashes/enigma_machine.py: add tests for enigma_machine #10017machine_learning/__init__.py: machine_learning: add RidgeRegression with tests and demo #14016machine_learning/apriori_algorithm.py: Refactor Apriori Algorithm: Fix Pruning Logic, Add Type Hints, and Pass Lint Checks #12700 Refactor apriori algorithm #14579machine_learning/dimensionality_reduction.py: feat: add dimensionality reduction algorithms (PCA, LDA, LLE, MDS) #13118 Add t-SNE implementation and tests for dimensionality reduction #13337machine_learning/forecasting/run.py: Added Random Forest Regressor as an additional prediction model. #12767machine_learning/gaussian_naive_bayes.py: Add Gaussian Naive Bayes classifier in machine_learning/ #14853machine_learning/linear_discriminant_analysis.py: Fix LDA comment grammar #14800machine_learning/linear_regression.py: Update linear_regression.py #11567 Contributes to #9943 by add tests in linear regression #11622 Added Exception Handling and type hinting #11802 Add regression visualization #14637machine_learning/logistic_regression.py: Refactor logistic regression to OOP class with multi-class support #14923machine_learning/loss_functions.py: Add connectionist temporal classification (CTC) loss algorithm #11240 Add the sparse categorical cross-entropy loss #11250 Add Gaussian negative log likelihood loss algorithm #11263 Adding RMSE - Root Mean Squared Error Loss function #13410machine_learning/support_vector_machines.py: Update support_vector_machines.py to add the polynomial kernel #12748machine_learning/t_stochastic_neighbour_embedding.py: Enhancement: t-SNE Script Improvements #13522maths/abs.py: Refactor: unify abs usage and expand type hints to float #14142maths/addition_without_arithmetic.py: Clarify bitwise operations used in addition without arithmetic #14059maths/basic_maths.py: Adding new algorithms which are pretty necessary and improving the readability of algos! #13251maths/binomial_distribution.py: fix typo in binomial_distribution.py print statement #14779maths/check_polygon.py: Update check_polygon.pyfix(maths): validate minimum sides for polygon in check_polygon.py #15320maths/collatz_sequence.py: fix(maths): use specific exception types in collatz_sequence #14769maths/entropy.py: refactor: generalize entropy calculation and improve semantic clarity #14202maths/factorial.py: fix-factorial-validation: Fix input validation and doctests #13818 I have updated the print statement to understand #13994 Add recursive factorial implementation #14158 docs: improve module docstring clarity for factorial #14216maths/fermat_little_theorem.py: Fix binary_exponentiation: integer exponent and floor division, add doctest #14876maths/find_max.py: Improve documentation and educational comments in find_max.py #13017maths/gcd_of_n_numbers.py: Improve prime factorization correctness and performance in GCD implementation #14190maths/greatest_common_divisor.py: Fix and improve module docstring for greatest common divisor #14239maths/kth_lexicographic_permutation.py: Fix kth lexicographic permutation #14197maths/least_common_multiple.py: Fix ZeroDivisionError on zero operands in least_common_multiple #14845maths/lucas_series.py: Optimize Lucas Number Calculation with Matrix Exponentiation #13131maths/monte_carlo.py: Add doctests and refactor Monte Carlo estimation functions #12703maths/number_of_digits.py: Fix incorrect doctest and improve log handling in num_digits functions #13850 Fix num_digits_fast for powers of ten #14742maths/perfect_number.py: improved perfect number algorithm in maths module #14134maths/persistence.py: refactor(maths): use direct iteration instead of index-based loops in persistence.py #14767maths/primelib.py: fix: add type hints to maths/primelib.py and fix integer division #14089maths/sieve_of_eratosthenes.py: Optimize speed and memory sieve_of_eratosthenes.py (skip evens) #13110maths/softmax.py: refactor: add type hints to maths/softmax.py #14153maths/sum_of_digits.py: fix(maths): correct recursive call in sum_of_digits_recursion #14768maths/trailing_zeroes.py: fix: preserve integer precision in trailing zeroes #15313maths/triplet_sum.py: Added doctests for random dataset function #13360maths/two_pointer.py: Improve two_pointer documentation and readability #14539maths/volume.py: docs: improve vol_cuboid docstring with Wikipedia reference and math formula. #14409matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py: Added doctests for matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py #12555 Contributes to #9943: Add docstrings and doctests, fixis_safelogic, and improve code formatting #12691 Added the doctests - Contributes to #9943 #13716matrix/matrix_class.py: Contributes to #9943: Add docstrings and doctests, fixis_safelogic, and improve code formatting #12691 Added the doctests - Contributes to #9943 #13716matrix/matrix_operation.py: Added matrix permanent operation #13987networking_flow/ford_fulkerson.py: Optimize Ford-Fulkerson algorithm with type annotations and performance improvements #13128physics/hamiltonian.py: Add classical and quantum Hamiltonian functions (#13235) #13312physics/photoelectric_effect.py: Improve documentation and clarity of photoelectric effect explanation #14030physics/potential_energy.py: Add collisions #14787project_euler/problem_030/sol1.py: Update sol1.py #13639project_euler/problem_034/sol1.py: feat(euler): Optimize problem 034 with a lower upper bound #13531project_euler/problem_135/sol1.py: perf: keep Euler 135 arithmetic integral #14990project_euler/problem_145/sol1.py: Optimize prob 145 #14694searches/binary_search.py: Remove inefficient validation checks in binary search functions #13836 Fixes #13840 - handle duplicate items correctly in binary search #13841 Fix binary search to return leftmost occurrence for duplicates #13891 fixed logical error in parameter "hi" the bisect functions of the bin… #13900 Fix: return the correct index when duplicates in binary_search #13901 Fix: Return first index for binary search with duplicate elements (#1… #13955 Clarify doctest usage in binary search docstring #14051 Improve binary search doc #14456 Fix binary search final #14523 Improve error message clarity in binary search functions #14622 added time complexity to binary_search.py docstring #14708searches/binary_tree_traversal.py: feat: add test case of binary_tree_travarsal #11825searches/exponential_search.py: Add exponential_search doctest for empty array edge case #13954 fix: handle not-found edges in exponential_search #14806searches/interpolation_search.py: Test cases for interpolation_search #10690 Fix out-of-range recursion in interpolation_search_by_recursion #15333searches/jump_search.py: Fix binary search final #14523searches/linear_search.py: Fix: Improve docstrings and use ValueError in rec_linear_search #14626 Improve: Handle empty sequence case in linear_search #14627 Replace generic exception with ValueError in linear search #14641searches/sentinel_linear_search.py: feat: Add sentinel linear search algorithm #14581searches/ternary_search.py: fix(searches): correct ternary search pivots and exclusive bounds #15005sorts/binary_insertion_sort.py: Don't implement binary search again #12593sorts/bogo_sort.py: sorts: make bogo_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15331sorts/cycle_sort.py: sorts: make cycle_sort generic for comparable items #15329sorts/gnome_sort.py: Add module docstring gnome sort #14398sorts/heap_sort.py: sorts: make quick sort support comparable items #15290sorts/insertion_sort.py: improve docstrings in insertion_sort.py to include complexity analysis #14868 Add time and space complexity analysis to insertion_sort docstring #15054sorts/pancake_sort.py: docs: Add type hints and improve documentation for pancake_sort #13960 Improve: add type hints to pancake_sort #14738 chore: add type hints to pancake_sort #14841 sorts: make pancake_sort generic over Comparable items #15311sorts/quick_sort.py: Added complexities #11725 sorts: make quick sort support comparable items #15290 sorts: make quick_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15327 sorts: make bogo_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15331sorts/quick_sort_3_partition.py: Add Hoare partition algorithm #12601sorts/radix_sort.py: fix(sorts): raise ValueError on negative inputs in radix_sort (#14950) #15011sorts/selection_sort.py: Enhance docstring for selection_sort function #13963 docs: add time and space complexity to selection_sort docstring #13972sorts/shell_sort.py: Add Shell Sort Algorithm #13911 sorts: make shell_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15326 sorts: make bogo_sort work with any Comparable, not just int #15331sorts/shrink_shell_sort.py: sorts: type shrink shell sort for comparable items #15334sorts/stooge_sort.py: Add Stooge Sort implementation #14746sorts/topological_sort.py: Updated topological_sort.py #11290 Fix topological sort order #14609strings/anagrams.py: Improve docstrings and readability in anagrams module #14188 Improve docstring clarity and typing in anagrams #14219strings/boyer_moore_search.py: Improve Boyer-Moore String Search (Bad Character Rule) Implementation #13039 fix: Boyer-Moore bad character shift was dead code in for-loop #14770strings/camel_case_to_snake_case.py: corrected the typos in camel_case_to_snake_case.py #14832 Add docstring frequency finder #14833 Correct typos and add secret_language file #14843strings/capitalize.py: Simplify capitalize implementation #14654strings/check_anagrams.py: Improve docstring clarity for anagram check function #14058strings/frequency_finder.py: Add docstring frequency finder #14833strings/is_isogram.py: Improve is_isogram performance by removing unnecessary sorting #15318strings/knuth_morris_pratt.py: refactor(strings): Improve and correct KMP implementation #13694strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py: ✅ Add doctests to string conversion functions #12839 docs: add doctests for min_cost_string_conversion #13601strings/palindrome.py: Add is_palindrome_ignore_case_and_spaces to strings/palindrome.py #14907strings/rabin_karp.py: Add Rabin-Karp String Matching Algorithm (#13918) #13947strings/split.py: Fixes #14649 #14673strings/suffix_automaton.py: add suffix automaton algo #11217 feat(strings): add suffix automaton implementation #13606strings/word_occurrence.py: Fix word occurrence doctest variable typo #14909tests/test_sorts.py: sorts: make pancake_sort generic over Comparable items #15311 sorts: make cycle_sort generic for comparable items #15329 sorts: type shrink shell sort for comparable items #15334web_programming/covid_stats_via_xpath.py: Refactor error handling and improve logging #13000web_programming/crawl_google_scholar_citation.py: Update crawl_google_scholar_citation.py #11655web_programming/instagram_crawler.py: Instagram Crawler Overhaul using web_profile_info API Fixes#10634 #11193244files not present in the working directorybacktracking/m_coloring_problem.py: fix(backtracking): Correct doctest in m_coloring_problem #13288bit_manipulation/binary_addition.py: Binary Addition of two binary strings input to produce binary string output of any length #10370bit_manipulation/count_bits.py: feat: add count_bits algorithm with doctests #13938bit_manipulation/divide_two_integers.py: Add divide two integers algorithm #13737bit_manipulation/fin_two_unique_numbers.py: Add algorithm to find Two unique numbers using bit manipulation with docsets #13216bit_manipulation/find_upper_lower_nibble.py: Add function to find upper and lower nibbles with doctests and type hints #13121bit_manipulation/hamming_code_generator.py: feat: Introduce hamming code generator #11827bit_manipulation/max_xor_bit_trie.py: Added Implementation of Bit_Trie for finding max xor between two numbers in an array #13132bit_manipulation/multibit_manipulation.py: Adding multibit-manipulation algorithm implemented with bitwise operations #11418bit_manipulation/single_number.py: Single Number Algo Added #12042bit_manipulation/sliding_window_xor.py: Add Sliding_Window_XOR working solution #13129bit_manipulation/update_bit.py: added program to update bit at given position. #9902bit_manipulation/xor_swap_two_integers.py: Add XOR-based swap algorithm for two numbers #13018blockchain/merkle_tree.py: Add Merkle Tree construction and verification algorithm #13753blockchain/pow_algorithm.py: Proof of Work Algorithm for Blockchain #11699blockchain/proof_of_stake.py: Added Proof of Stake(PoS) #11945 New: Added proof of work(PoW) #11946blockchain/proof_of_work.py: New: Added proof of work(PoW) #11946blockchain/simple_blockchain.py: Add simple blockchain mining algorithm with PoW #13114blockchain/simple_proof_of_work.py: Add: blockchain/simple_proof_of_work.py #14237ciphers/base58.py: Added Base58 encoding/decoding in ciphers #12123ciphers/columnar_transposition.py: Feat/ciphers columnar #13102ciphers/des_ecb.py: [Feature] Implemented DES Algorithm in ECB mode #11785ciphers/printable_ascii_vigenere_cipher.py: Implement modified vigenere cipher for all printable ASCII #13452ciphers/rc4.py: feat: Add RC4 stream cipher implementation #14753ciphers/skytale_cipher.py: (ciphers): add scytale (skytale) transposition cipher with doctests #13100 Feat/ciphers columnar #13102ciphers/spiral_transposition.py: Create spiral_transposition.py #13421ciphers/xtea.py: Add XTEA block cipher implementation #14414conversions/base64_to_binary.py: Added base64 to binary conversion. #12209conversions/bianry_to_excessthree.py: Created bianry_to_excessthree.py #13831conversions/binary_to_base64.py: Added binary to base64 conversion #12210conversions/binary_to_gray.py: Add binary to gray code conversion algorithm #13826conversions/binary_to_gray_code.py: feat(conversions): Add Binary and Gray Code conversion algorithms #13634conversions/convert_base.py: Create convert_base.py #11115conversions/endianness.py: Add endianness conversion algorithm #14041conversions/hex_to_rgb.py: feat: implements a hex to rgb conversion function #11113conversions/int_to_negative_binary_base.py: adding negative binary base conversion algorithms #11213conversions/negative_binary_base_to_int.py: adding negative binary base conversion algorithms #11213conversions/ounces_to_grams.py: Add ounces to grams conversion. #14079data_structures/arrays/Deque.py: Create Deque.py #13419data_structures/arrays/dynamic_array.py: Implementing Dynamic array #12271data_structures/arrays/first_missing_positive.py: first missing positive algorithm #11199data_structures/arrays/gas_station.py: Added gas_station.py #11822data_structures/arrays/list_maximum_depth_sum.py: Feat: Implement recursive Max Depth Sum calculation for nested arrays #13502data_structures/arrays/longest_consecutive_sequence.py: Longest Consecutive Sequence LeetCode problem #9686data_structures/arrays/max_and_min.py: added max and min algo #13345data_structures/arrays/merge_intervals.py: added merge interval problem on the array data structure #14009data_structures/arrays/merge_sorted.py: Add Merge Sorted Arrays Algorithm with Type Hints and Doctests #13589data_structures/arrays/new_combination.py: Add combinations function for array inputs #12326data_structures/arrays/pairwise_iteration.py: Added pairwise iteration algorithms #9645data_structures/arrays/pascals_triangle.py: add pascals_triangle in data structure #14026data_structures/arrays/remove_duplicates_fromarray.py: Create remove_duplicates_fromarray.py #13192data_structures/arrays/reverse_array.py: feat(arrays): Add in-place array reversal algorithm #13370data_structures/arrays/set_matrix_zeroes.py: Created set_matrix_zeroes.py #13369data_structures/arrays/sliding_window_maximum.py: Implement sliding window maximum algorithm using deque #13661data_structures/arrays/two_sum.py: Add docstring and type hints to two_sum #14008data_structures/binary_tree/binary-tree-deletion.py: Add files via upload #11924data_structures/disjoint_set/progressive_set_intersection.py: feat: add progressive_set_intersection to disjoint_set #14492data_structures/hashing/coalesced_hashing.py: feat(hashing): add 6 advanced open addressing algorithms #14048data_structures/hashing/fnv_hashtable.py: feat(hashing): add 6 advanced open addressing algorithms #14048data_structures/hashing/hopscotch.py: feat(hashing): add 6 advanced open addressing algorithms #14048data_structures/hashing/linear_probing.py: feat(hashing): add 6 advanced open addressing algorithms #14048data_structures/hashing/power_of_two.py: feat(hashing): add 6 advanced open addressing algorithms #14048data_structures/hashing/robin_hood.py: feat(hashing): add 6 advanced open addressing algorithms #14048data_structures/hashing/tests/test_advanced_hashing.py: feat(hashing): add 6 advanced open addressing algorithms #14048data_structures/linked_list/remove_nth_node_from_end_of_list.py: Remove nth node from end of list #9880data_structures/persistent_segment_tree.py: Persistent Segment Tree #12186data_structures/queue/monotonic_queue.py: add monotonic queue algorithm #10531data_structures/stacks/celebrity_problem.py: Added new algorithm to solve the famous celebrity problem using stack #13112data_structures/stacks/postfix_to_infix_conversion.py: Added postfix_to_infix_conversion.py #10607data_structures/stacks/postfix_to_prefix_conversion.py: Added postfix-prefix conversion #10474data_structures/stacks/stack_tracking_min_max.py: Stack implementation that tracks Min/Max element #9946data_structures/trie/binary_trie.py: Create binary_trie.py #11918data_structures/trie/segment_tree.py: Add Segment Tree implementation in Python #13327data_structures/two_pointer/__init__.py: added two pointer directory and added solution to is_palindrome.py #11566data_structures/two_pointer/is_palindrome.py: added two pointer directory and added solution to is_palindrome.py #11566data_structures/z_score_normalization.py: Add Z-score normalization algorithm for data standardization #14527digital_image_processing/image_data/skeleton_lena.png: #13141digital_image_processing/morphological_operations/pruning_operation.py: #13141digital_image_processing/morphological_operations/skeletonization_operation.py: #13141divide_and_conquer/README.md: #13519divide_and_conquer/fast_fourier_transform.py: #13738divide_and_conquer/karatsuba_multiplication.py: #13300divide_and_conquer/minimum_element_of_array.py: #9688divide_and_conquer/tests/__init__.py: #12552divide_and_conquer/tests/test_strassen_matrix_multiplication.py: #12552dynamic_programming/coin_change.py: #13395dynamic_programming/egg_drop.py: #11697dynamic_programming/house_robber.py: #13471dynamic_programming/job_scheduling.py: #13361dynamic_programming/kadanes_algorithm.py: #14525dynamic_programming/longest_arithmetic_subsequence.py: #11712dynamic_programming/longest_repeating_subsequence.py: #14856dynamic_programming/moving_average.py: #14526dynamic_programming/partition_equal_subset_sum.py: #14702dynamic_programming/weighted_job_scheduling.py: #13378electronics/power_factor.py: #11727electronics/power_factor_correction.py: #9535electronics/star_delta_conversions.py: #9649electronics/star_delta_transform.py: #12356financial/amortization_table.py: #11368financial/expected_shortfall.py: #15051financial/fractional_differentiation.py: #11851financial/get_annuity_due_future_value.py: #12357financial/get_ordinary_annuity_future_value.py: #12358financial/macaulay_duration.py: #14506financial/relative_strength_index.py: #13888financial/streaming_moving_average.py: #11826financial/value_at_risk.py: #15051genetic_algorithm/adjacency_representation.py: #13645genetic_algorithm/basic_number.py: #9577genetic_algorithm/knapsack.py: #13234genetic_algorithm/ordinal_representation.py: #13647genetic_algorithm/travelling_salesman_problem.py: #11228geodesy/radar_target_calculation.py: #15056geometry/braik_mac_construction.py: #11205geometry/collision_detection.py: #13969geometry/point_in_polygon.py: #15309geometry/point_to_plane_distance.py: #14360graphics/bresenham_line_basic.py: #13750 #13751graphics/bresenham_line_generalized.py: #13751graphics/interactive_3d_renderer.py: #13113graphs/array_to_graph.py: #12526graphs/blossom_algorithm.py: #13023graphs/edmonds_blossom_algorithm.py: #12056graphs/graph_centrality.py: #11897graphs/graph_peripherality.py: #11898graphs/johnson_graph.py: #12281graphs/swim_in_rising_water.py: #13249graphs/tests/test_edmonds_blossom_algorithm.py: #12056graphs/tests/test_graphs_floyd_warshall.py: #12125greedy_methods/activity_selection.py: #11667greedy_methods/gale_shapley_stable_matching.py: #14264greedy_methods/merge_intervals.py: #14436greedy_methods/minimize_deviation_in_array.py: #10860greedy_methods/sliding_window.py: #11581hashes/array_pairs_divisibility.py: #11652hashes/crc32.py: #14035 #14415hashes/fnv.py: #14036hashes/fnv1a.py: #13814hashes/joaat.py: #14560hashes/sha3.py: #14023hashes/xxhash.py: #14037knapsack/knapsack_graph_generation.py: #12896knapsack/knapsack_memoization.py: #10180linear_algebra/determinant.py: #13364linear_algebra/matrix_trace.py: #13364linear_algebra/qr_decomposition.py: #14647machine_learning/Multi-Armed Bandits .py: #12784machine_learning/adaboost.py: #13270machine_learning/arima.py: #13271machine_learning/cnn.py: #13273machine_learning/k_means_plus_plus.py: #12976machine_learning/kernel_svm.ipynb: #12784machine_learning/mab.py: #12668machine_learning/multinomial_naive_bayes_classifier.py: #9619machine_learning/principal_component_analysis.py: #9610machine_learning/ridge_regression.py: #12111 #12246 #14016machine_learning/tests/__init__.py: #14016machine_learning/tests/conftest.py: #14016machine_learning/tests/test_ridge_regression.py: #14016maths/baby_step_giant_step.py: #14997maths/numerical_analysis/nth_root.py: #11509maths/sum_of_outcomes_for_rolling_n_sided_dice_k_time.py: #11463matrix/Flood Fill: #13187matrix/kronecker_product.py: #12023matrix/matrix_diagonal_sum.py: #13934matrix/similar_matrices.py: #13022matrix/strassen_matrix_multiply.py: 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#13016web_programming/crypto_price_tracker.py: #13797