gitpython-developers · Byron · Jul 12, 2026 · Jul 12, 2026
diff --git a/git/cmd.py b/git/cmd.py
@@ -649,6 +649,11 @@ class Git(metaclass=_GitMeta):
 
     re_unsafe_protocol = re.compile(r"(.+)::.+")
 
+    unsafe_git_ls_remote_options = [
+        # This option allows arbitrary command execution in git-ls-remote.
+        "--upload-pack",
+    ]
+
     def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         return slots_to_dict(self, exclude=self._excluded_)
 
@@ -1022,6 +1027,20 @@ def check_unsafe_options(cls, options: List[str], unsafe_options: List[str]) ->
                         f"{unsafe_option} is not allowed, use `allow_unsafe_options=True` to allow it."
                     )
 
+    @classmethod
+    def _option_candidates(cls, args: Sequence[Any] = (), kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None) -> List[str]:
+        """Collect possible option spellings before command-line transformation."""
+        options = [
+            option for option in cls._unpack_args([arg for arg in args if arg is not None]) if option.startswith("-")
+        ]
+        if kwargs:
+            for key, value in kwargs.items():
+                values = value if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)) else (value,)
+                if any(value is True or (value is not False and value is not None) for value in values):
+                    key = str(key)
+                    options.append(f"-{key}" if len(key) == 1 else f"--{dashify(key)}")
+        return options
+
     AutoInterrupt: TypeAlias = _AutoInterrupt
 
     CatFileContentStream: TypeAlias = _CatFileContentStream
@@ -1079,6 +1098,22 @@ def set_persistent_git_options(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
 
         self._persistent_git_options = self.transform_kwargs(split_single_char_options=True, **kwargs)
 
+    def ls_remote(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        allow_unsafe_options: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[str, bytes, Tuple[int, Union[str, bytes], str], "Git.AutoInterrupt"]:
+        """List references in a remote repository.
+
+        :param allow_unsafe_options:
+            Allow unsafe options, like ``--upload-pack``.
+        """
+        if not allow_unsafe_options:
+            candidate_options = self._option_candidates(args, kwargs)
+            Git.check_unsafe_options(options=candidate_options, unsafe_options=self.unsafe_git_ls_remote_options)
+        return self._call_process("ls_remote", *args, **kwargs)
+
     @property
     def working_dir(self) -> Union[None, PathLike]:
         """:return: Git directory we are working on"""
@@ -1585,7 +1620,7 @@ def transform_kwargs(self, split_single_char_options: bool = True, **kwargs: Any
         return args
 
     @classmethod
-    def _unpack_args(cls, arg_list: Sequence[str]) -> List[str]:
+    def _unpack_args(cls, arg_list: Sequence[Any]) -> List[str]:
         outlist = []
         if isinstance(arg_list, (list, tuple)):
             for arg in arg_list:

diff --git a/git/objects/commit.py b/git/objects/commit.py
@@ -86,6 +86,12 @@ class Commit(base.Object, TraversableIterableObj, Diffable, Serializable):
     # INVARIANTS
     default_encoding = "UTF-8"
 
+    # Options to :manpage:`git-rev-list(1)` that can overwrite files.
+    unsafe_git_rev_options = [
+        "--output",
+        "-o",
+    ]
+
     type: Literal["commit"] = "commit"
 
     __slots__ = (
@@ -302,6 +308,7 @@ def iter_items(
         repo: "Repo",
         rev: Union[str, "Commit", "SymbolicReference"],
         paths: Union[PathLike, Sequence[PathLike]] = "",
+        allow_unsafe_options: bool = False,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> Iterator["Commit"]:
         R"""Find all commits matching the given criteria.
@@ -330,6 +337,11 @@ def iter_items(
             raise ValueError("--pretty cannot be used as parsing expects single sha's only")
         # END handle pretty
 
+        if not allow_unsafe_options:
+            Git.check_unsafe_options(
+                options=Git._option_candidates([rev], kwargs), unsafe_options=cls.unsafe_git_rev_options
+            )
+
         # Use -- in all cases, to prevent possibility of ambiguous arguments.
         # See https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/issues/264.
 

diff --git a/git/remote.py b/git/remote.py
@@ -1071,7 +1071,10 @@ def fetch(
                     Git.check_unsafe_protocols(ref)
 
         if not allow_unsafe_options:
-            Git.check_unsafe_options(options=list(kwargs.keys()), unsafe_options=self.unsafe_git_fetch_options)
+            Git.check_unsafe_options(
+                options=Git._option_candidates([], kwargs),
+                unsafe_options=self.unsafe_git_fetch_options,
+            )
 
         proc = self.repo.git.fetch(
             "--", self, *args, as_process=True, with_stdout=False, universal_newlines=True, v=verbose, **kwargs
@@ -1125,7 +1128,10 @@ def pull(
                 Git.check_unsafe_protocols(ref)
 
         if not allow_unsafe_options:
-            Git.check_unsafe_options(options=list(kwargs.keys()), unsafe_options=self.unsafe_git_pull_options)
+            Git.check_unsafe_options(
+                options=Git._option_candidates([], kwargs),
+                unsafe_options=self.unsafe_git_pull_options,
+            )
 
         proc = self.repo.git.pull(
             "--", self, refspec, with_stdout=False, as_process=True, universal_newlines=True, v=True, **kwargs
@@ -1198,7 +1204,10 @@ def push(
                 Git.check_unsafe_protocols(ref)
 
         if not allow_unsafe_options:
-            Git.check_unsafe_options(options=list(kwargs.keys()), unsafe_options=self.unsafe_git_push_options)
+            Git.check_unsafe_options(
+                options=Git._option_candidates([], kwargs),
+                unsafe_options=self.unsafe_git_push_options,
+            )
 
         proc = self.repo.git.push(
             "--",

diff --git a/git/repo/base.py b/git/repo/base.py
@@ -161,6 +161,20 @@ class Repo:
     https://git-scm.com/docs/git-clone#Documentation/git-clone.txt---configltkeygtltvaluegt
     """
 
+    unsafe_git_archive_options = [
+        # Allows arbitrary command execution through the remote git-upload-archive command.
+        "--exec",
+        # Writes output to a caller-controlled filesystem path.
+        "--output",
+        "-o",
+    ]
+
+    unsafe_git_revision_options = [
+        # This option allows output to be written to arbitrary files before revision parsing.
+        "--output",
+        "-o",
+    ]
+
     # Invariants
     config_level: ConfigLevels_Tup = ("system", "user", "global", "repository")
     """Represents the configuration level of a configuration file."""
@@ -775,6 +789,7 @@ def iter_commits(
         self,
         rev: Union[str, Commit, "SymbolicReference", None] = None,
         paths: Union[PathLike, Sequence[PathLike]] = "",
+        allow_unsafe_options: bool = False,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> Iterator[Commit]:
         """An iterator of :class:`~git.objects.commit.Commit` objects representing the
@@ -792,6 +807,9 @@ def iter_commits(
             Arguments to be passed to :manpage:`git-rev-list(1)`.
             Common ones are ``max_count`` and ``skip``.
 
+        :param allow_unsafe_options:
+            Allow unsafe options in the revision argument, like ``--output``.
+
         :note:
             To receive only commits between two named revisions, use the
             ``"revA...revB"`` revision specifier.
@@ -802,7 +820,18 @@ def iter_commits(
         if rev is None:
             rev = self.head.commit
 
-        return Commit.iter_items(self, rev, paths, **kwargs)
+        if not allow_unsafe_options:
+            Git.check_unsafe_options(
+                options=Git._option_candidates([rev], kwargs), unsafe_options=self.unsafe_git_revision_options
+            )
+
+        return Commit.iter_items(
+            self,
+            rev,
+            paths,
+            allow_unsafe_options=allow_unsafe_options,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
 
     def merge_base(self, *rev: TBD, **kwargs: Any) -> List[Commit]:
         R"""Find the closest common ancestor for the given revision
@@ -1079,7 +1108,9 @@ def active_branch(self) -> Head:
             )
         return active_branch
 
-    def blame_incremental(self, rev: str | HEAD | None, file: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Iterator["BlameEntry"]:
+    def blame_incremental(
+        self, rev: str | HEAD | None, file: str, allow_unsafe_options: bool = False, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Iterator["BlameEntry"]:
         """Iterator for blame information for the given file at the given revision.
 
         Unlike :meth:`blame`, this does not return the actual file's contents, only a
@@ -1090,6 +1121,9 @@ def blame_incremental(self, rev: str | HEAD | None, file: str, **kwargs: Any) ->
             uncommitted changes. Otherwise, anything successfully parsed by
             :manpage:`git-rev-parse(1)` is a valid option.
 
+        :param allow_unsafe_options:
+            Allow unsafe options in revision argument, like ``--output``.
+
         :return:
             Lazy iterator of :class:`BlameEntry` tuples, where the commit indicates the
             commit to blame for the line, and range indicates a span of line numbers in
@@ -1098,6 +1132,10 @@ def blame_incremental(self, rev: str | HEAD | None, file: str, **kwargs: Any) ->
         If you combine all line number ranges outputted by this command, you should get
         a continuous range spanning all line numbers in the file.
         """
+        if not allow_unsafe_options:
+            Git.check_unsafe_options(
+                options=Git._option_candidates([rev], kwargs), unsafe_options=self.unsafe_git_revision_options
+            )
 
         data: bytes = self.git.blame(rev, "--", file, p=True, incremental=True, stdout_as_string=False, **kwargs)
         commits: Dict[bytes, Commit] = {}
@@ -1176,7 +1214,8 @@ def blame(
         rev: Union[str, HEAD, None],
         file: str,
         incremental: bool = False,
-        rev_opts: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        rev_opts: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        allow_unsafe_options: bool = False,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> List[List[Commit | List[str | bytes] | None]] | Iterator[BlameEntry] | None:
         """The blame information for the given file at the given revision.
@@ -1186,6 +1225,9 @@ def blame(
             uncommitted changes. Otherwise, anything successfully parsed by
             :manpage:`git-rev-parse(1)` is a valid option.
 
+        :param allow_unsafe_options:
+            Allow unsafe options in revision argument, like ``--output``.
+
         :return:
             list: [git.Commit, list: [<line>]]
 
@@ -1195,9 +1237,14 @@ def blame(
             appearance.
         """
         if incremental:
-            return self.blame_incremental(rev, file, **kwargs)
-        rev_opts = rev_opts or []
-        data: bytes = self.git.blame(rev, *rev_opts, "--", file, p=True, stdout_as_string=False, **kwargs)
+            return self.blame_incremental(rev, file, allow_unsafe_options=allow_unsafe_options, **kwargs)
+        rev_opts_list = list(rev_opts or [])
+        if not allow_unsafe_options:
+            Git.check_unsafe_options(
+                options=Git._option_candidates([rev, rev_opts_list], kwargs),
+                unsafe_options=self.unsafe_git_revision_options,
+            )
+        data: bytes = self.git.blame(rev, *rev_opts_list, "--", file, p=True, stdout_as_string=False, **kwargs)
         commits: Dict[str, Commit] = {}
         blames: List[List[Commit | List[str | bytes] | None]] = []
 
@@ -1408,7 +1455,10 @@ def _clone(
         if not allow_unsafe_protocols:
             Git.check_unsafe_protocols(url)
         if not allow_unsafe_options:
-            Git.check_unsafe_options(options=list(kwargs.keys()), unsafe_options=cls.unsafe_git_clone_options)
+            Git.check_unsafe_options(
+                options=Git._option_candidates([], kwargs),
+                unsafe_options=cls.unsafe_git_clone_options,
+            )
         if not allow_unsafe_options and multi:
             Git.check_unsafe_options(options=multi, unsafe_options=cls.unsafe_git_clone_options)
 
@@ -1583,6 +1633,8 @@ def archive(
         ostream: Union[TextIO, BinaryIO],
         treeish: Optional[str] = None,
         prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        allow_unsafe_options: bool = False,
+        allow_unsafe_protocols: bool = False,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> Repo:
         """Archive the tree at the given revision.
@@ -1605,6 +1657,12 @@ def archive(
               repository-relative path to a directory or file to place into the archive,
               or a list or tuple of multiple paths.
 
+        :param allow_unsafe_options:
+            Allow unsafe options, like ``--exec`` or ``--output``.
+
+        :param allow_unsafe_protocols:
+            Allow unsafe protocols to be used in ``remote``, like ``ext``.
+
         :raise git.exc.GitCommandError:
             If something went wrong.
 
@@ -1615,6 +1673,14 @@ def archive(
             treeish = self.head.commit
         if prefix and "prefix" not in kwargs:
             kwargs["prefix"] = prefix
+        remote = kwargs.get("remote")
+        if not allow_unsafe_protocols and remote is not None:
+            Git.check_unsafe_protocols(str(remote))
+        if not allow_unsafe_options:
+            Git.check_unsafe_options(
+                options=Git._option_candidates([], kwargs),
+                unsafe_options=self.unsafe_git_archive_options,
+            )
         kwargs["output_stream"] = ostream
         path = kwargs.pop("path", [])
         path = cast(Union[PathLike, List[PathLike], Tuple[PathLike, ...]], path)

diff --git a/test/test_clone.py b/test/test_clone.py
@@ -117,11 +117,13 @@ def test_clone_unsafe_options(self, rw_repo):
             tmp_file = tmp_dir / "pwn"
             unsafe_options = [
                 f"--upload-pack='touch {tmp_file}'",
+                f"--upl='touch {tmp_file}'",
                 f"-u 'touch {tmp_file}'",
                 f"-utouch {tmp_file}; false",
                 f"-futouch${{IFS}}{tmp_file}; false",
                 f"-qutouch${{IFS}}{tmp_file}; false",
                 "--config=protocol.ext.allow=always",
+                "--conf=protocol.ext.allow=always",
                 "-c protocol.ext.allow=always",
                 "-cprotocol.ext.allow=always",
                 "-vcprotocol.ext.allow=always",
@@ -134,8 +136,10 @@ def test_clone_unsafe_options(self, rw_repo):
             unsafe_options = [
                 {"upload-pack": f"touch {tmp_file}"},
                 {"upload_pack": f"touch {tmp_file}"},
+                {"upl": f"touch {tmp_file}"},
                 {"u": f"touch {tmp_file}"},
                 {"config": "protocol.ext.allow=always"},
+                {"conf": "protocol.ext.allow=always"},
                 {"c": "protocol.ext.allow=always"},
             ]
             for unsafe_option in unsafe_options:

diff --git a/test/test_commit.py b/test/test_commit.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import copy
 from datetime import datetime
 from io import BytesIO
+import tempfile
 import os.path as osp
 import re
 import sys
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@
 from gitdb import IStream
 
 from git import Actor, Commit, Repo
+from git.exc import UnsafeOptionError
 from git.objects.util import tzoffset, utc
 from git.repo.fun import touch
 
@@ -288,6 +290,17 @@ def test_iter_items(self):
         # pretty not allowed.
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, Commit.iter_items, self.rorepo, "master", pretty="raw")
 
+    def test_iter_items_rejects_unsafe_revision(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tdir:
+            marker = osp.join(tdir, "pwn")
+            self.assertRaises(UnsafeOptionError, Commit.iter_items, self.rorepo, f"--output={marker}")
+
+    def test_iter_items_rejects_unsafe_options(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tdir:
+            marker = osp.join(tdir, "pwn")
+            with self.assertRaises(UnsafeOptionError):
+                list(Commit.iter_items(self.rorepo, "HEAD", output=marker))
+
     def test_rev_list_bisect_all(self):
         """
         'git rev-list --bisect-all' returns additional information