python · DinoV · Feb 20, 2026 · Feb 18, 2026 · Feb 18, 2026 · Feb 19, 2026
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_code.py b/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_code.py
@@ -1,9 +1,41 @@
 import unittest
 
+try:
+    import ctypes
+except ImportError:
+    ctypes = None
+
 from threading import Thread
 from unittest import TestCase
 
 from test.support import threading_helper
+from test.support.threading_helper import run_concurrently
+
+if ctypes is not None:
+    capi = ctypes.pythonapi
+
+    freefunc = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(None, ctypes.c_voidp)
+
+    RequestCodeExtraIndex = capi.PyUnstable_Eval_RequestCodeExtraIndex
+    RequestCodeExtraIndex.argtypes = (freefunc,)
+    RequestCodeExtraIndex.restype = ctypes.c_ssize_t
+
+    SetExtra = capi.PyUnstable_Code_SetExtra
+    SetExtra.argtypes = (ctypes.py_object, ctypes.c_ssize_t, ctypes.c_voidp)
+    SetExtra.restype = ctypes.c_int
+
+    GetExtra = capi.PyUnstable_Code_GetExtra
+    GetExtra.argtypes = (
+        ctypes.py_object,
+        ctypes.c_ssize_t,
+        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_voidp),
+    )
+    GetExtra.restype = ctypes.c_int
+
+# Note: each call to RequestCodeExtraIndex permanently allocates a slot
+# (the counter is monotonically increasing), up to MAX_CO_EXTRA_USERS (255).
+NTHREADS = 20
+
 
 @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
 class TestCode(TestCase):
@@ -25,6 +57,83 @@ def run_in_thread():
         for thread in threads:
             thread.join()
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(ctypes, "ctypes is required")
+    def test_request_code_extra_index_concurrent(self):
+        """Test concurrent calls to RequestCodeExtraIndex"""
+        results = []
+
+        def worker():
+            idx = RequestCodeExtraIndex(freefunc(0))
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(idx, 0)
+            results.append(idx)
+
+        run_concurrently(worker_func=worker, nthreads=NTHREADS)
+
+        # Every thread must get a unique index.
+        self.assertEqual(len(results), NTHREADS)
+        self.assertEqual(len(set(results)), NTHREADS)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(ctypes, "ctypes is required")
+    def test_code_extra_all_ops_concurrent(self):
+        """Test concurrent RequestCodeExtraIndex + SetExtra + GetExtra"""
+        LOOP = 100
+
+        def f():
+            pass
+
+        code = f.__code__
+
+        def worker():
+            idx = RequestCodeExtraIndex(freefunc(0))
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(idx, 0)
+
+            for i in range(LOOP):
+                ret = SetExtra(code, idx, ctypes.c_voidp(i + 1))
+                self.assertEqual(ret, 0)
+
+            for _ in range(LOOP):
+                extra = ctypes.c_voidp()
+                ret = GetExtra(code, idx, extra)
+                self.assertEqual(ret, 0)
+                # The slot was set by this thread, so the value must
+                # be the last one written.
+                self.assertEqual(extra.value, LOOP)
+
+        run_concurrently(worker_func=worker, nthreads=NTHREADS)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(ctypes, "ctypes is required")
+    def test_code_extra_set_get_concurrent(self):
+        """Test concurrent SetExtra + GetExtra on a shared index"""
+        LOOP = 100
+
+        def f():
+            pass
+
+        code = f.__code__
+
+        idx = RequestCodeExtraIndex(freefunc(0))
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(idx, 0)
+
+        def worker():
+            for i in range(LOOP):
+                ret = SetExtra(code, idx, ctypes.c_voidp(i + 1))
+                self.assertEqual(ret, 0)
+
+            for _ in range(LOOP):
+                extra = ctypes.c_voidp()
+                ret = GetExtra(code, idx, extra)
+                self.assertEqual(ret, 0)
+                # Value is set by any writer thread.
+                self.assertTrue(1 <= extra.value <= LOOP)
+
+        run_concurrently(worker_func=worker, nthreads=NTHREADS)
+
+        # Every thread's last write is LOOP, so the final value must be LOOP.
+        extra = ctypes.c_voidp()
+        ret = GetExtra(code, idx, extra)
+        self.assertEqual(ret, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(extra.value, LOOP)
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/C_API/2026-02-18-15-12-34.gh-issue-144981.4ZdM63.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/C_API/2026-02-18-15-12-34.gh-issue-144981.4ZdM63.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Made :c:func:`PyUnstable_Code_SetExtra`, :c:func:`PyUnstable_Code_GetExtra`,
+and :c:func:`PyUnstable_Eval_RequestCodeExtraIndex` thread-safe on the
+:term:`free threaded <free threading>` build.
@@ -1575,6 +1575,67 @@ typedef struct {
 } _PyCodeObjectExtra;
 
 
+static inline size_t
+code_extra_size(Py_ssize_t n)
+{
+    return sizeof(_PyCodeObjectExtra) + (n - 1) * sizeof(void *);
+}
+
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+static int
+code_extra_grow_ft(PyCodeObject *co, _PyCodeObjectExtra *old_co_extra,
+                   Py_ssize_t old_ce_size, Py_ssize_t new_ce_size,
+                   Py_ssize_t index, void *extra)
+{
+    _Py_CRITICAL_SECTION_ASSERT_OBJECT_LOCKED(co);
+    _PyCodeObjectExtra *new_co_extra = PyMem_Malloc(
+        code_extra_size(new_ce_size));
+    if (new_co_extra == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (old_ce_size > 0) {
+        memcpy(new_co_extra->ce_extras, old_co_extra->ce_extras,
+               old_ce_size * sizeof(void *));
+    }
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = old_ce_size; i < new_ce_size; i++) {
+        new_co_extra->ce_extras[i] = NULL;
+    }
+    new_co_extra->ce_size = new_ce_size;
+    new_co_extra->ce_extras[index] = extra;
+
+    // Publish new buffer and its contents to lock-free readers.
+    FT_ATOMIC_STORE_PTR_RELEASE(co->co_extra, new_co_extra);
+    if (old_co_extra != NULL) {
+        // QSBR: defer old-buffer free until lock-free readers quiesce.
+        _PyMem_FreeDelayed(old_co_extra, code_extra_size(old_ce_size));
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+#else
+static int
+code_extra_grow_gil(PyCodeObject *co, _PyCodeObjectExtra *old_co_extra,
+                    Py_ssize_t old_ce_size, Py_ssize_t new_ce_size,
+                    Py_ssize_t index, void *extra)
+{
+    _PyCodeObjectExtra *new_co_extra = PyMem_Realloc(
+        old_co_extra, code_extra_size(new_ce_size));
+    if (new_co_extra == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = old_ce_size; i < new_ce_size; i++) {
+        new_co_extra->ce_extras[i] = NULL;
+    }
+    new_co_extra->ce_size = new_ce_size;
+    new_co_extra->ce_extras[index] = extra;
+    co->co_extra = new_co_extra;
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
 int
 PyUnstable_Code_GetExtra(PyObject *code, Py_ssize_t index, void **extra)
 {
@@ -1583,15 +1644,19 @@ PyUnstable_Code_GetExtra(PyObject *code, Py_ssize_t index, void **extra)
         return -1;
     }
 
-    PyCodeObject *o = (PyCodeObject*) code;
-    _PyCodeObjectExtra *co_extra = (_PyCodeObjectExtra*) o->co_extra;
+    PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject *)code;
+    *extra = NULL;
 
-    if (co_extra == NULL || index < 0 || co_extra->ce_size <= index) {
-        *extra = NULL;
+    if (index < 0) {
         return 0;
     }
 
-    *extra = co_extra->ce_extras[index];
+    // Lock-free read; pairs with release stores in SetExtra.
+    _PyCodeObjectExtra *co_extra = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_ACQUIRE(co->co_extra);
+    if (co_extra != NULL && index < co_extra->ce_size) {
+        *extra = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_ACQUIRE(co_extra->ce_extras[index]);
+    }
+
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1601,40 +1666,59 @@ PyUnstable_Code_SetExtra(PyObject *code, Py_ssize_t index, void *extra)
 {
     PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
 
-    if (!PyCode_Check(code) || index < 0 ||
-            index >= interp->co_extra_user_count) {
+    // co_extra_user_count is monotonically increasing and published with
+    // release store in RequestCodeExtraIndex, so once an index is valid
+    // it stays valid.
+    Py_ssize_t user_count = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_SSIZE_ACQUIRE(
+        interp->co_extra_user_count);
+
+    if (!PyCode_Check(code) || index < 0 || index >= user_count) {
         PyErr_BadInternalCall();
         return -1;
     }
 
-    PyCodeObject *o = (PyCodeObject*) code;
-    _PyCodeObjectExtra *co_extra = (_PyCodeObjectExtra *) o->co_extra;
+    PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject *)code;
+    int result = 0;
+    void *old_slot_value = NULL;
 
-    if (co_extra == NULL || co_extra->ce_size <= index) {
-        Py_ssize_t i = (co_extra == NULL ? 0 : co_extra->ce_size);
-        co_extra = PyMem_Realloc(
-                co_extra,
-                sizeof(_PyCodeObjectExtra) +
-                (interp->co_extra_user_count-1) * sizeof(void*));
-        if (co_extra == NULL) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        for (; i < interp->co_extra_user_count; i++) {
-            co_extra->ce_extras[i] = NULL;
-        }
-        co_extra->ce_size = interp->co_extra_user_count;
-        o->co_extra = co_extra;
+    Py_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(co);
+
+    _PyCodeObjectExtra *old_co_extra = (_PyCodeObjectExtra *)co->co_extra;
+    Py_ssize_t old_ce_size = (old_co_extra == NULL)
+        ? 0 : old_co_extra->ce_size;
+
+    // Fast path: slot already exists, update in place.
+    if (index < old_ce_size) {
+        old_slot_value = old_co_extra->ce_extras[index];
+        FT_ATOMIC_STORE_PTR_RELEASE(old_co_extra->ce_extras[index], extra);
+        goto done;
     }
 
-    if (co_extra->ce_extras[index] != NULL) {
-        freefunc free = interp->co_extra_freefuncs[index];
-        if (free != NULL) {
-            free(co_extra->ce_extras[index]);
+    // Slow path: buffer needs to grow.
+    Py_ssize_t new_ce_size = user_count;
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    // FT build: allocate new buffer and swap; QSBR reclaims the old one.
+    result = code_extra_grow_ft(
+        co, old_co_extra, old_ce_size, new_ce_size, index, extra);
+#else
+    // GIL build: grow with realloc.
+    result = code_extra_grow_gil(
+        co, old_co_extra, old_ce_size, new_ce_size, index, extra);
+#endif
+
+done:;
+    Py_END_CRITICAL_SECTION();
+    if (old_slot_value != NULL) {
+        // Free the old slot value if a free function was registered.
+        // The caller must ensure no other thread can still access the old
+        // value after this overwrite.
+        freefunc free_extra = interp->co_extra_freefuncs[index];
+        if (free_extra != NULL) {
+            free_extra(old_slot_value);
         }
     }
 
-    co_extra->ce_extras[index] = extra;
-    return 0;
+    return result;
 }
 
 

@@ -3493,11 +3493,27 @@ PyUnstable_Eval_RequestCodeExtraIndex(freefunc free)
     PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
     Py_ssize_t new_index;
 
-    if (interp->co_extra_user_count == MAX_CO_EXTRA_USERS - 1) {
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    struct _py_code_state *state = &interp->code_state;
+    FT_MUTEX_LOCK(&state->mutex);
+#endif
+
+    if (interp->co_extra_user_count >= MAX_CO_EXTRA_USERS - 1) {
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+        FT_MUTEX_UNLOCK(&state->mutex);
+#endif
         return -1;
     }
-    new_index = interp->co_extra_user_count++;
+
+    new_index = interp->co_extra_user_count;
     interp->co_extra_freefuncs[new_index] = free;
+
+    // Publish freefuncs[new_index] before making the index visible.
+    FT_ATOMIC_STORE_SSIZE_RELEASE(interp->co_extra_user_count, new_index + 1);
+
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    FT_MUTEX_UNLOCK(&state->mutex);
+#endif
     return new_index;
 }