python · ambv · Mar 23, 2026 · Dec 7, 2025 · Jan 25, 2026 · Jan 30, 2026
diff --git a/Doc/library/exceptions.rst b/Doc/library/exceptions.rst
@@ -971,6 +971,12 @@ their subgroups based on the types of the contained exceptions.
    raises a :exc:`TypeError` if any contained exception is not an
    :exc:`Exception` subclass.
 
+   .. impl-detail::
+
+      The ``excs`` parameter may be any sequence, but lists and tuples are
+      specifically processed more efficiently here. For optimal performance,
+      pass a tuple as ``excs``.
+
    .. attribute:: message
 
        The ``msg`` argument to the constructor. This is a read-only attribute.

diff --git a/Include/cpython/pyerrors.h b/Include/cpython/pyerrors.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ typedef struct {
     PyException_HEAD
     PyObject *msg;
     PyObject *excs;
+    PyObject *excs_str;
 } PyBaseExceptionGroupObject;
 
 typedef struct {

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import collections.abc
+import collections
 import types
 import unittest
 from test.support import skip_emscripten_stack_overflow, skip_wasi_stack_overflow, exceeds_recursion_limit
@@ -193,6 +193,77 @@ class MyEG(ExceptionGroup):
                       "MyEG('flat', [ValueError(1), TypeError(2)]), "
                       "TypeError(2)])"))
 
+    def test_exceptions_mutation(self):
+        class MyEG(ExceptionGroup):
+            pass
+
+        excs = [ValueError(1), TypeError(2)]
+        eg = MyEG('test', excs)
+
+        self.assertEqual(repr(eg), "MyEG('test', [ValueError(1), TypeError(2)])")
+        excs.clear()
+
+        # Ensure that clearing the exceptions sequence doesn't change the repr.
+        self.assertEqual(repr(eg), "MyEG('test', [ValueError(1), TypeError(2)])")
+
+        # Ensure that the args are still as passed.
+        self.assertEqual(eg.args, ('test', []))
+
+        excs = (ValueError(1), KeyboardInterrupt(2))
+        eg = BaseExceptionGroup('test', excs)
+
+        # Ensure that immutable sequences still work fine.
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(eg),
+            "BaseExceptionGroup('test', (ValueError(1), KeyboardInterrupt(2)))"
+        )
+
+        # Test non-standard custom sequences.
+        excs = collections.deque([ValueError(1), TypeError(2)])
+        eg = ExceptionGroup('test', excs)
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(eg),
+            "ExceptionGroup('test', deque([ValueError(1), TypeError(2)]))"
+        )
+        excs.clear()
+
+        # Ensure that clearing the exceptions sequence doesn't change the repr.
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(eg),
+            "ExceptionGroup('test', deque([ValueError(1), TypeError(2)]))"
+        )
+
+    def test_repr_raises(self):
+        class MySeq(collections.abc.Sequence):
+            def __init__(self, raises):
+                self.raises = raises
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1
+
+            def __getitem__(self, index):
+                if index == 0:
+                    return ValueError(1)
+                raise IndexError
+
+            def __repr__(self):
+                if self.raises:
+                    raise self.raises
+                return None
+
+        seq = MySeq(None)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            r"__repr__ returned non-string \(type NoneType\)"
+        ):
+            ExceptionGroup("test", seq)
+
+        seq = MySeq(ValueError)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            BaseExceptionGroup("test", seq)
+
+
 
 def create_simple_eg():
     excs = []

diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2025-11-19-16-40-24.gh-issue-141732.PTetqp.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2025-11-19-16-40-24.gh-issue-141732.PTetqp.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Ensure the :meth:`~object.__repr__` for :exc:`ExceptionGroup` and :exc:`BaseExceptionGroup` does
+not change when the exception sequence that was original passed in to its constructor is subsequently mutated.
@@ -695,12 +695,12 @@ PyTypeObject _PyExc_ ## EXCNAME = { \
 
 #define ComplexExtendsException(EXCBASE, EXCNAME, EXCSTORE, EXCNEW, \
                                 EXCMETHODS, EXCMEMBERS, EXCGETSET, \
-                                EXCSTR, EXCDOC) \
+                                EXCSTR, EXCREPR, EXCDOC) \
 static PyTypeObject _PyExc_ ## EXCNAME = { \
     PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0) \
     # EXCNAME, \
     sizeof(Py ## EXCSTORE ## Object), 0, \
-    EXCSTORE ## _dealloc, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, \
+    EXCSTORE ## _dealloc, 0, 0, 0, 0, EXCREPR, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, \
     EXCSTR, 0, 0, 0, \
     Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, \
     PyDoc_STR(EXCDOC), EXCSTORE ## _traverse, \
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ StopIteration_traverse(PyObject *op, visitproc visit, void *arg)
 }
 
 ComplexExtendsException(PyExc_Exception, StopIteration, StopIteration,
-                        0, 0, StopIteration_members, 0, 0,
+                        0, 0, StopIteration_members, 0, 0, 0,
                         "Signal the end from iterator.__next__().");
 
 
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ static PyMemberDef SystemExit_members[] = {
 };
 
 ComplexExtendsException(PyExc_BaseException, SystemExit, SystemExit,
-                        0, 0, SystemExit_members, 0, 0,
+                        0, 0, SystemExit_members, 0, 0, 0,
                         "Request to exit from the interpreter.");
 
 /*
@@ -891,6 +891,7 @@ BaseExceptionGroup_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 
     PyObject *message = NULL;
     PyObject *exceptions = NULL;
+    PyObject *exceptions_str = NULL;
 
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
                           "UO:BaseExceptionGroup.__new__",
@@ -906,6 +907,18 @@ BaseExceptionGroup_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
         return NULL;
     }
 
+    /* Save initial exceptions sequence as a string in case sequence is mutated */
+    if (!PyList_Check(exceptions) && !PyTuple_Check(exceptions)) {
+        exceptions_str = PyObject_Repr(exceptions);
+        if (exceptions_str == NULL) {
+            /* We don't hold a reference to exceptions, so clear it before
+             * attempting a decref in the cleanup.
+             */
+            exceptions = NULL;
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
     exceptions = PySequence_Tuple(exceptions);
     if (!exceptions) {
         return NULL;
@@ -989,9 +1002,11 @@ BaseExceptionGroup_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 
     self->msg = Py_NewRef(message);
     self->excs = exceptions;
+    self->excs_str = exceptions_str;
     return (PyObject*)self;
 error:
-    Py_DECREF(exceptions);
+    Py_XDECREF(exceptions);
+    Py_XDECREF(exceptions_str);
     return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -1030,6 +1045,7 @@ BaseExceptionGroup_clear(PyObject *op)
     PyBaseExceptionGroupObject *self = PyBaseExceptionGroupObject_CAST(op);
     Py_CLEAR(self->msg);
     Py_CLEAR(self->excs);
+    Py_CLEAR(self->excs_str);
     return BaseException_clear(op);
 }
 
@@ -1047,6 +1063,7 @@ BaseExceptionGroup_traverse(PyObject *op, visitproc visit, void *arg)
     PyBaseExceptionGroupObject *self = PyBaseExceptionGroupObject_CAST(op);
     Py_VISIT(self->msg);
     Py_VISIT(self->excs);
+    Py_VISIT(self->excs_str);
     return BaseException_traverse(op, visit, arg);
 }
 
@@ -1064,6 +1081,54 @@ BaseExceptionGroup_str(PyObject *op)
         self->msg, num_excs, num_excs > 1 ? "s" : "");
 }
 
+static PyObject *
+BaseExceptionGroup_repr(PyObject *op)
+{
+    PyBaseExceptionGroupObject *self = PyBaseExceptionGroupObject_CAST(op);
+    assert(self->msg);
+
+    PyObject *exceptions_str = NULL;
+
+    /* Use the saved exceptions string for custom sequences. */
+    if (self->excs_str) {
+        exceptions_str = Py_NewRef(self->excs_str);
+    }
+    else {
+        assert(self->excs);
+
+        /* Older versions delegated to BaseException, inserting the current
+         * value of self.args[1]; but this can be mutable and go out-of-sync
+         * with self.exceptions. Instead, use self.exceptions for accuracy,
+         * making it look like self.args[1] for backwards compatibility. */
+        if (PyList_Check(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(self->args, 1))) {
+            PyObject *exceptions_list = PySequence_List(self->excs);
+            if (!exceptions_list) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            exceptions_str = PyObject_Repr(exceptions_list);
+            Py_DECREF(exceptions_list);
+        }
+        else {
+            exceptions_str = PyObject_Repr(self->excs);
+        }
+
+        if (!exceptions_str) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert(exceptions_str != NULL);
+
+    const char *name = _PyType_Name(Py_TYPE(self));
+    PyObject *repr = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
+        "%s(%R, %U)", name,
+        self->msg, exceptions_str);
+
+    Py_DECREF(exceptions_str);
+    return repr;
+}
+
 /*[clinic input]
 @critical_section
 BaseExceptionGroup.derive
@@ -1698,7 +1763,7 @@ static PyMethodDef BaseExceptionGroup_methods[] = {
 ComplexExtendsException(PyExc_BaseException, BaseExceptionGroup,
     BaseExceptionGroup, BaseExceptionGroup_new /* new */,
     BaseExceptionGroup_methods, BaseExceptionGroup_members,
-    0 /* getset */, BaseExceptionGroup_str,
+    0 /* getset */, BaseExceptionGroup_str, BaseExceptionGroup_repr,
     "A combination of multiple unrelated exceptions.");
 
 /*
@@ -1884,7 +1949,7 @@ static PyMethodDef ImportError_methods[] = {
 ComplexExtendsException(PyExc_Exception, ImportError,
                         ImportError, 0 /* new */,
                         ImportError_methods, ImportError_members,
-                        0 /* getset */, ImportError_str,
+                        0 /* getset */, ImportError_str, 0,
                         "Import can't find module, or can't find name in "
                         "module.");
 
@@ -2356,7 +2421,7 @@ static PyGetSetDef OSError_getset[] = {
 ComplexExtendsException(PyExc_Exception, OSError,
                         OSError, OSError_new,
                         OSError_methods, OSError_members, OSError_getset,
-                        OSError_str,
+                        OSError_str, 0,
                         "Base class for I/O related errors.");
 
 
@@ -2497,7 +2562,7 @@ static PyMethodDef NameError_methods[] = {
 ComplexExtendsException(PyExc_Exception, NameError,
                         NameError, 0,
                         NameError_methods, NameError_members,
-                        0, BaseException_str, "Name not found globally.");
+                        0, BaseException_str, 0, "Name not found globally.");
 
 /*
  *    UnboundLocalError extends NameError
@@ -2631,7 +2696,7 @@ static PyMethodDef AttributeError_methods[] = {
 ComplexExtendsException(PyExc_Exception, AttributeError,
                         AttributeError, 0,
                         AttributeError_methods, AttributeError_members,
-                        0, BaseException_str, "Attribute not found.");
+                        0, BaseException_str, 0, "Attribute not found.");
 
 /*
  *    SyntaxError extends Exception
@@ -2830,7 +2895,7 @@ static PyMemberDef SyntaxError_members[] = {
 
 ComplexExtendsException(PyExc_Exception, SyntaxError, SyntaxError,
                         0, 0, SyntaxError_members, 0,
-                        SyntaxError_str, "Invalid syntax.");
+                        SyntaxError_str, 0, "Invalid syntax.");
 
 
 /*
@@ -2890,7 +2955,7 @@ KeyError_str(PyObject *op)
 }
 
 ComplexExtendsException(PyExc_LookupError, KeyError, BaseException,
-                        0, 0, 0, 0, KeyError_str, "Mapping key not found.");
+                        0, 0, 0, 0, KeyError_str, 0, "Mapping key not found.");
 
 
 /*
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
		@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
		Ensure the :meth:`~object.__repr__` for :exc:`ExceptionGroup` and :exc:`BaseExceptionGroup` does
		not change when the exception sequence that was original passed in to its constructor is subsequently mutated.