nodejs · BridgeAR · Jun 25, 2026 · Jun 25, 2026
diff --git a/benchmark/dgram/send-to-ip.js b/benchmark/dgram/send-to-ip.js
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Measure the send rate to a literal IP destination. The destination needs no
+// name resolution, so this isolates the per-send overhead the default lookup
+// pays before the packet reaches the socket.
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common.js');
+const dgram = require('dgram');
+const PORT = common.PORT;
+
+// `n` is the number of send requests queued each round. Keep it high (>10) so
+// the measurement reflects send overhead rather than event loop cycles.
+const bench = common.createBenchmark(main, {
+  n: [100],
+  dur: [5],
+});
+
+function main({ dur, n }) {
+  const chunk = Buffer.allocUnsafe(1);
+  let sent = 0;
+  const socket = dgram.createSocket('udp4');
+
+  function onsend() {
+    if (sent++ % n === 0) {
+      setImmediate(() => {
+        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+          socket.send(chunk, PORT, '127.0.0.1', onsend);
+        }
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  socket.on('listening', () => {
+    bench.start();
+    onsend();
+
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      bench.end(sent);
+      process.exit(0);
+    }, dur * 1000);
+  });
+
+  socket.bind(PORT);
+}
diff --git a/doc/api/dgram.md b/doc/api/dgram.md
@@ -1039,6 +1039,8 @@ changes:
   * `recvBufferSize` {number} Sets the `SO_RCVBUF` socket value.
   * `sendBufferSize` {number} Sets the `SO_SNDBUF` socket value.
   * `lookup` {Function} Custom lookup function. **Default:** [`dns.lookup()`][].
+    A literal IP address of the socket's family resolves to itself; the lookup
+    function is not called for it.
   * `signal` {AbortSignal} An AbortSignal that may be used to close a socket.
   * `receiveBlockList` {net.BlockList} `receiveBlockList` can be used for discarding
     inbound datagram to specific IP addresses, IP ranges, or IP subnets. This does not

diff --git a/lib/internal/dgram.js b/lib/internal/dgram.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ const {
 const { codes: {
   ERR_SOCKET_BAD_TYPE,
 } } = require('internal/errors');
+const { isIP } = require('internal/net');
 const { UDP } = internalBinding('udp_wrap');
 const { guessHandleType } = require('internal/util');
 const {
@@ -18,14 +19,26 @@ const { UV_EINVAL } = internalBinding('uv');
 const kStateSymbol = Symbol('state symbol');
 let dns;  // Lazy load for startup performance.
 
+function lookupOrSkip(lookup, address, family, callback) {
+  if (isIP(address) === family) {
+    process.nextTick(callback, null, address, family);
+    return;
+  }
+  return lookup(address, family, callback);
+}
 
 function lookup4(lookup, address, callback) {
-  return lookup(address || '127.0.0.1', 4, callback);
+  if (address) {
+    return lookupOrSkip(lookup, address, 4, callback);
+  }
+  process.nextTick(callback, null, '127.0.0.1', 4);
 }
 
-
 function lookup6(lookup, address, callback) {
-  return lookup(address || '::1', 6, callback);
+  if (address) {
+    return lookupOrSkip(lookup, address, 6, callback);
+  }
+  process.nextTick(callback, null, '::1', 6);
 }
 
 function newHandle(type, lookup) {

diff --git a/test/parallel/test-dgram-custom-lookup.js b/test/parallel/test-dgram-custom-lookup.js
@@ -4,31 +4,45 @@ const assert = require('assert');
 const dgram = require('dgram');
 const dns = require('dns');
 
+const originalLookup = dns.lookup;
+
 {
   // Verify that the provided lookup function is called.
   const lookup = common.mustCall((host, family, callback) => {
-    dns.lookup(host, family, callback);
+    assert.strictEqual(host, 'example.invalid');
+    callback(null, '127.0.0.1', 4);
   });
 
   const socket = dgram.createSocket({ type: 'udp4', lookup });
 
-  socket.bind(common.mustCall(() => {
+  socket.bind(0, 'example.invalid', common.mustCall(() => {
     socket.close();
   }));
 }
 
 {
-  // Verify that lookup defaults to dns.lookup().
-  const originalLookup = dns.lookup;
+  // IPs resolve to themselves, so a custom lookup is not called.
+  const lookup = common.mustNotCall('lookup ran for a literal IP address');
+
+  const socket = dgram.createSocket({ type: 'udp4', lookup });
+
+  socket.bind(0, '127.0.0.1', common.mustCall(() => {
+    socket.close();
+  }));
+}
 
+{
+  // Verify that lookup defaults to dns.lookup().
   dns.lookup = common.mustCall((host, family, callback) => {
     dns.lookup = originalLookup;
-    originalLookup(host, family, callback);
+    assert.strictEqual(host, 'example.invalid');
+    assert.strictEqual(family, 4);
+    callback(null, '127.0.0.1', 4);
   });
 
   const socket = dgram.createSocket({ type: 'udp4' });
 
-  socket.bind(common.mustCall(() => {
+  socket.bind(0, 'example.invalid', common.mustCall(() => {
     socket.close();
   }));
 }

diff --git a/test/parallel/test-dgram-default-lookup-ip.js b/test/parallel/test-dgram-default-lookup-ip.js
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+'use strict';
+
+// The default dgram lookup resolves a literal IP address of the socket's own
+// family to itself, without calling dns.lookup(). Each case below stubs the
+// process-global dns.lookup(), so they run sequentially to keep one case from
+// observing another's stub.
+
+const common = require('../common');
+const assert = require('assert');
+const dgram = require('dgram');
+const dns = require('dns');
+
+const originalLookup = dns.lookup;
+
+function ipv4SendSkipsLookup(next) {
+  dns.lookup = common.mustNotCall('dns.lookup() ran for an IPv4 literal');
+
+  const receiver = dgram.createSocket('udp4');
+  const sender = dgram.createSocket('udp4');
+
+  receiver.on('message', common.mustCall((msg) => {
+    assert.strictEqual(msg.toString(), 'payload');
+    dns.lookup = originalLookup;
+    receiver.close();
+    sender.close();
+    next();
+  }));
+
+  receiver.bind(0, '127.0.0.1', common.mustCall(() => {
+    sender.send('payload', receiver.address().port, '127.0.0.1', common.mustCall());
+  }));
+}
+
+function ipv6BindSkipsLookup(next) {
+  if (!common.hasIPv6) {
+    next();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  dns.lookup = common.mustNotCall('dns.lookup() ran for an IPv6 literal');
+
+  const socket = dgram.createSocket('udp6');
+
+  socket.bind(0, '::1', common.mustCall(() => {
+    dns.lookup = originalLookup;
+    socket.close();
+    next();
+  }));
+}
+
+function mismatchedFamilyFallsThrough(next) {
+  // '::1' is not an IPv4 literal, so a udp4 socket still resolves it via
+  // dns.lookup() rather than short-circuiting.
+  dns.lookup = common.mustCall((host, family, callback) => {
+    dns.lookup = originalLookup;
+    assert.strictEqual(host, '::1');
+    assert.strictEqual(family, 4);
+    callback(null, '127.0.0.1', 4);
+  });
+
+  const socket = dgram.createSocket('udp4');
+
+  socket.bind(0, '::1', common.mustCall(() => {
+    socket.close();
+    next();
+  }));
+}
+
+const cases = [
+  ipv4SendSkipsLookup,
+  ipv6BindSkipsLookup,
+  mismatchedFamilyFallsThrough,
+];
+
+(function runNext() {
+  const testCase = cases.shift();
+  if (testCase !== undefined) {
+    testCase(runNext);
+  }
+})();
diff --git a/test/sequential/test-dgram-implicit-bind-failure.js b/test/sequential/test-dgram-implicit-bind-failure.js
@@ -4,19 +4,20 @@ const common = require('../common');
 const assert = require('assert');
 const EventEmitter = require('events');
 const dgram = require('dgram');
-const dns = require('dns');
 const { kStateSymbol } = require('internal/dgram');
 const mockError = new Error('fake DNS');
 
-// Monkey patch dns.lookup() so that it always fails.
-dns.lookup = function(address, family, callback) {
+const socket = dgram.createSocket('udp4');
+
+// Fail the implicit bind by making the handle's address resolution fail. A
+// literal bind address is not passed to dns.lookup(), so patching dns.lookup()
+// would not be observed here.
+socket[kStateSymbol].handle.lookup = function(address, callback) {
   process.nextTick(() => { callback(mockError); });
 };
 
-const socket = dgram.createSocket('udp4');
-
 socket.on(EventEmitter.errorMonitor, common.mustCall((err) => {
-  // The DNS lookup should fail since it is monkey patched. At that point in
+  // The bind should fail since the lookup is monkey patched. At that point in
   // time, the send queue should be populated with the send() operation.
   assert.strictEqual(err, mockError);
   assert(Array.isArray(socket[kStateSymbol].queue));