modelcontextprotocol · hanzili · Jan 4, 2026 · Jan 4, 2026 · Jan 4, 2026 · Jan 4, 2026
diff --git a/src/mcp/server/fastmcp/exceptions.py b/src/mcp/server/fastmcp/exceptions.py
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 """Custom exceptions for FastMCP."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from mcp.types import ContentBlock
+
 
 class FastMCPError(Exception):
     """Base error for FastMCP."""
@@ -14,7 +21,34 @@ class ResourceError(FastMCPError):
 
 
 class ToolError(FastMCPError):
-    """Error in tool operations."""
+    """Error in tool operations.
+
+    Can be raised with custom content to return non-text error responses.
+
+    Args:
+        message: Error message (used if content is not provided)
+        content: Optional list of content blocks to return as the error response.
+            If provided, these will be used instead of the message for the error content.
+
+    Examples:
+        # Simple text error (existing behavior)
+        raise ToolError("Something went wrong")
+
+        # Error with custom content (e.g., image)
+        raise ToolError(
+            "Image processing failed",
+            content=[ImageContent(type="image", data="...", mimeType="image/png")]
+        )
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str = "",
+        *,
+        content: list[ContentBlock] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.content = content
 
 
 class InvalidSignature(Exception):

diff --git a/src/mcp/server/fastmcp/tools/base.py b/src/mcp/server/fastmcp/tools/base.py
@@ -113,6 +113,9 @@ async def run(
             # Re-raise UrlElicitationRequiredError so it can be properly handled
             # as an MCP error response with code -32042
             raise
+        except ToolError:
+            # Re-raise ToolError as-is to preserve custom content
+            raise
         except Exception as e:
             raise ToolError(f"Error executing tool {self.name}: {e}") from e
 

diff --git a/src/mcp/server/lowlevel/server.py b/src/mcp/server/lowlevel/server.py
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ async def main():
 
 import mcp.types as types
 from mcp.server.experimental.request_context import Experimental
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.exceptions import ToolError
 from mcp.server.lowlevel.experimental import ExperimentalHandlers
 from mcp.server.lowlevel.func_inspection import create_call_wrapper
 from mcp.server.lowlevel.helper_types import ReadResourceContents
@@ -573,6 +574,16 @@ async def handler(req: types.CallToolRequest):
                     # Re-raise UrlElicitationRequiredError so it can be properly handled
                     # by _handle_request, which converts it to an error response with code -32042
                     raise
+                except ToolError as e:
+                    # ToolError can have custom content for the error response
+                    if e.content is not None:
+                        return types.ServerResult(
+                            types.CallToolResult(
+                                content=e.content,
+                                isError=True,
+                            )
+                        )
+                    return self._make_error_result(str(e))
                 except Exception as e:
                     return self._make_error_result(str(e))
 

diff --git a/tests/issues/test_348_tool_error_content.py b/tests/issues/test_348_tool_error_content.py
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+"""Test for issue #348: ToolError with custom content for isError responses.
+
+Issue #348 reported that there was no way to set isError=True for arbitrary content
+like Images. This was because ToolError only accepted a string message which was
+converted to TextContent.
+
+The fix adds an optional `content` parameter to ToolError that allows passing
+arbitrary content blocks (TextContent, ImageContent, etc.) which will be returned
+with isError=True.
+"""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+import pytest
+
+from mcp.server import Server
+from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP
+from mcp.server.fastmcp.exceptions import ToolError
+from mcp.shared.memory import (
+    create_connected_server_and_client_session as client_session,
+)
+from mcp.types import ImageContent, TextContent, Tool
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.anyio
+
+
+def create_tool(name: str, description: str) -> Tool:
+    """Create a test tool with the given name and description."""
+    return Tool(name=name, description=description, inputSchema={"type": "object"})
+
+
+async def test_tool_error_with_text_message():
+    """Test that ToolError with just a message returns text content with isError=True."""
+    server = Server("test")
+
+    @server.list_tools()
+    async def list_tools():
+        return [create_tool("fail", "Always fails")]
+
+    @server.call_tool()
+    async def call_tool(name: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]):
+        raise ToolError("Something went wrong")
+
+    async with client_session(server) as client:
+        result = await client.call_tool("fail", {})
+
+    assert result.isError is True
+    assert len(result.content) == 1
+    assert isinstance(result.content[0], TextContent)
+    assert "Something went wrong" in result.content[0].text
+
+
+async def test_tool_error_with_custom_text_content():
+    """Test that ToolError with custom TextContent returns that content with isError=True."""
+    server = Server("test")
+
+    @server.list_tools()
+    async def list_tools():
+        return [create_tool("fail", "Fails with custom content")]
+
+    @server.call_tool()
+    async def call_tool(name: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]):
+        raise ToolError(
+            "Error occurred",
+            content=[
+                TextContent(type="text", text="Custom error message 1"),
+                TextContent(type="text", text="Custom error message 2"),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    async with client_session(server) as client:
+        result = await client.call_tool("fail", {})
+
+    assert result.isError is True
+    assert len(result.content) == 2
+    assert isinstance(result.content[0], TextContent)
+    assert result.content[0].text == "Custom error message 1"
+    assert isinstance(result.content[1], TextContent)
+    assert result.content[1].text == "Custom error message 2"
+
+
+async def test_tool_error_with_image_content():
+    """Test that ToolError with ImageContent returns image with isError=True."""
+    server = Server("test")
+    # Base64 encoded 1x1 red PNG
+    red_pixel = "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mP8z8DwHwAFBQIAX8jx0gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="
+
+    @server.list_tools()
+    async def list_tools():
+        return [create_tool("fail", "Fails with image")]
+
+    @server.call_tool()
+    async def call_tool(name: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]):
+        raise ToolError(
+            "Image processing failed",
+            content=[
+                ImageContent(type="image", data=red_pixel, mimeType="image/png"),
+                TextContent(type="text", text="Error details"),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    async with client_session(server) as client:
+        result = await client.call_tool("fail", {})
+
+    assert result.isError is True
+    assert len(result.content) == 2
+    assert isinstance(result.content[0], ImageContent)
+    assert result.content[0].data == red_pixel
+    assert result.content[0].mimeType == "image/png"
+    assert isinstance(result.content[1], TextContent)
+    assert result.content[1].text == "Error details"
+
+
+async def test_tool_success_returns_is_error_false():
+    """Test that successful tool call returns isError=False."""
+    server = Server("test")
+
+    @server.list_tools()
+    async def list_tools():
+        return [create_tool("succeed", "Always succeeds")]
+
+    @server.call_tool()
+    async def call_tool(name: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]):
+        return [TextContent(type="text", text="Success")]
+
+    async with client_session(server) as client:
+        result = await client.call_tool("succeed", {})
+
+    assert result.isError is False
+    assert len(result.content) == 1
+    assert isinstance(result.content[0], TextContent)
+    assert result.content[0].text == "Success"
+
+
+async def test_tool_error_with_empty_content_list():
+    """Test that ToolError with empty content list returns empty content with isError=True."""
+    server = Server("test")
+
+    @server.list_tools()
+    async def list_tools():
+        return [create_tool("fail", "Fails with empty content")]
+
+    @server.call_tool()
+    async def call_tool(name: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]):
+        raise ToolError("Error message", content=[])
+
+    async with client_session(server) as client:
+        result = await client.call_tool("fail", {})
+
+    assert result.isError is True
+    assert len(result.content) == 0
+
+
+# FastMCP tests - verify the feature works with the high-level API
+
+
+async def test_fastmcp_tool_error_with_custom_content():
+    """Test that ToolError with custom content works in FastMCP."""
+    mcp = FastMCP("test")
+
+    @mcp.tool()
+    def fail_with_image() -> str:
+        raise ToolError(
+            "Processing failed",
+            content=[
+                ImageContent(
+                    type="image",
+                    data="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mP8z8DwHwAFBQIAX8jx0gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==",
+                    mimeType="image/png",
+                ),
+                TextContent(type="text", text="Details about the failure"),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    async with client_session(mcp) as client:
+        result = await client.call_tool("fail_with_image", {})
+
+    assert result.isError is True
+    assert len(result.content) == 2
+    assert isinstance(result.content[0], ImageContent)
+    assert isinstance(result.content[1], TextContent)
+    assert result.content[1].text == "Details about the failure"
+
+
+async def test_fastmcp_tool_error_with_text_message():
+    """Test that ToolError with just a message still works in FastMCP."""
+    mcp = FastMCP("test")
+
+    @mcp.tool()
+    def fail_simple() -> str:
+        raise ToolError("Simple error message")
+
+    async with client_session(mcp) as client:
+        result = await client.call_tool("fail_simple", {})
+
+    assert result.isError is True
+    assert len(result.content) == 1
+    assert isinstance(result.content[0], TextContent)
+    assert "Simple error message" in result.content[0].text
+
+
+async def test_generic_exception_returns_error():
+    """Test that a generic Exception (not ToolError) returns isError=True."""
+    server = Server("test")
+
+    @server.list_tools()
+    async def list_tools():
+        return [create_tool("fail", "Raises generic exception")]
+
+    @server.call_tool()
+    async def call_tool(name: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]):
+        raise ValueError("A generic error occurred")
+
+    async with client_session(server) as client:
+        result = await client.call_tool("fail", {})
+
+    assert result.isError is True
+    assert len(result.content) == 1
+    assert isinstance(result.content[0], TextContent)
+    assert "A generic error occurred" in result.content[0].text