⚙️ Cloud, DevOps, Platform & SRE Guide

750 questions across 40 topics - answered to the depth an interviewer actually expects.

Role tracks: DevOps (junior → senior) · DevSecOps · SecOps · SRE · SLO · SLA · AWS · Azure · GCP · Cloud · Platform Engineering

Every answer gives you a short answer you can say out loud, the detail and trade-offs behind it, a runnable example, and the follow-ups to expect.

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⭐ Star the project if it helps you land the role.

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• Visual Infrastructure Mapping: Explore relationship edges connecting all 750 questions across 40 topics.
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🚀 Pick your role

Thirteen tracks, each a reading order rather than a pile of links. Start at the left and work right.

Interview in a fortnight? Start with Interview Experience - it covers the round structure, how to explain your project, how to handle scenario questions, and a checklist of what actually gets asked, cross-linked to every answer in this guide.

🎯 Target role	Read in this order
Interviewing now	Interview Experience → Linux → Version Control → Docker → Kubernetes → IaC
Junior / Associate DevOps	Core Concepts → Docker → Linux → Version Control → Scripting → CI/CD
DevSecOps Engineer	DevSecOps → Security & Compliance → Network Security → CI/CD
SecOps Engineer	SecOps → Network Security → Incident Management → Security & Compliance
SRE Engineer	SRE → SLO Engineering → Incident Management → Infrastructure Monitoring → Metrics
SLO Engineer	SLO Engineering → SRE → Infrastructure Monitoring → Monitoring & Logging
SLA Engineer	SLA Management → SLO Engineering → Scalability & HA → Backup & DR
AWS Engineer	AWS Engineering → Cloud Engineering → IaC → Kubernetes → Cost
Azure Engineer	Azure Engineering → Cloud Engineering → IaC → Kubernetes → Cost
GCP Engineer	GCP Engineering → Cloud Engineering → IaC → Kubernetes → Cost
Cloud Engineer	Cloud Engineering → Cloud Platforms → IaC → Cloud Migration → Scalability & HA
Platform Engineer	Platform Engineering → Kubernetes → Orchestration Advanced → Tools & Automation → Advanced
Senior / Lead	Cloud Native → Platform Engineering → Cost → Culture → Advanced

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📚 Browse all topics

Grouped by theme, with question counts and difficulty mix. Click a topic to open its index, which opens with what interviewers probe there.

750 questions across 40 topics - 🟢 173 Beginner · 🟡 370 Intermediate · 🔴 207 Advanced

🧱 Foundations

Topic	Questions	🟢	🟡	🔴	What it covers
Core DevOps Concepts	11	6	4	1	what DevOps actually changes, why it exists, and how CI, continuous delivery, and continuous…
Linux Administration	21	8	11	2	The operating system under everything - commands, shell scripting, systemd, service management,…
Version Control	16	7	8	1	Git mechanics and the branching models teams actually argue about, including how to resolve…
Scripting and Automation	6	1	4	1	The scripting layer under every pipeline - defensive Bash for orchestration, and Python for…

📦 Containers and Kubernetes

Topic	Questions	🟢	🟡	🔴	What it covers
Docker	22	9	10	3	Container fundamentals - images versus containers, Dockerfile authoring, Compose, and the…
Kubernetes	39	5	26	8	The control plane, the workload objects you touch daily, and the networking abstractions that…
Container Orchestration Advanced	21	1	6	14	Beyond Deployments - StatefulSets, DaemonSets, Helm packaging, Istio, and the container runtime…

🔁 Delivery and Automation

Topic	Questions	🟢	🟡	🔴	What it covers
CI/CD	30	5	19	6	Pipeline design, Jenkins and GitLab CI mechanics, and the delivery-versus-deployment distinction…
Infrastructure as Code	24	6	14	4	Declarative infrastructure with Terraform and Ansible - state, providers, idempotency, and where…
Configuration Management	17	3	12	2	Keeping fleets consistent with Puppet, Chef, Ansible, and Salt - push versus pull, agent versus…
DevOps Tools and Automation	15	5	8	2	GitOps with Argo CD, Tekton pipelines, and the deployment strategies used to ship without downtime.

☁️ Cloud Providers

Topic	Questions	🟢	🟡	🔴	What it covers
Cloud Platforms	13	8	4	1	Cloud service models and the three major providers - enough breadth to discuss AWS, Azure, and…
Cloud Cost Optimization	14	5	8	1	Reserved and spot capacity, tagging discipline, and the reports that turn a cloud bill into…
Cloud Migration	14	3	8	3	Assessment, the 6 Rs, application modernization, and the tooling that moves workloads without…
AWS Engineering	36	6	20	10	VPC design, IAM policy evaluation, ECS/EKS/Fargate, Auto Scaling with load balancers, S3 storage…
Azure Engineering	19	1	14	4	the resource hierarchy, Entra ID and RBAC, VNet and private endpoint design, AKS, Bicep, Azure…
GCP Engineering	15	1	10	4	resource hierarchy and org policies, IAM without service-account keys, the global VPC, GKE…
Cloud Engineering	8	1	4	3	landing zones, hybrid connectivity, least-privilege identity, multi-region resilience,…

🏗️ Architecture and Scale

Topic	Questions	🟢	🟡	🔴	What it covers
Scalability and High Availability	16	4	8	4	scaling dimensions, load balancing, auto scaling, and recovery objectives.
Cloud Native Architecture	15	3	8	4	Microservices, service mesh, event-driven design, and the Twelve-Factor principles that make…
Performance Testing	12	5	3	4	Load, stress, soak, and spike testing - how to design them, which tools to use, and how to read…
API Gateway and Service Mesh	15	3	9	3	gateway responsibilities, security, rate limiting, and documentation as a first-class artifact.
Serverless Architecture	14	6	7	1	Functions as a service, the operational model behind them, and the design patterns that keep…
Database Management in DevOps	15	3	8	4	version control, migration tooling, backup strategy, and performance tuning.

📈 Reliability and Operations

Topic	Questions	🟢	🟡	🔴	What it covers
Monitoring and Logging	16	6	9	1	Metrics, logs, and the toolchain - Prometheus, Grafana, and the ELK stack - plus the conceptual…
Backup and Disaster Recovery	13	6	5	2	Backup types, RPO/RTO targets, business continuity planning, and the discipline of testing restores.
Site Reliability Engineering (SRE)	17	6	9	2	SLIs, SLOs, error budgets, and the systematic elimination of toil.
DevOps Metrics and KPIs	12	5	6	1	The four DORA metrics and the measurement habits that keep them honest.
Incident Management	13	6	5	2	response plans, severity levels, on-call practice, and blameless learning.
Infrastructure Monitoring	13	6	5	2	Host and platform monitoring, APM, log management, and the practices that keep dashboards and…
SLO Engineering	14	1	7	6	choosing targets, burn-rate alerting, correct latency SLIs, error budget policies, and SLOs for…
SLA Management	12	2	8	2	SLA versus SLO versus OLA, downtime and composite availability arithmetic, contract clauses,…

🔐 Security

Topic	Questions	🟢	🟡	🔴	What it covers
Security and Compliance	12	2	8	2	DevSecOps practice, infrastructure and container hardening, and compliance expressed as code.
Network Security	19	5	11	3	Zero trust, TLS, web application firewalls, and segmentation - the controls that protect traffic…
DevSecOps	19	3	11	5	scanning layers, SBOMs and supply-chain provenance, image signing, secretless pipelines, and…
SecOps and Threat Detection	14	2	7	5	SOC workflow, SIEM and normalisation, detection engineering, MITRE ATT&CK coverage, threat…

🧭 Platform and Leadership

Topic	Questions	🟢	🟡	🔴	What it covers
DevOps Culture and Practices	11	7	3	1	The human half of DevOps - shared ownership, blamelessness, knowledge sharing, and collaboration…
Advanced DevOps & Cloud	27	5	10	12	platform engineering, FinOps, policy as code, chaos engineering, observability, and progressive…
Platform Engineering	14	1	5	8	IDPs, golden paths, Backstage, Crossplane, self-service environments, adoption metrics, and safe…

🎤 Interview Prep

Topic	Questions	🟢	🟡	🔴	What it covers
Interview Experience	96	5	28	63	How the interview itself works - the round structure, explaining your project, answering…

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📋 All questions

Every question in the repository, collapsed by topic - open only the ones you are studying.

🧱 Foundations

54 questions

Core DevOps Concepts · 11 questions · 🟢 6 🟡 4 🔴 1

Open the Core DevOps Concepts index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
1	What is DevOps?	🟢 Beginner
2	What are the benefits of DevOps?	🟢 Beginner
3	What is Continuous Integration?	🟢 Beginner
4	What is Continuous Delivery?	🟢 Beginner
5	What is Continuous Deployment?	🟡 Intermediate
285	How do you take a monthly release process to daily deployments?	🔴 Advanced
508	What is GitOps and how does it fundamentally change release management?	🟡 Intermediate
509	What is progressive delivery and how does it differ from traditional deployment strategies?	🟡 Intermediate
510	What is Shift-Left and how is it practically implemented across the SDLC?	🟢 Beginner
511	What is the difference between Continuous Delivery and Continuous Deployment?	🟢 Beginner
512	What are the core capabilities measured by DORA metrics and why do they correlate with high performance?	🟡 Intermediate

Linux Administration · 21 questions · 🟢 8 🟡 11 🔴 2

Open the Linux Administration index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
41	What are the basic Linux commands every DevOps engineer should know?	🟢 Beginner
42	What is Shell Scripting?	🟢 Beginner
43	What is systemd?	🟡 Intermediate
44	How do you manage services in Linux?	🟢 Beginner
45	What is Linux File System Hierarchy?	🟢 Beginner
238	How do you troubleshoot SSH failures, high CPU, and disk space on Linux servers?	🟢 Beginner
265	How do you analyse logs and text files with grep, awk, and sed?	🟡 Intermediate
295	How do you debug a Linux performance problem from first principles?	🔴 Advanced
494	What is the difference between a hard link and a soft link?	🟢 Beginner
495	Walk through the Linux boot process	🟡 Intermediate
496	How do you manage disks, filesystems, and LVM on Linux?	🟡 Intermediate
497	How do you schedule work with cron and systemd timers?	🟢 Beginner
498	How do you inspect and manage Linux processes, signals, and resource limits?	🟡 Intermediate
569	What are Linux namespaces and how do they form the architectural foundation of containers?	🟡 Intermediate
570	How does the Linux Virtual File System (VFS) and inode architecture work?	🟡 Intermediate
571	What is the difference between hard links and symbolic (soft) links in Linux?	🟢 Beginner
572	How does Linux memory management handle buffers, cached memory, and swap space?	🟡 Intermediate
573	What are Zombie and Orphan processes in Linux and how do you cleanly handle them?	🟡 Intermediate
574	What is the difference between process states D (uninterruptible sleep) and S (interruptible sleep)?	🔴 Advanced
575	How does systemd manage service lifecycles, cgroups, and journal logging?	🟡 Intermediate
576	What is the difference between TCP and UDP and how do you diagnose packet loss and latency with ss, ip, and tcpdump?	🟡 Intermediate

Version Control · 16 questions · 🟢 7 🟡 8 🔴 1

Open the Version Control index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
46	What is Git?	🟢 Beginner
47	What is Git Branching Strategy?	🟡 Intermediate
48	What is Git Flow?	🟡 Intermediate
49	What is Trunk Based Development?	🟡 Intermediate
50	How to handle merge conflicts in Git?	🟢 Beginner
254	How do you use Git hooks for automated linting, testing, and commit validation?	🟢 Beginner
263	What is the difference between git merge, rebase, and cherry-pick?	🟡 Intermediate
264	How do you undo changes in Git safely?	🟡 Intermediate
305	How do you recover from a bad Git history rewrite?	🔴 Advanced
499	What is the difference between git fetch, git pull, and git clone?	🟢 Beginner
577	What is the difference between Git Merge and Git Rebase and when should each be used?	🟢 Beginner
578	How does Git internally store data using Blobs, Trees, Commits, and Annotated Tags?	🟡 Intermediate
579	How do you recover lost commits using the Git Reflog?	🟢 Beginner
580	How does Git Bisect automate root-cause debugging across hundreds of commits?	🟡 Intermediate
581	What are Git submodules and how do they differ from Git subtrees and monorepos?	🟡 Intermediate
582	What are Git Hooks and how are they used with pre-commit frameworks to enforce quality gates?	🟢 Beginner

Scripting and Automation · 6 questions · 🟢 1 🟡 4 🔴 1

Open the Scripting and Automation index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
266	How do you write a production-grade Bash script?	🟡 Intermediate
267	What do you use Python for as a DevOps engineer?	🟡 Intermediate
301	When do you use Bash and when do you use Python?	🟢 Beginner
302	How do you turn a pile of ad hoc scripts into maintainable automation?	🔴 Advanced
502	What Bash scripting exercises come up in DevOps interviews?	🟡 Intermediate
503	What Python exercises come up in DevOps interviews?	🟡 Intermediate

📦 Containers and Kubernetes

82 questions

Docker · 22 questions · 🟢 9 🟡 10 🔴 3

Open the Docker index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
6	What is Docker?	🟢 Beginner
7	What is the difference between Docker Image and Docker Container?	🟢 Beginner
8	What is Dockerfile?	🟢 Beginner
9	What is Docker Compose?	🟢 Beginner
10	Explain Docker Architecture	🟡 Intermediate
252	What are Docker network types (Bridge, Host, Overlay, Macvlan)?	🟡 Intermediate
260	How do you reduce Docker image size and build time?	🟡 Intermediate
291	How do namespaces, cgroups, and capabilities isolate a container?	🔴 Advanced
415	How do you troubleshoot Docker networking between containers?	🟡 Intermediate
416	Why does a container fail to start with a permission denied error?	🟡 Intermediate
437	What is the difference between CMD and ENTRYPOINT in a Dockerfile?	🟡 Intermediate
438	What is the difference between the COPY and ADD instructions in a Dockerfile?	🟢 Beginner
439	How does Docker layer caching work?	🟡 Intermediate
440	What is the difference between a bind mount and a volume in Docker?	🟢 Beginner
441	How do you harden a container image and a Dockerfile?	🔴 Advanced
513	How does Docker multi-stage building optimize container security and image size?	🟢 Beginner
514	What are Linux cgroups v2 and how do they improve container resource isolation over cgroups v1?	🔴 Advanced
515	How does Docker BuildKit work and what caching and build features does it unlock?	🟡 Intermediate
516	What happens under the hood when a container experiences an Out Of Memory (OOM) kill?	🟡 Intermediate
517	How do Docker bridge, host, and macvlan network drivers differ in packet routing and isolation?	🟡 Intermediate
518	Why should you avoid running containers as the root user and how do you enforce non-root execution?	🟢 Beginner
519	What is the difference between ENTRYPOINT and CMD in a Dockerfile and how do they interact?	🟢 Beginner

Kubernetes · 39 questions · 🟢 5 🟡 26 🔴 8

Open the Kubernetes index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
11	What is Kubernetes?	🟢 Beginner
12	What are the main components of Kubernetes architecture?	🟡 Intermediate
13	What is a Pod in Kubernetes?	🟢 Beginner
14	What is a Service in Kubernetes?	🟢 Beginner
15	Explain the difference between Docker Swarm and Kubernetes	🟡 Intermediate
234	How do you troubleshoot a Pod stuck in Pending or CrashLoopBackOff?	🟡 Intermediate
255	How do liveness, readiness, and startup probes differ?	🟡 Intermediate
256	How do you control which node a Pod runs on?	🟡 Intermediate
257	How does RBAC work in Kubernetes?	🟡 Intermediate
258	How do you autoscale workloads and nodes in Kubernetes?	🔴 Advanced
259	How do you expose an application running in Kubernetes to the outside world?	🟡 Intermediate
403	How do you troubleshoot a Kubernetes Service that has no endpoints?	🟡 Intermediate
404	How do you debug DNS resolution failures inside a Kubernetes cluster?	🟡 Intermediate
405	How do Kubernetes NetworkPolicies work, and how do you debug one that blocks traffic?	🔴 Advanced
406	How do you debug a Kubernetes Ingress that is not routing traffic?	🟡 Intermediate
407	How do you troubleshoot a Pod stuck waiting for a PersistentVolumeClaim?	🟡 Intermediate
408	How do you troubleshoot a Kubernetes Job or CronJob that never completes?	🟡 Intermediate
409	How do you handle node pressure and Pod evictions in Kubernetes?	🔴 Advanced
410	How do you perform and roll back a rolling update in Kubernetes?	🟡 Intermediate
442	What is the difference between a ConfigMap and a Secret in Kubernetes?	🟡 Intermediate
443	How does persistent storage work in Kubernetes?	🟡 Intermediate
444	How do requests, limits, and QoS classes work in Kubernetes?	🟡 Intermediate
445	What are init containers and sidecar containers in Kubernetes?	🟡 Intermediate
446	What is a PodDisruptionBudget and when do you need one?	🔴 Advanced
447	How does Pod networking and service discovery work in Kubernetes?	🔴 Advanced
448	What happens when a Kubernetes control-plane node or etcd fails?	🔴 Advanced
449	How do you troubleshoot a Kubernetes node that is NotReady?	🟡 Intermediate
520	How does the Kubernetes Gateway API evolve beyond standard Ingress resources?	🟡 Intermediate
521	What is the difference between Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler and Vertical Pod Autoscaler?	🟡 Intermediate
522	How does Kubernetes In-Place Pod Resource Resizing work and what problem does it solve?	🔴 Advanced
523	What are Kubernetes Ephemeral Containers and how are they used for zero-downtime debugging?	🟡 Intermediate
524	What is the difference between Mutating and Validating Admission Webhooks in Kubernetes?	🟡 Intermediate
525	How does Kubernetes Leader Election work for HA control planes and custom controllers?	🔴 Advanced
526	What is Kubernetes Topology Spread Constraints and how does it differ from Pod Anti-Affinity?	🟡 Intermediate
527	How does CoreDNS resolve services in Kubernetes and how do you troubleshoot DNS latency bottlenecks?	🟡 Intermediate
528	What is the Container Network Interface (CNI) and how do overlay and routed CNI plugins differ?	🟡 Intermediate
529	What are Kubernetes Finalizers and how do you resolve a namespace stuck in the Terminating state?	🟡 Intermediate
530	How do Pod Disruption Budgets (PDB) protect application availability during cluster maintenance?	🟢 Beginner
531	What is the difference between Service types ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, and ExternalName?	🟢 Beginner

Container Orchestration Advanced · 21 questions · 🟢 1 🟡 6 🔴 14

Open the Container Orchestration Advanced index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
81	What are StatefulSets in Kubernetes?	🔴 Advanced
82	What are DaemonSets in Kubernetes?	🟡 Intermediate
83	What is Helm?	🟡 Intermediate
84	What is Istio?	🔴 Advanced
85	What is Container Runtime Interface (CRI)?	🔴 Advanced
284	What is container orchestration and why do you need it?	🟢 Beginner
411	How do you upgrade a production Kubernetes cluster with zero downtime?	🔴 Advanced
412	How do you troubleshoot a failed Helm release?	🟡 Intermediate
413	How do you run and scale a stateful application on Kubernetes?	🔴 Advanced
414	How do you run an application across multiple Kubernetes clusters?	🔴 Advanced
450	What is inside a Helm chart, and how do you customise one?	🟡 Intermediate
451	How do you back up and restore a Kubernetes cluster?	🔴 Advanced
452	What are CustomResourceDefinitions and operators in Kubernetes?	🔴 Advanced
453	How do you run a multi-tenant Kubernetes cluster?	🔴 Advanced
622	How does the Kubernetes Controller Pattern implement declarative reconciliation loops?	🟡 Intermediate
623	What are Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs) and how do Custom Operators extend the Kubernetes API?	🟡 Intermediate
624	How does the Kubernetes API server handle optimistic concurrency control using resourceVersion?	🔴 Advanced
625	What is the difference between client-go Informers, Listers, and Reflector components?	🔴 Advanced
626	What are Kubernetes Dynamic Resource Allocation (DRA) and Device Plugins for GPU/FPGA workloads?	🔴 Advanced
627	How does Kubernetes Storage Architecture coordinate CSI Plugins, Provisioners, and Attachers?	🔴 Advanced
628	What are Kubernetes Admission Webhook failure policies and how do you prevent self-locking outage loops?	🔴 Advanced

🔁 Delivery and Automation

86 questions

CI/CD · 30 questions · 🟢 5 🟡 19 🔴 6

Open the CI/CD index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
16	What is CI/CD Pipeline?	🟢 Beginner
17	What is Jenkins?	🟢 Beginner
18	What are Jenkins Pipelines?	🟡 Intermediate
19	What is GitLab CI?	🟡 Intermediate
20	What is the difference between Continuous Delivery and Continuous Deployment?	🟡 Intermediate
237	How do you prevent and handle secret leaks in CI/CD pipelines?	🟡 Intermediate
268	How do you use Jenkins shared libraries?	🔴 Advanced
396	How do you speed up a slow CI/CD pipeline?	🟡 Intermediate
397	Why does a build pass locally but fail in CI?	🟡 Intermediate
398	How do you deal with flaky tests in a CI pipeline?	🟡 Intermediate
399	How do you promote a release across dev, staging, and production?	🟡 Intermediate
400	How do you design CI/CD for a microservices architecture?	🔴 Advanced
401	How do you keep dependencies up to date without breaking the build?	🟡 Intermediate
402	How do you troubleshoot a Jenkins pipeline that never starts or hangs in the queue?	🟡 Intermediate
454	What is the difference between a declarative and a scripted Jenkins pipeline?	🟡 Intermediate
455	How do you trigger a pipeline — webhooks, polling, schedules, and upstream jobs?	🟡 Intermediate
456	How do you run and secure a Jenkins controller in production?	🔴 Advanced
457	How do you write an efficient and secure GitHub Actions workflow?	🟡 Intermediate
458	How do you integrate SonarQube and quality gates into a pipeline?	🟡 Intermediate
459	How do you scale CI/CD across many services and teams?	🔴 Advanced
532	What is Pipeline as Code and how do modern CI systems validate and isolate pipeline runs?	🟢 Beginner
533	How does OpenID Connect (OIDC) eliminate long-lived cloud credentials in CI/CD pipelines?	🟡 Intermediate
534	What is the difference between Artifact Promotion and rebuilding binaries across environments?	🟡 Intermediate
535	What are ephemeral preview environments and how do you manage their lifecycle and cleanup?	🟡 Intermediate
536	How do you detect, isolate, and eradicate flaky tests in a CI/CD pipeline?	🟡 Intermediate
537	What is the difference between trunk-based development and GitFlow in modern continuous delivery?	🟢 Beginner
538	How do you secure CI/CD runners against supply-chain attacks and untrusted pull requests?	🔴 Advanced
539	What are SLSA (Supply-chain Levels for Software Artifacts) frameworks and how do they verify build integrity?	🔴 Advanced
540	What is Semantic Release and how does it automate versioning and changelogs from commits?	🟢 Beginner
541	How do you design a robust CI/CD caching strategy to minimize build duration without cache poisoning?	🟡 Intermediate

Infrastructure as Code · 24 questions · 🟢 6 🟡 14 🔴 4

Open the Infrastructure as Code index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
26	What is Infrastructure as Code?	🟢 Beginner
27	What is Terraform?	🟢 Beginner
28	What is Ansible?	🟢 Beginner
29	What is the difference between Ansible and Terraform?	🟡 Intermediate
30	What are Terraform providers?	🟡 Intermediate
235	How do you import existing cloud infrastructure into Terraform?	🟡 Intermediate
261	How do you manage Terraform state safely in a team?	🟡 Intermediate
262	How do you recover a lost or corrupted Terraform state file?	🔴 Advanced
421	What is immutable infrastructure and how do you adopt it?	🟡 Intermediate
422	How do you structure Terraform code for multiple environments and providers?	🔴 Advanced
462	What do terraform init, plan, apply, and refresh actually do?	🟢 Beginner
463	How do you write and structure a reusable Terraform module?	🟡 Intermediate
464	What is the difference between count and for_each in Terraform?	🟡 Intermediate
465	How do you stop Terraform from destroying or recreating a resource?	🔴 Advanced
466	How do you run Terraform through a CI/CD pipeline?	🔴 Advanced
467	What are Terraform provisioners and when should you avoid them?	🟡 Intermediate
548	How does Terraform state management work and how do you protect state files in team environments?	🟡 Intermediate
549	What is the difference between Terraform depends_on, data sources, and implicit resource references?	🟢 Beginner
550	How do you refactor Terraform code safely using moved blocks without destroying infrastructure?	🟡 Intermediate
551	What is the difference between Terraform dynamic blocks and count/for_each loops?	🟡 Intermediate
552	How do you test and validate Infrastructure as Code before applying changes to production?	🟡 Intermediate
553	What is the difference between declarative and imperative Infrastructure as Code?	🟢 Beginner
554	What are Terraform modules and what are the best practices for module reusability?	🟡 Intermediate
555	What is Cloud Drift and how do you continuously detect and reconcile it in production?	🟡 Intermediate

Configuration Management · 17 questions · 🟢 3 🟡 12 🔴 2

Open the Configuration Management index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
51	What is Configuration Management?	🟢 Beginner
52	What is Puppet?	🟡 Intermediate
53	What is Chef?	🟡 Intermediate
54	What is Salt (SaltStack)?	🟡 Intermediate
55	Compare different Configuration Management tools	🟡 Intermediate
283	How do you run Ansible at scale across thousands of hosts?	🔴 Advanced
430	How do you patch hundreds of servers safely?	🟡 Intermediate
468	How do you structure an Ansible role and share it through Galaxy?	🟡 Intermediate
469	How do you manage Ansible inventories and variables across environments?	🟡 Intermediate
470	How do you handle secrets in Ansible with Vault?	🟡 Intermediate
471	How do you debug and safely test an Ansible playbook?	🟡 Intermediate
583	What is Idempotency in configuration management and why is it essential for infrastructure stability?	🟢 Beginner
584	How does Ansible architecture work without agents and how does it execute tasks over SSH?	🟡 Intermediate
585	How does Ansible handle secret encryption with Ansible Vault and what are its production trade-offs?	🟡 Intermediate
586	What is the difference between mutable and immutable infrastructure in modern deployment patterns?	🟢 Beginner
587	What are Dynamic Inventories in Ansible and how do they automate cloud fleet discovery?	🟡 Intermediate
588	How do you test Ansible roles using Molecule and testinfra in CI/CD pipelines?	🔴 Advanced

DevOps Tools and Automation · 15 questions · 🟢 5 🟡 8 🔴 2

Open the DevOps Tools and Automation index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
86	What is Infrastructure Automation?	🟢 Beginner
87	What is GitOps?	🟡 Intermediate
88	What is ArgoCD?	🟡 Intermediate
89	What is Tekton?	🟡 Intermediate
90	What are Deployment Strategies?	🟡 Intermediate
289	How do you consolidate a sprawling DevOps toolchain?	🔴 Advanced
428	How do you troubleshoot a GitOps pipeline that will not sync?	🟡 Intermediate
460	How do you manage build artefacts with Nexus or Artifactory?	🟡 Intermediate
461	What do you need to know about Maven as a DevOps engineer?	🟢 Beginner
629	What is Helm and how do Helm charts manage templating, dependencies, and rollbacks in Kubernetes?	🟢 Beginner
630	What is Kustomize and how does it achieve overlay configuration without templating?	🟢 Beginner
631	What is HashiCorp Vault and how does dynamic secret generation eliminate static credentials?	🟡 Intermediate
632	What is Packer and how does it automate immutable golden machine image generation across clouds?	🟢 Beginner
633	What is Crossplane and how does it turn Kubernetes into a universal cloud infrastructure control plane?	🔴 Advanced
634	What is Backstage and how does it build an Internal Developer Portal (IDP) with software catalogs?	🟡 Intermediate

☁️ Cloud Providers

119 questions

Cloud Platforms · 13 questions · 🟢 8 🟡 4 🔴 1

Open the Cloud Platforms index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
21	What is Cloud Computing?	🟢 Beginner
22	What is AWS (Amazon Web Services)?	🟢 Beginner
23	What is Azure?	🟢 Beginner
24	What is Google Cloud Platform (GCP)?	🟢 Beginner
25	What are the different types of cloud services?	🟢 Beginner
281	How do you choose a cloud provider for a new workload?	🟡 Intermediate
282	How does networking differ across AWS, Azure, and GCP?	🔴 Advanced
542	What are the core trade-offs between Multi-Cloud, Hybrid-Cloud, and Single-Cloud architectures?	🟡 Intermediate
543	How does the Cloud Shared Responsibility Model divide security obligations between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?	🟢 Beginner
544	What are Cloud Availability Zones and how are they engineered for fault independence?	🟢 Beginner
545	What are the core differences between Cloud Object Storage, Block Storage, and File Storage?	🟢 Beginner
546	How does Cloud IAM Role Federation differ from static Service Account keys?	🟡 Intermediate
547	What are Cloud Egress fees and how do you architect networks to minimize them?	🟡 Intermediate

Cloud Cost Optimization · 14 questions · 🟢 5 🟡 8 🔴 1

Open the Cloud Cost Optimization index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
91	What is Cloud Cost Optimization?	🟢 Beginner
92	What are Reserved Instances?	🟢 Beginner
93	What is Spot Instance pricing?	🟡 Intermediate
94	How to implement cost tagging strategy?	🟡 Intermediate
95	What are cost allocation reports?	🟡 Intermediate
246	How do you implement real-time Kubernetes cost monitoring using OpenCost or Kubecost?	🟡 Intermediate
278	How do you cut a cloud bill without hurting reliability?	🔴 Advanced
506	How do you investigate a sudden spike in your cloud bill?	🟡 Intermediate
635	What are FinOps frameworks and how do the Inform, Optimize, and Operate phases function?	🟢 Beginner
636	What is the difference between AWS Savings Plans, Reserved Instances, and On-Demand pricing?	🟡 Intermediate
637	How do you leverage Spot / Preemptible instances in Kubernetes without impacting production workloads?	🟡 Intermediate
638	What are Zombie cloud resources and how do you identify and automate their cleanup?	🟢 Beginner
639	How does Kubernetes Rightsizing optimize CPU and memory requests to eliminate over-provisioning?	🟡 Intermediate
640	What are Graviton and ARM-based cloud processors and what price-performance advantages do they offer?	🟢 Beginner

Cloud Migration · 14 questions · 🟢 3 🟡 8 🔴 3

Open the Cloud Migration index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
136	What is Cloud Migration?	🟢 Beginner
137	What are Cloud Migration Strategies?	🟡 Intermediate
138	What is Cloud Assessment?	🟡 Intermediate
139	What is Application Modernization?	🟡 Intermediate
140	What are Cloud Migration Tools?	🟡 Intermediate
279	How do you migrate a production database to the cloud with near-zero downtime?	🔴 Advanced
431	How do you containerise a legacy application and move it to Kubernetes?	🔴 Advanced
432	How do you migrate a Kubernetes cluster to another cloud provider?	🔴 Advanced
692	What are the 7 Rs of Cloud Migration strategy and how do you evaluate workloads for each path?	🟢 Beginner
693	What is the difference between Lift-and-Shift and Cloud-Native Refactoring and what is the technical debt risk?	🟡 Intermediate
694	How does AWS Database Migration Service (DMS) perform zero-downtime database migrations with ongoing replication?	🟡 Intermediate
695	What are AWS Direct Connect and Azure ExpressRoute and when are dedicated hybrid connections necessary?	🟡 Intermediate
696	What is Cutover Planning and how do maintenance windows, rollback triggers, and DNS TTLs ensure success?	🟡 Intermediate
697	What are Application Dependency Mapping tools and how do they prevent broken cross-service links during migration?	🟢 Beginner

AWS Engineering · 36 questions · 🟢 6 🟡 20 🔴 10

Open the AWS Engineering index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
191	How do you design a production-ready VPC on AWS?	🟡 Intermediate
192	How does AWS IAM evaluate a request?	🔴 Advanced
193	What is the difference between ECS, EKS, and Fargate?	🟡 Intermediate
194	How do Auto Scaling groups and load balancers work together on AWS?	🟡 Intermediate
195	What are the S3 storage classes and when do you use each?	🟡 Intermediate
196	How do you run a highly available database on AWS?	🔴 Advanced
197	How do you structure a multi-account AWS organisation?	🔴 Advanced
198	When do you choose CloudFormation, CDK, or Terraform on AWS?	🟡 Intermediate
236	How do you automate EC2 log shipping to S3 with IAM boundaries and CloudWatch?	🟡 Intermediate
247	How do you secure pod access to AWS resources using EKS Pod Identity or IRSA?	🟡 Intermediate
248	How do you build a CI/CD pipeline using AWS CodePipeline, CodeBuild, and CodeDeploy?	🟡 Intermediate
249	How do you architect an end-to-end production DevOps project on AWS?	🔴 Advanced
277	What are the core AWS services a DevOps engineer uses daily?	🟢 Beginner
472	What is the difference between a security group and a network ACL?	🟢 Beginner
473	How does a private subnet reach the internet?	🟢 Beginner
474	What are VPC endpoints, and when do you use a gateway versus an interface endpoint?	🟡 Intermediate
475	How do you connect many VPCs — peering, Transit Gateway, or PrivateLink?	🔴 Advanced
476	How do you access an instance in a private subnet without SSH keys or a bastion host?	🟡 Intermediate
477	How do you authenticate to AWS without long-lived access keys?	🔴 Advanced
478	How do you secure and manage the lifecycle of an S3 bucket?	🟡 Intermediate
479	How do you choose between EBS, EFS, and S3?	🟢 Beginner
480	How do you upgrade, scale, and resize an RDS instance without downtime?	🔴 Advanced
481	What are the DNS record types, and how do you delegate a domain?	🟢 Beginner
482	How do you configure Auto Scaling group policies, health checks, and instance refresh?	🟡 Intermediate
483	What is the difference between CloudWatch, CloudTrail, and AWS Config?	🟢 Beginner
484	How do you run a service on Amazon ECS?	🟡 Intermediate
729	How Do AWS Transit Gateway and VPC Peering Compare for Enterprise Interconnectivity?	🟡 Intermediate
730	How Do You Implement AWS IAM Permission Boundaries and Service Control Policies (SCPs)?	🔴 Advanced
731	How Do You Architect Multi-Region Active-Active Deployments on AWS with DynamoDB Global Tables?	🔴 Advanced
732	How Does AWS KMS Envelope Encryption Work and How Is It Audited with CloudTrail?	🟡 Intermediate
733	How Do You Secure and Inspect Egress Traffic on AWS Using AWS Network Firewall?	🔴 Advanced
734	What is AWS PrivateLink and How Does It Enable Secure Cross-VPC Service Consumption?	🟡 Intermediate
735	How Do You Optimize AWS Lambda Cold Starts Using SnapStart and Provisioned Concurrency?	🟡 Intermediate
736	How Do You Protect S3 Buckets from Accidental Deletion and Ransomware Attacks?	🟡 Intermediate
737	How Do You Implement Blue-Green and Canary Deployments on Amazon ECS with CodeDeploy?	🟡 Intermediate
738	How Do You Implement Automated Drift Detection and Remediation in AWS CloudFormation?	🟡 Intermediate

Azure Engineering · 19 questions · 🟢 1 🟡 14 🔴 4

Open the Azure Engineering index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
199	How is the Azure resource hierarchy organised?	🟢 Beginner
200	What is Microsoft Entra ID and how does Azure RBAC work?	🟡 Intermediate
201	How do you design an Azure virtual network?	🟡 Intermediate
202	What is Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)?	🟡 Intermediate
203	What is Bicep and how does it compare to ARM templates?	🟡 Intermediate
204	What is Azure Policy and how do landing zones use it?	🔴 Advanced
205	How do you monitor Azure with Azure Monitor and KQL?	🟡 Intermediate
206	When do you choose App Service, Container Apps, or Azure Functions?	🟡 Intermediate
250	How do you architect an end-to-end production DevOps project on Azure?	🔴 Advanced
485	How do you build a CI/CD pipeline in Azure DevOps?	🟡 Intermediate
486	How do you consume Azure Key Vault secrets from AKS and Azure Pipelines?	🟡 Intermediate
487	How do you choose between Azure Load Balancer, Application Gateway, and Front Door?	🟡 Intermediate
488	What is the difference between a managed identity, a service principal, and an app registration?	🟡 Intermediate
739	How Do You Secure Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) Using Azure Private Clusters and Calico CNI?	🔴 Advanced
740	How Do Azure Virtual Network NAT Gateways Prevent SNAT Port Exhaustion?	🟡 Intermediate
741	How Do You Structure Azure Management Groups, Subscriptions, and Resource Groups for Landing Zones?	🟡 Intermediate
742	How Does Azure Key Vault Managed HSM Differ from Standard Key Vault and How Do You Enforce Access?	🔴 Advanced
743	How Do You Use Azure Traffic Manager and Azure Front Door for Global Traffic Routing?	🟡 Intermediate
744	How Do You Implement Azure Monitor Alert Processing Rules and Action Groups for Incident Routing?	🟡 Intermediate

GCP Engineering · 15 questions · 🟢 1 🟡 10 🔴 4

Open the GCP Engineering index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
207	How is the GCP resource hierarchy organised?	🟢 Beginner
208	How does IAM work in Google Cloud?	🟡 Intermediate
209	What makes a Google Cloud VPC different?	🟡 Intermediate
210	What is the difference between GKE Standard and GKE Autopilot?	🟡 Intermediate
211	What is Cloud Run and when do you choose it?	🟡 Intermediate
212	How do you monitor Google Cloud with the Cloud Operations Suite?	🟡 Intermediate
213	How do you manage Google Cloud infrastructure as code?	🟡 Intermediate
214	When do you use BigQuery, Cloud SQL, or Spanner?	🟡 Intermediate
251	How do you architect an end-to-end production DevOps project on GCP?	🔴 Advanced
745	How Does Google Cloud Shared VPC Enable Network Centralization Across Projects?	🟡 Intermediate
746	How Do You Configure Google Cloud Workload Identity for Secure GKE Service Authentication?	🔴 Advanced
747	How Does Google Cloud Armor Defend Against DDoS and OWASP Top 10 Web Vulnerabilities?	🟡 Intermediate
748	How Do You Manage Secrets in GCP with Google Cloud Secret Manager and Automatic Rotation?	🟡 Intermediate
749	How Does Google Cloud Binary Authorization Prevent Unauthorized Container Deployments?	🔴 Advanced
750	How Do You Implement VPC Service Controls to Prevent Data Exfiltration in Google Cloud?	🔴 Advanced

Cloud Engineering · 8 questions · 🟢 1 🟡 4 🔴 3

Open the Cloud Engineering index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
215	What is a cloud landing zone?	🟡 Intermediate
216	How do you connect an on-premises network to the cloud?	🟡 Intermediate
217	How do you design least-privilege identity in the cloud?	🔴 Advanced
218	How do you design for multi-region resilience?	🔴 Advanced
219	What are the real trade-offs of multi-cloud?	🔴 Advanced
220	How do you manage DNS and global traffic routing?	🟡 Intermediate
221	How do the core services of AWS, Azure, and GCP map to each other?	🟢 Beginner
435	How do you troubleshoot a DNS problem in production?	🟡 Intermediate

🏗️ Architecture and Scale

87 questions

Scalability and High Availability · 16 questions · 🟢 4 🟡 8 🔴 4

Open the Scalability and High Availability index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
56	What is Scalability in DevOps?	🟢 Beginner
57	What is High Availability?	🟢 Beginner
58	What is Load Balancing?	🟢 Beginner
59	What is Auto Scaling?	🟢 Beginner
60	What is Disaster Recovery?	🟡 Intermediate
269	What is the difference between a layer 4 and a layer 7 load balancer?	🟡 Intermediate
300	How do you design a system to degrade gracefully under overload?	🔴 Advanced
419	How do you troubleshoot a load balancer returning 5xx errors or sending traffic unevenly?	🔴 Advanced
420	Why did your autoscaling not kick in during a traffic spike?	🔴 Advanced
589	What is the CAP Theorem and how do distributed databases navigate the trade-offs in practice?	🟡 Intermediate
590	What is the Thundering Herd problem and how do jitter and exponential backoff prevent it?	🟡 Intermediate
591	How does the Circuit Breaker pattern prevent cascading failures in microservice architectures?	🟡 Intermediate
592	What is Consistent Hashing and how is it used in distributed caches and load balancers?	🔴 Advanced
593	What are the differences between Active-Active and Active-Passive multi-region disaster recovery architectures?	🟡 Intermediate
594	What is Read-Replica Lag in relational databases and how do you prevent stale reads?	🟡 Intermediate
595	What is Rate Limiting and how do Token Bucket and Leaky Bucket algorithms differ?	🟡 Intermediate

Cloud Native Architecture · 15 questions · 🟢 3 🟡 8 🔴 4

Open the Cloud Native Architecture index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
66	What is Cloud Native Architecture?	🟡 Intermediate
67	What are Microservices?	🟡 Intermediate
68	What is Service Mesh?	🔴 Advanced
69	What is Event-Driven Architecture?	🟡 Intermediate
70	What are the 12-Factor App principles?	🟡 Intermediate
280	What is the difference between a monolith and microservices?	🟢 Beginner
426	How do you troubleshoot high latency in a microservices architecture?	🔴 Advanced
505	How do you design a secure, highly available three-tier architecture?	🔴 Advanced
602	What are the 12-Factor App methodology principles and how do they map to Kubernetes deployment patterns?	🟢 Beginner
603	What is the difference between Orchestration and Choreography in microservice event-driven architectures?	🟡 Intermediate
604	How does the Saga pattern manage distributed transactions across microservices without two-phase commit (2PC)?	🟡 Intermediate
605	What are Sidecar, Ambassador, and Adapter container design patterns?	🟡 Intermediate
606	What is the Strangler Fig pattern and how is it used to safely decommission monolithic applications?	🟢 Beginner
607	What are Event Sourcing and CQRS patterns and when are they appropriate?	🔴 Advanced
608	What is Database per Service pattern and how do you handle cross-service queries and joins?	🟡 Intermediate

Performance Testing · 12 questions · 🟢 5 🟡 3 🔴 4

Open the Performance Testing index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
71	What is Performance Testing?	🟢 Beginner
72	What are different types of Performance Tests?	🟢 Beginner
73	What are Performance Testing Tools?	🟢 Beginner
74	What are Performance Testing Best Practices?	🟡 Intermediate
75	How to analyze Performance Test Results?	🟡 Intermediate
298	How do you load test safely against production?	🔴 Advanced
609	What are Load, Stress, Spike, Soak, and Breakpoint performance testing types?	🟢 Beginner
610	Why are latency percentiles (p95, p99, p99.9) vastly more informative than average latency?	🟢 Beginner
611	What is Coordinated Omission in load testing and how does it invalidate benchmark results?	🔴 Advanced
612	How do you test and tune Linux kernel TCP networking parameters for high-throughput, low-latency workloads?	🔴 Advanced
613	What is Database Connection Pooling and how does improper pool sizing degrade application performance?	🟡 Intermediate
614	How do you profile CPU, memory, and I/O bottlenecks in production with eBPF and flame graphs?	🔴 Advanced

API Gateway and Service Mesh · 15 questions · 🟢 3 🟡 9 🔴 3

Open the API Gateway and Service Mesh index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
76	What is an API Gateway?	🟡 Intermediate
77	What are the benefits of using API Gateway?	🟢 Beginner
78	What is API Security?	🟡 Intermediate
79	What is Rate Limiting?	🟢 Beginner
80	What is API Documentation?	🟢 Beginner
276	How do you run a service mesh in production without the sidecar tax?	🔴 Advanced
427	How do you debug a service mesh that is breaking service-to-service traffic?	🔴 Advanced
507	What do the common HTTP status codes mean, and how do you debug a 502, 503, or 504?	🟡 Intermediate
615	What is the difference between an API Gateway and a Service Mesh and how do they work together?	🟡 Intermediate
616	How does Envoy Proxy function as the universal data plane in modern cloud infrastructure?	🟡 Intermediate
617	What is Mutual TLS (mTLS) and how does a Service Mesh automate certificate issuance and rotation?	🟡 Intermediate
618	What are Ambient Mesh and Sidecarless service mesh architectures and why were they developed?	🔴 Advanced
619	What is Traffic Shadowing (Mirroring) and how is it used for zero-risk production testing?	🟡 Intermediate
620	How do you implement Canary Releases with weighted traffic shifting in an API Gateway?	🟡 Intermediate
621	What is Fault Injection testing and how is it executed via a Service Mesh?	🟡 Intermediate

Serverless Architecture · 14 questions · 🟢 6 🟡 7 🔴 1

Open the Serverless Architecture index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
106	What is Serverless Computing?	🟢 Beginner
107	What is AWS Lambda?	🟢 Beginner
108	What are the benefits of Serverless?	🟢 Beginner
109	What are Serverless Best Practices?	🟡 Intermediate
110	What is Function as a Service (FaaS)?	🟢 Beginner
303	How do you design a serverless system for production?	🔴 Advanced
423	How do you monitor and debug a serverless application?	🟡 Intermediate
424	How do you build a CI/CD pipeline for a serverless application?	🟡 Intermediate
655	What are Serverless Cold Starts and how do runtime selection, provisioned concurrency, and architecture mitigate them?	🟡 Intermediate
656	What is the difference between AWS Lambda, Fargate, and EC2 compute models?	🟢 Beginner
657	How do you manage relational database connections in serverless functions without port exhaustion?	🟡 Intermediate
658	What are Step Functions and how do serverless state machines manage distributed microservice workflows?	🟡 Intermediate
659	What are Event-Driven architectures with EventBridge, SQS, and SNS and how do they decouple serverless systems?	🟡 Intermediate
660	What is LocalStack and how do you test serverless cloud services locally in development and CI?	🟢 Beginner

Database Management in DevOps · 15 questions · 🟢 3 🟡 8 🔴 4

Open the Database Management in DevOps index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
111	What is Database DevOps?	🟡 Intermediate
112	What is Database Version Control?	🟡 Intermediate
113	What are Database Migration Tools?	🟡 Intermediate
114	What is Database Backup Strategy?	🟡 Intermediate
115	What is Database Performance Tuning?	🔴 Advanced
286	What does a DevOps engineer need to know about databases?	🟢 Beginner
417	How do you troubleshoot a database that is slow or timing out under load?	🔴 Advanced
418	How do you change a production database schema without downtime?	🔴 Advanced
661	What is Database Schema Migration as Code and how do tools like Flyway and Liquibase automate rollouts?	🟢 Beginner
662	What is the Expand and Contract pattern for zero-downtime database schema migrations?	🟡 Intermediate
663	What are ACID and BASE consistency models and how do they govern SQL versus NoSQL architectures?	🟢 Beginner
664	What are Database Indexes, how do B-Tree and GIN indexes differ, and what is the write amplification penalty?	🟡 Intermediate
665	What is Database Sharding and what are the trade-offs of Range, Hash, and Directory-based sharding?	🔴 Advanced
666	What is Change Data Capture (CDC) and how does Debezium stream database changes into event architectures?	🟡 Intermediate
667	What are Database Deadlocks, how does the engine detect them, and how do you design transactions to prevent them?	🟡 Intermediate

📈 Reliability and Operations

110 questions

Monitoring and Logging · 16 questions · 🟢 6 🟡 9 🔴 1

Open the Monitoring and Logging index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
31	What is monitoring in DevOps?	🟢 Beginner
32	What is ELK Stack?	🟡 Intermediate
33	What is Prometheus?	🟢 Beginner
34	What is Grafana?	🟢 Beginner
35	Explain the difference between monitoring and logging	🟢 Beginner
253	How do you write effective PromQL queries and Alertmanager rules?	🟡 Intermediate
296	How do you design a logging pipeline that stays affordable at scale?	🔴 Advanced
500	How does Prometheus collect metrics, and what components sit around it?	🟡 Intermediate
501	How do the ELK and EFK stacks fit together?	🟡 Intermediate
556	What are the Three Pillars of Observability and where do their operational boundaries blur?	🟢 Beginner
557	What is the difference between Prometheus Pushgateway and Pull-based scraping?	🟡 Intermediate
558	What is OpenTelemetry (OTel) and how does the OpenTelemetry Collector architecture work?	🟡 Intermediate
559	What is high cardinality in metrics systems and why does it crash time-series databases?	🟡 Intermediate
560	What is the difference between Prometheus Counters, Gauges, Histograms, and Summaries?	🟢 Beginner
561	What are structured logging best practices and how do you design log retention policies for cost control?	🟡 Intermediate
562	How does distributed tracing propagate context across asynchronous message queues and HTTP boundaries?	🟡 Intermediate

Backup and Disaster Recovery · 13 questions · 🟢 6 🟡 5 🔴 2

Open the Backup and Disaster Recovery index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
61	What is Backup and Disaster Recovery?	🟢 Beginner
62	What are different types of backups?	🟢 Beginner
63	What is RPO and RTO?	🟢 Beginner
64	What is Business Continuity Planning?	🟡 Intermediate
65	What are backup best practices?	🟢 Beginner
239	How do you execute a Disaster Recovery failover with minimal RTO and RPO?	🔴 Advanced
436	How do you verify that your backups can actually be restored?	🟡 Intermediate
596	What are RTO and RPO and how do they drive Disaster Recovery architecture tiers?	🟢 Beginner
597	What is the 3-2-1 backup rule and how is it modernized for cloud and ransomware protection?	🟢 Beginner
598	What is the difference between Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR) and traditional periodic snapshot backups?	🟡 Intermediate
599	Why is an untested backup not a real backup and how do you automate restore verification?	🟡 Intermediate
600	How do you backup and restore Kubernetes state including etcd, PVCs, and cluster manifests?	🟡 Intermediate
601	What are Split-Brain scenarios in clustered storage and how do Quorum systems prevent data corruption?	🔴 Advanced

Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) · 17 questions · 🟢 6 🟡 9 🔴 2

Open the Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
96	What is Site Reliability Engineering?	🟢 Beginner
97	What are Service Level Objectives (SLOs)?	🟡 Intermediate
98	What are Service Level Indicators (SLIs)?	🟡 Intermediate
99	What is Error Budget?	🟡 Intermediate
100	What is Toil in SRE?	🟡 Intermediate
230	How do you do capacity planning?	🔴 Advanced
231	What is a production readiness review?	🟡 Intermediate
232	What is the difference between SRE, DevOps, and Platform Engineering?	🟡 Intermediate
233	How do you design alerts that page a human?	🔴 Advanced
641	What is the difference between SLI, SLO, SLA, and Error Budgets in SRE practice?	🟢 Beginner
642	What is Multi-Window Multi-Burn-Rate alerting and why does it eliminate alert fatigue?	🟡 Intermediate
643	What is Toil in SRE and how do engineering teams identify, measure, and cap it?	🟢 Beginner
644	What are the Four Golden Signals of Monitoring and how do you monitor them in distributed systems?	🟢 Beginner
645	What is a Blameless Post-Mortem and how do you write effective incident reviews that drive systemic changes?	🟢 Beginner
646	What is Chaos Engineering and how do GameDays uncover latent systemic flaws in production?	🟡 Intermediate
647	How do On-Call rotations and escalation policies ensure rapid incident triage without engineer burnout?	🟢 Beginner
648	What are Runbooks and Playbooks and how do you transition procedural runbooks into automated runbooks?	🟡 Intermediate

DevOps Metrics and KPIs · 12 questions · 🟢 5 🟡 6 🔴 1

Open the DevOps Metrics and KPIs index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
101	What are DevOps Metrics?	🟢 Beginner
102	What is Mean Time to Recovery (MTTR)?	🟢 Beginner
103	What is Change Failure Rate?	🟡 Intermediate
104	What is Deployment Frequency?	🟢 Beginner
105	What is Lead Time for Changes?	🟡 Intermediate
288	How do you build a metrics program without teams gaming the numbers?	🔴 Advanced
649	How is Deployment Frequency calculated and what engineering practices increase it safely?	🟢 Beginner
650	How is Lead Time for Changes measured and how do you eliminate pipeline queue bottlenecks?	🟡 Intermediate
651	What is Change Failure Rate (CFR) and how is it distinguished from internal test failures?	🟢 Beginner
652	What are MTTR, MTTD, MTBF, and MTTF and what are their limitations in modern distributed systems?	🟡 Intermediate
653	What is Flow Efficiency and how does Value Stream Mapping uncover engineering waste?	🟡 Intermediate
654	How do you measure and reduce Developer Cognitive Load to accelerate delivery velocity?	🟡 Intermediate

Incident Management · 13 questions · 🟢 6 🟡 5 🔴 2

Open the Incident Management index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
121	What is Incident Management?	🟢 Beginner
122	What is an Incident Response Plan?	🟡 Intermediate
123	What is Post-Mortem Analysis?	🟡 Intermediate
124	What are Incident Severity Levels?	🟢 Beginner
125	What is On-Call Management?	🟡 Intermediate
292	How do you run a major incident as incident commander?	🔴 Advanced
425	How do you respond when a deployment breaks production?	🔴 Advanced
675	What are Incident Severity Levels (Sev-1 to Sev-4) and how do they govern response SLAs and war rooms?	🟢 Beginner
676	What is the Incident Commander (IC) role and how does command structure coordinate major outages?	🟡 Intermediate
677	How do you manage Incident Communications and public status pages during high-visibility outages?	🟢 Beginner
678	What is the Five Whys root cause analysis technique and how do you avoid stopping at human error?	🟢 Beginner
679	What are Automated Remediation and Self-Healing systems and when should automation halt?	🟡 Intermediate
680	How do you conduct post-incident action item tracking to prevent repeat outages?	🟢 Beginner

Infrastructure Monitoring · 13 questions · 🟢 6 🟡 5 🔴 2

Open the Infrastructure Monitoring index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
131	What is Infrastructure Monitoring?	🟢 Beginner
132	What are Monitoring Tools?	🟢 Beginner
133	What are Monitoring Best Practices?	🟡 Intermediate
134	What is Application Performance Monitoring?	🟡 Intermediate
135	What is Log Management?	🟡 Intermediate
293	How do you control metric cardinality and monitoring cost at scale?	🔴 Advanced
433	How do you add monitoring to an application that has none?	🟡 Intermediate
686	What is the USE Method (Utilization, Saturation, and Errors) for hardware capacity and performance analysis?	🟢 Beginner
687	How does Node Exporter collect Linux host hardware and OS metrics for Prometheus?	🟢 Beginner
688	What are Blackbox vs Whitebox monitoring and when should each be used?	🟢 Beginner
689	What is eBPF-based infrastructure monitoring and how does Cilium provide kernel-level network observability?	🔴 Advanced
690	How do you detect Disk I/O bottlenecks using iostat, iotop, and vmstat?	🟡 Intermediate
691	What are Synthetic Monitoring probes and how do they detect edge network outages before users report them?	🟢 Beginner

SLO Engineering · 14 questions · 🟢 1 🟡 7 🔴 6

Open the SLO Engineering index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
177	How do you choose an SLO target?	🟡 Intermediate
178	What is multi-window multi-burn-rate alerting?	🔴 Advanced
179	How do you measure a latency SLI correctly?	🔴 Advanced
180	What is an error budget policy?	🟡 Intermediate
181	How do you define SLOs for batch and asynchronous workloads?	🔴 Advanced
182	How do you handle SLOs for dependencies you do not own?	🔴 Advanced
183	What tooling do you use to implement SLOs?	🟡 Intermediate
304	What do you need before you can set your first SLO?	🟢 Beginner
718	What is the Difference Between Request-Based and Window-Based SLIs?	🟡 Intermediate
719	How Do You Define and Track SLOs for Asynchronous Background Jobs and Queues?	🟡 Intermediate
720	How Do You Handle Planned Maintenance Windows in Error Budget Calculations?	🟡 Intermediate
721	What is Error Budget Burn-Rate Alerting and How Do You Tune Thresholds?	🔴 Advanced
722	How Do You Establish an Actionable Error Budget Policy with Engineering Leadership?	🟡 Intermediate
723	How Do You Set SLIs and SLOs for Event-Driven and Streaming Architectures?	🔴 Advanced

SLA Management · 12 questions · 🟢 2 🟡 8 🔴 2

Open the SLA Management index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
184	What is the difference between an SLA, an SLO, an SLI, and an OLA?	🟢 Beginner
185	How do you calculate allowed downtime for an availability target?	🟢 Beginner
186	How do you calculate composite availability across dependencies?	🔴 Advanced
187	What belongs in a well-written SLA?	🟡 Intermediate
188	How do service credits work?	🟡 Intermediate
189	How do you report SLA compliance to customers?	🟡 Intermediate
190	What do you do when you breach an SLA?	🟡 Intermediate
724	What is the Difference Between an SLA, an SLO, and an OLA?	🟡 Intermediate
725	How Are Service Credits and Penalties Structured in Enterprise Cloud SLAs?	🟡 Intermediate
726	How Do You Account for Force Majeure and Third-Party Provider Outages in SLAs?	🟡 Intermediate
727	How Do You Reconcile Multi-Region Uptime Guarantees with Underlying Cloud Provider SLAs?	🔴 Advanced
728	How Do You Design Customer-Facing Status Pages and Real-Time SLA Transparency?	🟡 Intermediate

🔐 Security

64 questions

Security and Compliance · 12 questions · 🟢 2 🟡 8 🔴 2

Open the Security and Compliance index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
36	What is DevSecOps?	🟢 Beginner
37	What is Infrastructure Security?	🟡 Intermediate
38	What is Container Security?	🟡 Intermediate
39	What is Compliance as Code?	🔴 Advanced
40	What are Security Best Practices in DevOps?	🟡 Intermediate
434	How do you automate compliance checks for PCI DSS, SOC 2, HIPAA, and GDPR?	🔴 Advanced
563	What is the Principle of Least Privilege and how is it practically enforced in cloud IAM?	🟢 Beginner
564	What is a Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) and how does it prevent supply-chain vulnerabilities?	🟡 Intermediate
565	What is the difference between SAST, DAST, IAST, and SCA security testing tools?	🟡 Intermediate
566	What are envelope encryption and Key Management Service (KMS) best practices?	🟡 Intermediate
567	How do you achieve Zero Trust Architecture in modern distributed cloud environments?	🟡 Intermediate
568	What are SOC 2, ISO 27001, and HIPAA compliance frameworks and how is Compliance as Code implemented?	🟡 Intermediate

Network Security · 19 questions · 🟢 5 🟡 11 🔴 3

Open the Network Security index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
116	What is Network Security in DevOps?	🟡 Intermediate
117	What is Zero Trust Security?	🟡 Intermediate
118	What is SSL/TLS?	🟢 Beginner
119	What is a Web Application Firewall (WAF)?	🟢 Beginner
120	What is Network Segmentation?	🟡 Intermediate
270	What happens when a user opens your application in a browser?	🟡 Intermediate
297	How do you design defence in depth for a cloud network?	🔴 Advanced
489	What is the OSI model, and what is the difference between TCP and UDP?	🟢 Beginner
490	How do you plan CIDR ranges and subnets?	🟡 Intermediate
491	How do you manage TLS certificates in production?	🟡 Intermediate
492	How do you protect a public web application against the OWASP Top 10 and DDoS?	🔴 Advanced
493	What is the difference between a reverse proxy and a forward proxy?	🟢 Beginner
668	What is Network Microsegmentation and how do Kubernetes NetworkPolicies isolate pod traffic?	🟡 Intermediate
669	What are Web Application Firewalls (WAF) and how do they mitigate OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities?	🟢 Beginner
670	How does DNSSEC prevent DNS spoofing and cache poisoning attacks?	🟡 Intermediate
671	What are DDoS attack vectors and how do Anycast routing, scrubbing centers, and rate limiting mitigate them?	🟡 Intermediate
672	What is TLS 1.3 and what security and performance improvements does it introduce over TLS 1.2?	🟡 Intermediate
673	What is BGP routing and how do BGP Hijacking attacks redirect enterprise internet traffic?	🔴 Advanced
674	What are WireGuard and modern VPN protocols and how do they replace legacy IPsec and OpenVPN?	🟡 Intermediate

DevSecOps · 19 questions · 🟢 3 🟡 11 🔴 5

Open the DevSecOps index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
161	What does a DevSecOps pipeline look like end to end?	🟡 Intermediate
162	What is the difference between SAST, DAST, IAST, and SCA?	🟡 Intermediate
163	What is a Software Bill of Materials (SBOM)?	🟡 Intermediate
164	What is SLSA and how do you secure the software supply chain?	🔴 Advanced
165	How do you sign and verify container images?	🟡 Intermediate
166	How do you manage secrets in CI/CD pipelines?	🟡 Intermediate
167	How do you scan Infrastructure as Code before it is applied?	🟡 Intermediate
168	How do you prioritise vulnerabilities without blocking delivery?	🔴 Advanced
244	How do you enforce Kubernetes admission control with Kyverno or OPA Gatekeeper?	🟡 Intermediate
290	What does shift left security mean?	🟢 Beginner
429	How do you rotate secrets without downtime?	🔴 Advanced
504	How do you manage Kubernetes secrets in a GitOps workflow?	🔴 Advanced
705	How do you integrate automated secret scanning into pre-commit and CI pipelines to prevent credential leaks?	🟢 Beginner
706	What is Container Image Signing with Sigstore and Cosign and how is it verified by Kubernetes admission controllers?	🟡 Intermediate
707	What is Policy as Code and how do OPA Gatekeeper and Kyverno enforce cluster governance?	🟡 Intermediate
708	What are dependency vulnerabilities (CVEs) and how do Dependabot and Renovate automate security remediation?	🟢 Beginner
709	What is DAST (Dynamic Application Security Testing) and how is OWASP ZAP integrated into CI/CD pipelines?	🟡 Intermediate
710	What are Threat Modeling frameworks (STRIDE, PASTA) and how do they embed security into early sprint design?	🟡 Intermediate
711	What is Runtime Application Self-Protection (RASP) and how does it differ from a perimeter WAF?	🔴 Advanced

SecOps and Threat Detection · 14 questions · 🟢 2 🟡 7 🔴 5

Open the SecOps and Threat Detection index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
169	What does a Security Operations Center (SOC) do?	🟢 Beginner
170	What is a SIEM and how do you make one useful?	🟡 Intermediate
171	What is detection engineering?	🔴 Advanced
172	What is the MITRE ATT&CK framework?	🟡 Intermediate
173	What is threat hunting?	🔴 Advanced
174	How do you run a security incident response?	🟡 Intermediate
175	What is EDR and how does it differ from antivirus?	🟢 Beginner
176	What is SOAR and what should you automate first?	🟡 Intermediate
712	What is the Role of Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR) in SecOps?	🟡 Intermediate
713	How Do You Design and Execute Threat Modeling for Cloud-Native Infrastructure?	🔴 Advanced
714	How Do You Implement Automated Credential and API Key Exposure Detection?	🟡 Intermediate
715	What is Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) and How Does It Integrate into SecOps?	🟡 Intermediate
716	How Do You Detect and Respond to Lateral Movement Within Kubernetes Clusters?	🔴 Advanced
717	What is Honeytoken or Honeypot Deception and How Is It Applied in Production Environments?	🔴 Advanced

🧭 Platform and Leadership

52 questions

DevOps Culture and Practices · 11 questions · 🟢 7 🟡 3 🔴 1

Open the DevOps Culture and Practices index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
126	What is DevOps Culture?	🟢 Beginner
127	What are DevOps Best Practices?	🟢 Beginner
128	What is Blameless Culture?	🟡 Intermediate
129	What is Knowledge Sharing in DevOps?	🟢 Beginner
130	What is Team Collaboration in DevOps?	🟢 Beginner
287	How do you scale DevOps culture across many teams?	🔴 Advanced
681	What is the CALMS framework and how does it assess organizational DevOps maturity?	🟢 Beginner
682	What is Psychological Safety and why is it the strongest predictor of high-performing engineering teams?	🟢 Beginner
683	What are Team Topologies patterns and how do Stream-Aligned and Platform teams interact?	🟡 Intermediate
684	What is Conway's Law and how does the Reverse Conway Maneuver architect microservices?	🟡 Intermediate
685	What are ChatOps and GitOps and how do they make operational modifications auditable and collaborative?	🟢 Beginner

Advanced DevOps & Cloud · 27 questions · 🟢 5 🟡 10 🔴 12

Open the Advanced DevOps & Cloud index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
141	What is Platform Engineering?	🔴 Advanced
142	What is FinOps?	🟡 Intermediate
143	What is Policy as Code?	🔴 Advanced
144	What is Chaos Engineering?	🔴 Advanced
145	What is Blue/Green Deployment?	🟡 Intermediate
146	What is Feature Flagging?	🟡 Intermediate
147	What is a Service Catalog?	🟡 Intermediate
148	What is a Service Level Agreement (SLA)?	🟢 Beginner
149	What is a Service Level Objective (SLO)?	🟢 Beginner
150	What is a Service Level Indicator (SLI)?	🟢 Beginner
151	What is a Runbook?	🟢 Beginner
152	What is a Playbook in Incident Response?	🟡 Intermediate
153	What is Observability?	🔴 Advanced
154	What is Tracing in Observability?	🟡 Intermediate
155	What is a Sidecar Pattern?	🟡 Intermediate
156	What is a Service Mesh Control Plane?	🔴 Advanced
157	What is GitHub Actions?	🟢 Beginner
158	What is a Self-Healing System?	🔴 Advanced
159	What is Canary Analysis?	🔴 Advanced
160	What is Infrastructure Drift?	🟡 Intermediate
698	What are WebAssembly (Wasm) and WASI and what role do they play alongside containers in cloud computing?	🔴 Advanced
699	What are Confidential Computing and Enclaves (AWS Nitro Enclaves, AMD SEV) and how do they protect data in use?	🔴 Advanced
700	What are Multi-Cluster Kubernetes management architectures and how does Cluster Federation work?	🔴 Advanced
701	What is Zero-Downtime Database Migration using Dual-Writing and Shadow Reads?	🔴 Advanced
702	What is OpenTelemetry Context Leaking and how do you prevent thread-local context pollution in asynchronous runtimes?	🔴 Advanced
703	What are Service Level Objective (SLO) Error Budget Policies and how do they enforce engineering consequences?	🟡 Intermediate
704	What is the difference between Service Discovery mechanisms in Kubernetes vs HashiCorp Consul?	🟡 Intermediate

Platform Engineering · 14 questions · 🟢 1 🟡 5 🔴 8

Open the Platform Engineering index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
222	What is an Internal Developer Platform (IDP)?	🟡 Intermediate
223	What is a golden path?	🟡 Intermediate
224	How do you treat a platform as a product?	🔴 Advanced
225	What is Backstage?	🟡 Intermediate
226	What is Crossplane and how does it compare to Terraform?	🔴 Advanced
227	How do you provide self-service environments to developers?	🔴 Advanced
228	How do you measure the success of a platform?	🟡 Intermediate
229	How do you roll out breaking platform changes safely?	🔴 Advanced
240	How do you orchestrate and autoscale GPU workloads in Kubernetes?	🔴 Advanced
241	How do you deploy and scale LLM inference serving with vLLM or Triton on Kubernetes?	🔴 Advanced
242	How do you monitor AI/LLM applications for latency, GPU metrics, and token costs?	🟡 Intermediate
243	How do you design a production MLOps pipeline using Ray or Kubeflow?	🔴 Advanced
245	How do you deploy and scale Vector Databases in Kubernetes for RAG applications?	🔴 Advanced
299	What does a platform engineer actually do day to day?	🟢 Beginner

🎤 Interview Prep

96 questions

Interview Experience · 96 questions · 🟢 5 🟡 28 🔴 63

Open the Interview Experience index →

No.	Question	Difficulty
271	How do you explain your DevOps project in an interview?	🟢 Beginner
272	What does a typical DevOps interview process look like?	🟢 Beginner
273	How do you answer scenario-based troubleshooting questions?	🟡 Intermediate
274	What are the most frequently asked DevOps interview questions?	🟢 Beginner
275	What questions should you ask your interviewer?	🟢 Beginner
294	How do you handle a DevOps system design round?	🔴 Advanced
306	What DevOps interview questions does AMEX ask?	🟡 Intermediate
307	What DevOps interview questions does Accenture ask?	🔴 Advanced
308	What SRE interview questions does Accion Labs ask?	🔴 Advanced
309	What DevOps interview questions does Accolite ask?	🟡 Intermediate
310	What SRE interview questions does Akamai ask?	🔴 Advanced
311	What DevOps interview questions does Alphadyne ask?	🔴 Advanced
312	What SRE interview questions does Altimetrik ask?	🔴 Advanced
313	What SRE interview questions does Amadeus Labs ask?	🔴 Advanced
314	What DevOps consultant interview questions does Amazon ask?	🔴 Advanced
315	What DevOps interview questions does Arrise Solutions ask?	🔴 Advanced
316	What DevOps interview questions does Aspire ask?	🟡 Intermediate
317	What DevOps interview questions does BMW TechWorks ask?	🟡 Intermediate
318	What DevOps interview questions does Belcan ask?	🟡 Intermediate
319	What DevOps interview questions does Blue Yonder ask?	🔴 Advanced
320	What DevOps interview questions does CGI ask?	🟡 Intermediate
321	What SRE interview questions does CMT ask?	🔴 Advanced
322	What DevOps interview questions does CTS Cognizant ask?	🟡 Intermediate
323	What DevOps interview questions does Capgemini ask?	🔴 Advanced
324	What DevOps interview questions does Cisco ask?	🔴 Advanced
325	What principal SRE interview questions does Commonwealth Bank ask?	🔴 Advanced
326	What DevOps interview questions does Deloitte ask?	🔴 Advanced
327	What DevOps interview questions does EPAM ask?	🔴 Advanced
328	What DevOps interview questions does EXL Service ask?	🔴 Advanced
329	What DevOps interview questions does EY ask?	🟡 Intermediate
330	What DevOps interview questions does Elixr Labs ask?	🔴 Advanced
331	What DevOps interview questions does Emphasis ask?	🟡 Intermediate
332	What DevOps interview questions does Encora ask?	🔴 Advanced
333	What DevOps and cloud security interview questions does F5 ask?	🔴 Advanced
334	What DevOps interview questions does Five9 ask?	🔴 Advanced
335	What DevOps interview questions does Flentas ask?	🔴 Advanced
336	What DevOps interview questions does HCL ask?	🔴 Advanced
337	What DevOps interview questions does Hexaware ask?	🟡 Intermediate
338	What cloud and DevOps interview questions does IBM ask?	🔴 Advanced
339	What DevOps interview questions does ITC Infotech ask?	🟡 Intermediate
340	What DevOps interview questions does Infinite Solutions ask?	🟡 Intermediate
341	What DevOps and SRE interview questions does Infosys ask?	🟡 Intermediate
342	What DevOps interview questions does Intact Green Services ask?	🔴 Advanced
343	What DevOps and SRE interview questions does JPMorgan ask?	🔴 Advanced
344	What DevOps interview questions does Koerber Pharma ask?	🔴 Advanced
345	What DevOps interview questions does LTIMindtree ask?	🔴 Advanced
346	What DevOps interview questions does L and T ask?	🟡 Intermediate
347	What DevOps interview questions does Marsh McLennan ask?	🟡 Intermediate
348	What MLOps interview questions does Moodys ask?	🔴 Advanced
349	What release engineering interview questions does Morgan Stanley ask?	🔴 Advanced
350	What DevOps interview questions does NPCI ask?	🔴 Advanced
351	What DevOps interview questions does NUOS INFO Systems ask?	🔴 Advanced
352	What DevOps interview questions does NatWest Group ask?	🟡 Intermediate
353	What DevOps interview questions does Netcracker ask?	🔴 Advanced
354	What DevOps interview questions does Nextturn ask?	🔴 Advanced
355	What cloud SRE interview questions does Nice ask?	🟡 Intermediate
356	What DevOps interview questions does Nisum Technologies ask?	🟡 Intermediate
357	What DevOps interview questions does Nitor Infotech ask?	🔴 Advanced
358	What DevOps interview questions does OPT IT ask?	🟡 Intermediate
359	What DevOps interview questions does One2N ask?	🔴 Advanced
360	What DevOps interview questions does Optum ask?	🔴 Advanced
361	What DevOps interview questions does Oracle ask?	🔴 Advanced
362	What DevOps interview questions does Orion Innovation ask?	🟡 Intermediate
363	What cloud engineering interview questions come up when the company is not named?	🔴 Advanced
364	What SRE interview questions come up when the company is not named?	🟡 Intermediate
365	What behavioural DevOps interview questions come up when the company is not named?	🟡 Intermediate
366	What DevOps interview questions come up when the company is not named?	🔴 Advanced
367	What DevOps scenario and pipeline questions come up when the company is not named?	🔴 Advanced
368	What DevOps interview questions does Perfios ask?	🔴 Advanced
369	What DevOps interview questions does Persistent Systems ask?	🔴 Advanced
370	What DevOps interview questions does Plansource ValueLabs ask?	🔴 Advanced
371	What DevOps interview questions does Publicis Global Delivery ask?	🔴 Advanced
372	What DevOps interview questions does Qburst ask?	🔴 Advanced
373	What DevOps interview questions does Qentelli Solutions ask?	🟡 Intermediate
374	What DevOps interview questions does Rapidsoft ask?	🟡 Intermediate
375	What DevOps interview questions does RelevantZ ask?	🔴 Advanced
376	What DevOps interview questions does SAP ask?	🔴 Advanced
377	What DevOps interview questions does Sapient ask?	🔴 Advanced
378	What DevOps interview questions does Sigmoid ask?	🔴 Advanced
379	What DevOps interview questions does Sonata Software ask?	🔴 Advanced
380	What DevOps interview questions does Sony ask?	🔴 Advanced
381	What DevOps interview questions does SquareOps ask?	🔴 Advanced
382	What release engineering interview questions does Syncortex ask?	🔴 Advanced
383	What DevOps interview questions does Synechron ask?	🔴 Advanced
384	What DevOps and SRE interview questions does TCS ask?	🔴 Advanced
385	What DevOps interview questions does Techdome ask?	🟡 Intermediate
386	What cloud engineering interview questions does Turning ask?	🔴 Advanced
387	What cloud platform engineering interview questions does UST ask?	🔴 Advanced
388	What DevOps interview questions does Verizon ask?	🔴 Advanced
389	What DevOps tech lead interview questions does Virtusa ask?	🔴 Advanced
390	What DevOps interview questions does Volkswagen Group Digital ask?	🔴 Advanced
391	What DevOps interview questions does Wikreate Media ask?	🟢 Beginner
392	What DevOps interview questions does Wipro ask?	🔴 Advanced
393	What DevOps interview questions does ZS Associates ask?	🔴 Advanced
394	What DevOps interview questions does Zensar ask?	🟡 Intermediate
395	What DevOps interview questions does ZopSmart ask?	🟡 Intermediate

---

🧠 How answers are structured

Every answer follows the same four beats, so you can read one section deep or all four:

Section	What it gives you
Short answer	Two or three sentences you could say out loud. Start here.
Detail	The substance - mechanisms, trade-offs, and the vocabulary that signals experience.
Example	Real commands, YAML, or code you can run and adapt.
Interview tips	The follow-up questions, the common traps, and the points that separate a strong answer from a memorised one.

Difficulty is marked 🟢 Beginner · 🟡 Intermediate · 🔴 Advanced.

Three ways to work through it:

• Preparing for a specific role - take the track from Pick your role, and read each topic README's "What interviewers probe here" before its questions.
• Broad revision - read the short answers across a topic, then go deep only where you hesitate.
• Obsidian / note vault - every file carries YAML frontmatter (title, id, category, difficulty, tags), so the whole repository can be dropped into a vault and browsed by tag.

---

🛠️ Repository structure

.
├── core-devops-concepts/           # topic-slug/
│   ├── README.md                   #   generated topic index
│   └── what-is-devops.md           #   question-slug.md
├── ...
├── scripts/
│   ├── lib_content.py              # shared frontmatter/vault parsing
│   ├── generate_indexes.py         # regenerates all indexes from question files
│   ├── validate_content.py         # CI validation of the whole vault
│   └── topic_meta.json             # topic registry: order, group, description, study notes
└── .github/workflows/
    └── validate-and-format.yml     # runs validation + Prettier on every PR

Directories and filenames carry no numeric prefixes - they are pure slugs. Ordering comes from two places instead:

• Topic order - the order field in scripts/topic_meta.json, which is also the registry of which directories count as topics.
• Question order - the id field in each question's frontmatter, unique across the repository.

Renaming or reordering is therefore a metadata edit, not a mass file rename.

Every question file starts with frontmatter:

---
title: "What is Kubernetes?"
id: 11
category: "Kubernetes"
difficulty: "Beginner"
tags:
  - devops
  - kubernetes
  - interview-questions
---

The indexes are generated, not hand-written. The question files are the single source of truth; topic READMEs and the tables above are rendered from their frontmatter. After adding or editing a question:

python3 scripts/generate_indexes.py     # rewrite all indexes
python3 scripts/validate_content.py     # verify frontmatter, naming, links, index freshness

Both are stdlib-only Python 3.11+ - no dependencies to install. CI runs the same commands and fails the pull request on drift.

---

🤝 Contributing

New questions, better answers, and corrections are all welcome. CONTRIBUTING.md covers the file format, naming rules, and the local checks to run before opening a pull request.

Not sure where to start? Open an issue - there are templates for a new question, a correction to an existing answer, and an interview experience to add.

Two documents set the ground rules: the Code of Conduct - including the rules on interviewer privacy, NDAs, and plagiarism that apply to interview write-ups - and the Security Policy, which covers how to report a committed credential or a workflow vulnerability privately.

🙏 Acknowledgements & Inspiration

Special thanks and heartfelt gratitude to the creators and maintainers of the following open-source repositories and community resources whose work provided inspiration, practical insights, and foundational ideas for this project:

• rohitg00/devops-interview-questions – Comprehensive DevOps interview questions repository.
• bregman-arie/devops-exercises – Extensive collection of DevOps exercises, diagrams, and practical questions.
• tikam02/devops-guide – Practical guide for DevOps configurations, cheat sheets, and systems management.
• NotHarshhaa/AWS-GCP-Azure-Cloud-Projects-Workshop – Hands-on multi-cloud architecture projects and workshop guides.
• NotHarshhaa/DevOps-Projects – Practical real-world DevOps project blueprints and automation pipelines.
• NotHarshhaa/DevOps-Interview-Questions – Collection of 1100+ DevOps interview questions with detailed answers and solutions.
• iam-veeramalla/devops-interview-preparation-guide – Detailed interview preparation guide and practical scenario breakdowns.
• litu54/DevOps-Interview-Guide – Real-world company interview experiences and question collections.

📄 License

Released under the MIT License.