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MSProbe is a debugging tool for AI models that diagnoses accuracy anomalies and numerical errors during model training and inference. It captures and monitors intermediate data (feature maps, weights, activations, layer outputs) and contextual metadata (prompts, tensor dtypes, hardware configuration), and supports visual analysis to systematically trace the root cause of accuracy degradation or numerical errors (e.g., NaN/Inf, output drift, mismatched predictions).

Basic Details

Background Concepts: MSProbe Dumping Levels

MSProbe supports three accuracy levels for data dumping, each for different debugging needs:

L0: Dumps tensors/statistics at the module level and generates construct.json (for network structure reconstruction in visualization). Requires passing a model/submodule handle.
L1: Dumps tensors/statistics at the torch API level, suitable for fine-grained API-level numerical checking.
mix: Combines L0 + L1, ideal for scenarios that require both graph reconstruction and numerical comparison.

Prerequisites: Install MSProbe

Install MSProbe with pip:

pip install mindstudio-probe --pre

Key Configuration Parameters

MSProbe uses a JSON configuration file for customized data dumping. All core parameters are listed in the table below, with the default JSON configuration provided for reference.

Configuration Parameter Table

Field	Description	Required
`task`	Type of dump task. Common PyTorch values include `"statistics"` and `"tensor"`. A statistics task collects tensor statistics (mean, variance, max, min, etc.) while a tensor task captures arbitrary tensors.	Yes
`dump_path`	Directory where dump results are stored. When omitted, `MSProbe` uses its default path.	No
`rank`	Ranks to sample. An empty list collects every rank. For single-card tasks you must set this field to `[]`.	No
`step`	Token iteration(s) to sample. An empty list means every iteration.	No
`level`	Dump level string (`"L0"`, `"L1"`, or `"mix"`). `L0` targets `nn.Module`, `L1` targets `torch.api`, and `mix` collects both.	Yes
`async_dump`	Whether to enable asynchronous dump (supported for PyTorch `statistics`/`tensor` tasks). Defaults to `false`.	No
`scope`	Customize the scope of dump. Provide two module or API names that follow the tool’s naming convention to lock a range, only data between the two names will be dumped. An empty list dumps every module or torch API. Examples: `"scope": ["Module.conv1.Conv2d.forward.0", "Module.fc2.Linear.forward.0"]` `"scope": ["Tensor.add.0.forward", "Functional.square.2.forward"]` The `level` setting determines what can be provided—modules when `level=L0`, APIs when `level=L1`, and either modules or APIs when `level=mix`.	No
`list`	Customize dump list, only dumps elements from the list. An empty list dumps every module or torch API. Options include: •Supply the full names of specific APIs in PyTorch eager mode to only dump those APIs. Example: `"list": ["Tensor.permute.1.forward", "Tensor.transpose.2.forward", "Torch.relu.3.backward"]`. •When `level=mix`, you can provide module names so that the dump expands to everything produced while the module is running. Example: `"list": ["Module.module.language_model.encoder.layers.0.mlp.ParallelMlp.forward.0"]`. •Provide a substring such as `"list": ["relu"]` to dump every API whose name contains the substring. When `level=mix`, modules whose names contain the substring are also expanded.	No

Default configuration

{
  "task": "statistics",
  "dump_path": "./dump_path",
  "rank": [],
  "step": [],
  "level": "L1",
  "async_dump": false,
  "statistics": {
    "scope": [],
    "list": [],
    "data_mode": [
      "all"
    ],
    "summary_mode": "statistics"
  },
  "tensor": {
    "scope": [],
    "list": [],
    "data_mode": [
      "all"
    ],
    "file_format": "npy"
  },
  "acc_check": {
    "white_list": [],
    "black_list": [],
    "error_data_path": "./"
  }
}

Outputs

Dump files are written into dump_path you defined. They usually contain:

dump.json, which records metadata such as dtype, shape, min, max, mean, L2 norm, and requires_grad.
construct.json, hierarchical structure description, when level is L0 or mix (required for visualization), its content is not empty.
stack.json, record the call stack information of API/Module.
dump_tensor_data, generated when task is tensor and save the collected tensor data.

See dump directory description for details.

Note: When MSProbe is enabled, cuda graph is disabled (disable_cuda_graph=True) because MSProbe only supports dump in eager mode, warmup is disabled (skip_server_warmup=True) because there is no need to dump data for this stage.

End-to-End Examples

MSProbe’s full debugging workflow follows Enable → Collect Data → Visualize → Analyze Root Cause. Below is a common E2E example for SGLang-based model inference debugging.

Example : Advanced Debugging with Custom Configuration

Suitable for targeted debugging (e.g., only collect statistics data for specific ranks/steps, enable mix level for graph reconstruction + numerical comparison) and root cause analysis via problem vs. benchmark comparison.

Step 1: Enable

Prepare Custom Configuration JSON

Create msprobe-config.json (dump statistics data for rank0/1, step0/1, mix level):

{
  "task": "statistics",
  "dump_path": "./problem_dump",
  "rank": [
    0,
    1
  ],
  "step": [
    0,
    1
  ],
  "level": "mix",
  "async_dump": false,
  "statistics": {
    "scope": [],
    "list": [],
    "data_mode": [
      "all"
    ],
    "summary_mode": "statistics"
  }
}

Enable MSProbe with Custom Configuration in SGLang

Launch the SGLang server and specify the configuration file path with --msprobe-dump-config:

python3 -m sglang.launch_server \
 --model-path Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct \
 --host 127.0.0.1 \
 --port 1027 \
 --msprobe-dump-config /home/msprobe-config.json

Step 2: Collect Data

Collect Dump Data for Problem & Benchmark Sides

Send normal inference requests to trigger model running (MSProbe automatically collects data during request processing):

curl -H "Content-type: application/json" \
 -X POST \
 -d '{
     "model": "Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct",
     "messages": [
         {
             "role": "user",
             "content": "Hello, my name is"
         }
     ],
     "max_tokens": 10
 }' \
 http://127.0.0.1:1027/v1/chat/completions

Problem side: Run the above SGLang server (with the accuracy/numerical issue) and send inference request; dump data is saved to ./problem_dump.
Benchmark side: Launch a normal SGLang server (without the issue, e.g., stable framework version/operator) with the same custom configuration and send the same inference request; rename the dump directory to ./bench_dump.

Key Requirement: Problem and benchmark dumps must use the same inputs and sampling points (rank/step) for valid comparison.

Check Generated Dump Files

Dump files are saved to ./problem_dump and ./bench_dump you defined and include core files for subsequent analysis:

dump.json: Records tensor metadata of APIs and modules (dtype, shape, min/max/mean, L2 norm, requires_grad, etc.).
stack.json: Logs call stack information of APIs and modules.
construct.json: hierarchical structure description, required for visualization, its content is not empty.

Step 3: Visualize

Visualize Problem vs. Benchmark Comparison (Multi-Rank)

Generate a multi-rank comparison visualization file (mix level generates construct.json for graph reconstruction):

msprobe graph_visualize -tp ./problem_dump/step0 -gp ./bench_dump/step0 -o ./graph_output

-tp: Path to problem-side dump data
-gp: Path to benchmark-side dump data
-o: Output directory for visualization files

If you want overflow check (for NaN/Inf detection), please specify the parameter -oc

msprobe graph_visualize -tp ./problem_dump/step0 -gp ./bench_dump/step0 -o ./graph_output -oc

After the comparison or build task finishes, a compare_{timestamp}.vis.db file is created under graph_output. The dumped data can be used to visualize and analyze differences using tables or charts generated with visualization tools such as Matplotlib and Excel.

Launch TensorBoard

Start TensorBoard:

tensorboard --logdir ./graph_output --bind_all --port 6006

Step 4: Analyze Root Cause

Locate Root Cause

Root Cause Analysis in TensorBoard:

Divergent nodes (with accuracy/numerical differences) are highlighted in red (darker red = larger difference).
Click on divergent nodes to view detailed tensor data (inputs/outputs, parameters) and API/module call stacks.
Use the search/filter function to quickly locate key layers/APIs (e.g., “relu”, “conv”).
Switch between ranks/steps via the UI to check cross-rank/cross-step divergence.
Check the overflow check tab for NaN/Inf values in specific nodes (the direct cause of numerical instability).

Verify the Root Cause

After locating the divergent node (e.g., a specific Conv layer or torch API with abnormal tensor values), verify by:

Narrowing the dump scope to this node (via scope/list in the configuration file) for fine-grained data collection.
Modifying the problematic layer/API (e.g., replacing the operator, adjusting the dtype) and re-running the debugging workflow to confirm the issue is resolved.

Troubleshooting

No Dump Files Generated

To confirm if MSProbe is installed, use pip show mindstudio-probe to troubleshoot. If it is installed, the MSProbe version information will be printed. If it is confirmed that it has not been installed, please use pip install mindstudio-probe --pre for installation;
Confirm the --msprobe-dump-config parameter points to the correct JSON file path.

Dump Files Are Too Large (Excessive Data)

Start with task: "statistics" instead of "tensor" to collect only tensor statistics (avoids raw tensor dump);
Narrow the dump range with the scope field (specify start/end module/API);
Filter dump targets with the list field (only dump specific modules/APIs or substrings);
Sample specific rank and step (avoid dumping all ranks/iterations).

TensorBoard Visualization Fails

Confirm construct.json is not empty (requires level: L0 or mix – L1 does not generate graph files);
Check that the -tp (problem dump) and -gp (benchmark dump) paths point to valid rank/step subdirectories ( e.g., step0/rank0);
Ensure the MSProbe version is up-to-date (reinstall with pip install mindstudio-probe --pre --upgrade);
Verify TensorBoard is installed and the --logdir parameter points to the directory containing .vis.db files (not the file itself).

Numerical Comparison Shows No Divergence But Model Accuracy Is Low

Expand the dump step range (check more token iterations for late-stage divergence);
Switch to task: "tensor" (statistics may mask subtle numerical differences in raw tensor data);
Ensure the problem and benchmark dumps use the same input data/hardware configuration (different inputs lead to invalid comparisons);
Use the manual mapping feature in TensorBoard (automatic mapping may miss some nodes for custom models).

Appendix

Dump directory description

├── problem_dump or bench_dump
│   ├── step0
│   │   ├── rank0
│   │   │   ├── dump_tensor_data
│   │   │   │    ├── Tensor.permute.1.forward.pt
│   │   │   │    ├── Functional.linear.5.backward.output.pt    # Format: {api_type}.{api_name}.{call_count}.{forward/backward}.{input/output}.{arg_index}.
│   │   │   │    │                                              # arg_index is the nth input or output of the API. If an input is a list, keep numbering with decimals (e.g., 1.1 is the first element of the first argument).
│   │   │   │    ├── Module.conv1.Conv2d.forward.0.input.0.pt          # Format: {Module}.{module_name}.{class_name}.{forward/backward}.{call_count}.{input/output}.{arg_index}.
│   │   │   │    ├── Module.conv1.Conv2d.forward.0.parameters.bias.pt  # Module parameter data: {Module}.{module_name}.{class_name}.forward.{call_count}.parameters.{parameter_name}.
│   │   │   │    └── Module.conv1.Conv2d.parameters_grad.weight.pt     # Module parameter gradients: {Module}.{module_name}.{class_name}.parameters_grad.{parameter_name}. Gradients do not include call_count because the same gradient updates all invocations.
│   │   │   │                                                          # When the `model` argument passed to dump is a List[torch.nn.Module] or Tuple[torch.nn.Module], module-level data names also include the index inside the list ({Module}.{index}.*), e.g., Module.0.conv1.Conv2d.forward.0.input.0.pt.
│   │   │   ├── dump.json
│   │   │   ├── stack.json
│   │   │   ├── dump_error_info.log
│   │   │   └── construct.json
│   │   ├── rank1
│   │   │   ├── dump_tensor_data
│   │   │   │   └── ...
│   │   │   ├── dump.json
│   │   │   ├── stack.json
│   │   │   ├── dump_error_info.log
│   │   │   └── construct.json
│   │   ├── ...
│   │   │
│   │   └── rank7
│   ├── step1
│   │   ├── ...
│   ├── step2

rank: Device ID. Each card writes its data to the corresponding rank{ID} directory. In non-distributed scenarios the directory is simply named rank.
dump_tensor_data: Save the collected tensor data.
dump.json: Statistics for the forward data of each API or module, including names, dtype, shape, max, min, mean, L2 norm (square root of the L2 variance), and CRC-32 when summary_mode="md5". See dump.json file description for details.
dump_error_info.log: Present only when the dump tool encountered an error and records the failure log.
stack.json: Call stacks for APIs/modules.
construct.json: Hierarchical structure description. Empty when level=L1.

dump.json file description

L0 level

An L0 dump.json contains forward/backward I/O for modules together with parameters and parameter gradients. Using PyTorch’s Conv2d as an example, the network code looks like: output = self.conv2(input) # self.conv2 = torch.nn.Conv2d(64, 128, 5, padding=2, bias=True) dump.json contains the following entries:

Module.conv2.Conv2d.forward.0: Forward data of the module. input_args represents positional inputs, input_kwargs represents keyword inputs, output stores forward outputs, and parameters stores weights/biases.
Module.conv2.Conv2d.parameters_grad: Parameter gradients (weight and bias).
Module.conv2.Conv2d.backward.0: Backward data of the module. input represents gradients that flow into the module (gradients of the forward outputs) and output represents gradients that flow out (gradients of the module inputs).

Note: When the model parameter passed to the dump API is List[torch.nn.Module] or Tuple[torch.nn.Module], module-level names include the index inside the list ({Module}.{index}.*). Example: Module.0.conv1.Conv2d.forward.0.

L1 level

An L1 dump.json records forward/backward I/O for APIs. Using PyTorch’s relu function as an example (output = torch.nn.functional.relu(input)), the file contains:

Functional.relu.0.forward: Forward data of the API. input_args are positional inputs, input_kwargs are keyword inputs, and output stores the forward outputs.
Functional.relu.0.backward: Backward data of the API. input represents the gradients of the forward outputs, and output represents the gradients that flow back to the forward inputs.

mix level

A mix dump.json contains both L0 and L1 level data; the file format is the same as the examples above.

Sunbelt Computer Software

PL/B Language Development and Support

Basic Usage

Advanced Features

Supported Models

Developer Guide

References

MSProbe Debugging Guide

Basic Details

Background Concepts: MSProbe Dumping Levels

Prerequisites: Install MSProbe

Key Configuration Parameters

Configuration Parameter Table

Default configuration

Outputs

End-to-End Examples

Example : Advanced Debugging with Custom Configuration

Step 1: Enable

Prepare Custom Configuration JSON

Enable MSProbe with Custom Configuration in SGLang

Step 2: Collect Data

Collect Dump Data for Problem & Benchmark Sides

Check Generated Dump Files

Step 3: Visualize

Visualize Problem vs. Benchmark Comparison (Multi-Rank)

Launch TensorBoard

Step 4: Analyze Root Cause

Locate Root Cause

Verify the Root Cause

Troubleshooting

No Dump Files Generated

Dump Files Are Too Large (Excessive Data)

TensorBoard Visualization Fails

Numerical Comparison Shows No Divergence But Model Accuracy Is Low

Appendix

Dump directory description

dump.json file description

L0 level

L1 level

mix level

Sunbelt Computer Software

PL/B Language Development and Support

​Basic Details

​Background Concepts: MSProbe Dumping Levels

​Prerequisites: Install MSProbe

​Key Configuration Parameters

​Configuration Parameter Table

​Default configuration

​Outputs

​End-to-End Examples

​Example : Advanced Debugging with Custom Configuration

​Step 1: Enable

Prepare Custom Configuration JSON

Enable MSProbe with Custom Configuration in SGLang

​Step 2: Collect Data

Collect Dump Data for Problem & Benchmark Sides

Check Generated Dump Files

​Step 3: Visualize

Visualize Problem vs. Benchmark Comparison (Multi-Rank)

Launch TensorBoard

​Step 4: Analyze Root Cause

Locate Root Cause

Verify the Root Cause

​Troubleshooting

​No Dump Files Generated

​Dump Files Are Too Large (Excessive Data)

​TensorBoard Visualization Fails

​Numerical Comparison Shows No Divergence But Model Accuracy Is Low

​Appendix

​Dump directory description

​dump.json file description

​L0 level

​L1 level

​mix level

Basic Details

Background Concepts: MSProbe Dumping Levels

Prerequisites: Install MSProbe

Key Configuration Parameters

Configuration Parameter Table

Default configuration

Outputs

End-to-End Examples

Example : Advanced Debugging with Custom Configuration

Step 1: Enable

Step 2: Collect Data

Step 3: Visualize

Step 4: Analyze Root Cause

Troubleshooting

No Dump Files Generated

Dump Files Are Too Large (Excessive Data)

TensorBoard Visualization Fails

Numerical Comparison Shows No Divergence But Model Accuracy Is Low

Appendix

Dump directory description

dump.json file description

L0 level

L1 level

mix level