auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");

if (func != nullptr) {

return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);

} else {

return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;

}

auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");

if (func != nullptr) {

func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);

}

std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;

std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;

bool isComplete() {

return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();

}

VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;

std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;

std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;

void run() {

initWindow();

initVulkan();

mainLoop();

cleanup();

}

GLFWwindow* window;

VkInstance instance;

VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;

VkSurfaceKHR surface;

VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

VkDevice device;

VkQueue graphicsQueue;

VkQueue presentQueue;

VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;

std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;

VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;

VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;

std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;

std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;

VkRenderPass renderPass;

VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;

VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;

VkCommandPool commandPool;

std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;

std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;

std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;

std::vector<VkFence> imagesInFlight;

size_t currentFrame = 0;

void initWindow() {

glfwInit();

glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_FALSE);

window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);

}

void initVulkan() {

createInstance();

setupDebugMessenger();

createSurface();

pickPhysicalDevice();

createLogicalDevice();

createSwapChain();

createImageViews();

createRenderPass();

createGraphicsPipeline();

createFramebuffers();

createCommandPool();

createCommandBuffers();

createSyncObjects();

}

void mainLoop() {

while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {

glfwPollEvents();

drawFrame();

}

vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

}

void cleanup() {

for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {

vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);

vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);

vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);

}

vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);

for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) {

vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);

}

vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);

vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);

vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);

for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {

vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);

}

vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);

vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

if (enableValidationLayers) {

DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);

}

vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);

vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

glfwDestroyWindow(window);

glfwTerminate();

}

void createInstance() {

if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {

throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");

}

VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};

appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;

appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";

appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);

appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";

appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);

appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;

createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();

createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());

createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo;

if (enableValidationLayers) {

createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());

createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);

createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*) &debugCreateInfo;

} else {

createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

createInfo.pNext = nullptr;

}

if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");

}

}

void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {

createInfo = {};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;

createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;

createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;

createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;

}

void setupDebugMessenger() {

if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;

populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");

}

}

void createSurface() {

if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");

}

}

void pickPhysicalDevice() {

uint32_t deviceCount = 0;

vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

if (deviceCount == 0) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");

}

std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);

vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

for (const auto& device : devices) {

if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {

physicalDevice = device;

break;

}

}

if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");

}

}

void createLogicalDevice() {

QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;

std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value()};

float queuePriority = 1.0f;

for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {

VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};

queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;

queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;

queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;

queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;

queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);

}

VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};

VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());

createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();

createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());

createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

if (enableValidationLayers) {

createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());

createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

} else {

createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

}

if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");

}

vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);

vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);

}

void createSwapChain() {

SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);

VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);

VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;

if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {

imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;

}

VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;

createInfo.surface = surface;

createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;

createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;

createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;

createInfo.imageExtent = extent;

createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;

createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value()};

if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {

createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;

createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;

createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;

} else {

createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

}

createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;

createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;

createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;

createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;

createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");

}

vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);

swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);

vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());

swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;

swapChainExtent = extent;

}

void createImageViews() {

swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {

VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo{};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;

createInfo.image = swapChainImages[i];

createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;

createInfo.format = swapChainImageFormat;

createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;

createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;

createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;

createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;

createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;

createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;

createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;

createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;

createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

if (vkCreateImageView(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChainImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!");

}

}

}

void createRenderPass() {

VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment{};

colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;

colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;

colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;

colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;

colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;

colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;

colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef{};

colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;

colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

VkSubpassDescription subpass{};

subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;

subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;

subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;

VkSubpassDependency dependency{};

dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;

dependency.dstSubpass = 0;

dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;

dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;

dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;

dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo{};

renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;

renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;

renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;

renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;

renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;

renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;

renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");

}

}

void createGraphicsPipeline() {

auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");

auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");

VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);

VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{};

vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;

vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;

vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;

vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{};

fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;

fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;

fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;

fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo};

VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{};

vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 0;

vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 0;

VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{};

inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;

inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

VkViewport viewport{};

viewport.x = 0.0f;

viewport.y = 0.0f;

viewport.width = (float) swapChainExtent.width;

viewport.height = (float) swapChainExtent.height;

viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;

viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;

VkRect2D scissor{};

scissor.offset = {0, 0};

scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;

VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{};

viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

viewportState.viewportCount = 1;

viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;

viewportState.scissorCount = 1;

viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;

VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{};

rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;

rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;

rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;

rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;

rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;

rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE;

rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;

VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{};

multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;

multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{};

colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;

colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;

VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{};

colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;

colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;

colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;

colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;

colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f;

colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f;

colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f;

colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f;

VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{};

pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;

pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 0;

pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0;

if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");

}

VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo{};

pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;

pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;

pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;

pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;

pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;

pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;

pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;

pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;

pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;

pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;

pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;

pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;

pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");

}

vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);

vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);

}

void createFramebuffers() {

swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {

VkImageView attachments[] = {

swapChainImageViews[i]

};

VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};

framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;

framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;

framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;

framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;

framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;

framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;

framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");

}

}

}

void createCommandPool() {

QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};

poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;

poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();

if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");

}

}

void createCommandBuffers() {

commandBuffers.resize(swapChainFramebuffers.size());

VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};

allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;

allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;

allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;

allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t) commandBuffers.size();

if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");

}

for (size_t i = 0; i < commandBuffers.size(); i++) {

VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};

beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;

if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");

}

VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};

renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;

renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;

renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[i];

renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};

renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

VkClearValue clearColor = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};

renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;

renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;

vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffers[i], &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);

vkCmdDraw(commandBuffers[i], 3, 1, 0, 0);

vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffers[i]);

if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");

}

}

}

void createSyncObjects() {

imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

imagesInFlight.resize(swapChainImages.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE);

VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};

semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};

fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;

fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {

if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||

vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||

vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");

}

}

}

void drawFrame() {

vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);

uint32_t imageIndex;

vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

if (imagesInFlight[imageIndex] != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {

vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &imagesInFlight[imageIndex], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);

}

imagesInFlight[imageIndex] = inFlightFences[currentFrame];

VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};

submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = {imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame]};

VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = {VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT};

submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;

submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;

submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;

submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex];

VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = {renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame]};

submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;

submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");

}

VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};

presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;

presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = {swapChain};

presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;

presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;

presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;

vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;

}

VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) {

VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;

createInfo.codeSize = code.size();

createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());

VkShaderModule shaderModule;

if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");

}

return shaderModule;

}

VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) {

for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) {

if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB && availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {

return availableFormat;

}

}

return availableFormats[0];

}

VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {

for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {

if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {

return availablePresentMode;

}

}

return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;

}

VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {

if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != UINT32_MAX) {

return capabilities.currentExtent;

} else {

int width, height;

glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

VkExtent2D actualExtent = {

static_cast<uint32_t>(width),

static_cast<uint32_t>(height)

};

actualExtent.width = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.width, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width));

actualExtent.height = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.height, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height));

return actualExtent;

}

}

SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

SwapChainSupportDetails details;

vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities);

uint32_t formatCount;

vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);

if (formatCount != 0) {

details.formats.resize(formatCount);

vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());

}

uint32_t presentModeCount;

vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);

if (presentModeCount != 0) {

details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);

vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());

}

return details;

}

bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

bool swapChainAdequate = false;

if (extensionsSupported) {

SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);

swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();

}

return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate;

}

bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

uint32_t extensionCount;

vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);

std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);

vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());

std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {

requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);

}

return requiredExtensions.empty();

}

QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

QueueFamilyIndices indices;

uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;

vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);

std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);

vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());

int i = 0;

for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {

if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {

indices.graphicsFamily = i;

}

VkBool32 presentSupport = false;

vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);

if (presentSupport) {

indices.presentFamily = i;

}

if (indices.isComplete()) {

break;

}

i++;

}

return indices;

}

std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() {

uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;

const char** glfwExtensions;

glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);

if (enableValidationLayers) {

extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);

}

return extensions;

}

bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {

uint32_t layerCount;

vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);

vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {

bool layerFound = false;

for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) {

if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {

layerFound = true;

break;

}

}

if (!layerFound) {

return false;

}

}

return true;

}

static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {

std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);

if (!file.is_open()) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");

}

size_t fileSize = (size_t) file.tellg();

std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);

file.seekg(0);

file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);

file.close();

return buffer;

}

static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void* pUserData) {

std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;

return VK_FALSE;

}

HelloTriangleApplication app;

try {

app.run();

} catch (const std::exception& e) {

std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;

return EXIT_FAILURE;

}

return EXIT_SUCCESS;