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# #可调用对象

# def foo():

# print('hello')

# foo()#这个和下面的意思是一样的

# foo.__call__()

#

# #__call__类中的第一个方法，实例就可以向函数一样调用

# class Point:

# def __init__(self,x,y):

# self.x = x

# self.y = y

# def __call__(self,*args,**kwargs):

# return 'Point({},{})'.format(self.x,self.y)

#

# p = Point(4,5)

# print(p.__dict__)

# print(p())

#

# class Adder:

# def __call__(self,*args):

# ret = 0

# for x in args:

# ret += x

# self.ret = ret

# return ret

#

# adder = Adder()

# print(adder(2,3,4,5,8))

# print(adder.ret)

#

# #定义一个斐波那契数列，方便调用。计算第n项目

# class Fib:

# def __init__(self):

# self.items = [0,1,1]

# def __call__(self,index):

# return self[index]

# def __iter__(self):

# return iter(self.items)

# def __len__(self):

# return len(self.items)

# def __getitem__(self,index):

# if index < 0:

# raise IndexError('Wrong Index')

# if index < len(self.items):

# return self.items[index]

# for i in range(3,index+1):

# itm = self.items[i-1] + self.items[i-2]

# if itm not in self.items:

# self.items.append(self.items[i-1] + self.items[i-2])

# return self.items[index]

# def __str__(self):

# return str(self.items)

# __repr__ = __str__

# fib = Fib()

# print(fib(5),len(fib))

# print(fib(10),len(fib))

# for x in fib:

# print(x)

# #上下文管理

# import sys

# class Point:

# def __init__(self):

# print('init')

# def __enter__(self):

# print('enter')

# def __exit__(self,exc_type,exc_val,exc_tb):

# print('异常类型',exc_type)

# print('异常的值',exc_val)

# print('异常信息追踪',exc_tb)

# print('exit')

#

# with Point() as f:

# raise Exception('New error')

# print('do sth')

# print(f)

#练习 位加法函数计时

# #运用装饰器

# import datetime

# import time

# from functools import wraps

#

# def timeit(fn):

# @wraps(fn)

# def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):

# start = datetime.datetime.now()

# ret = fn(*args,**kwargs)

# delta = (datetime.datetime.now() - start).total_seconds()

# print('{} took {}s'.format(fn.__name__,delta))

# return ret

# return wrapper

# @timeit

# def add(x,y):

# time.sleep(2)

# return x + y

# print(add(4,5))

#运用上下文管理

# import time

# import datetime

# from functools import wraps

#

# def add(x,y):

# time.sleep(2)

# return x + y

#

#

# class TimeIt:

# def __init__(self,fn):

# self.fn = fn

#

# def __enter__(self):

# self.start = datetime.datetime.now()

# return self

# def __exit__(self,exc_type,exc_val,exc_tb):

# self.delta = (datetime.datetime.now() - self.start).total_seconds()

# print('{} took {}s'.format(self.fn.__name__,self.delta))

# pass

# def __call__(self,x,y):

# print(x,y)

# return self.fn(x,y)

#

# with TimeIt(add) as foo:

# foo(4,6)

# #运用类装饰器来实现

# import time

# import datetime

# from functools import wraps

#

# class TimeIt:

# '''this is a class'''

# def __init__(self,fn = None):

# if fn is not None:

# self.fn = fn

# #self.__doc__ = fn.__doc__

# wraps(fn)(self)

#

# def __enter__(self):

# self.start = datetime.datetime.now()

# return self

# def __exit__(self,exc_type,exc_val,exc_tb):

# self.delta = (datetime.datetime.now() - self.start).total_seconds()

# print('{} took {}s'.format(self.fn.__name__,self.delta))

# def __call__(self,*args,**kwargs):

# return self.fn(*args,**kwargs)

# @TimeIt

# def add(x,y):

# '''this is a add function'''

# return x + y

#

# print(add(4,5))

# print(add.__doc__)

# print(TimeIt.__doc__)

# #反射

# class Point:

# def __init__(self,x,y,z=None):

# self.x = x

# self.y = y

# def __str__(self):

# return 'Point({},{})'.format(self.x,self.y)

# def show(self):

# print(self.x,self.y)

#

# p1 = Point(4,5)

# p2 = Point(10,10)

# print(p1,p2)

# print(repr(p1),repr(p2),sep = '\n')

# print(p1.__dict__)

# setattr(p1,'y',20)

# setattr(p1,'z',9)

# print(getattr(p1,'__dict__'))

#

# if hasattr(p1,"show"):

# getattr(p1,'show')()

# if not hasattr(p1,'add'):

# setattr(Point,'__add__',lambda self,other:Point(self.x + other.x,self.y + other.y))

# print(Point.__add__)

# print(p2+p1)

# if not hasattr(p1,'sub'):

# setattr(p1,'sub',lambda self,other:Point(self.x - other.x,self.y - other.y))

# print(p1.sub(p1,p1))

#

# print(p1.__dict__)

# print(Point.__dict__)

# #用类来实现命令分发器

# class Dispatcher:

# def __init__(self):

# self._run()

# def cmd1(self):

# print("i'm cmd1")

#

# def cmd2(self):

# print("i'm cmd2")

#

# def _run(self):

# while True:

# cmd = input('Plz input a cmd')

# if cmd.strip() == 'quit':

# break

# getattr(self,cmd,lambda:print('Unknown Command{}'.format(cmd)))

# Dispatcher()

#反射相关的魔术方法

# class Base:

# n = 0

#

# class Point(Base):

# z = 6

# def __init__(self,x,y):

# self.x = x

# self.y = y

# def show(self):

# print(self.x, self.y)

# def __getattr__(self, item):

# return 'missing {}'.format(item)

#

# p1 = Point(4,5)

# print(p1.x)

# print(p1.z)

# print(p1.n)

# print(p1.t)#missing t

# class Base:

# n = 0

#

# class Point(Base):

# z = 6

# def __init__(self,x,y):

# print('init')

# self.x = x

# self.y = y

# def show(self):

# print(self.x, self.y)

# def __getattr__(self, item):

# return 'missing {}'.format(item)

# def __setattr__(self,key,value):

# print('setattr {} = {}'.format(key,value))

#

# p1 = Point(4,5)

# p1.t = 100

# print('1',p1.x)

# print('2',p1.y)

# print('3',p1.z)

# print('4',p1.n)

# print('5',p1.t)#missing t

# class Base:

# n = 0

#

# class Point(Base):

# z = 6

# def __init__(self,x,y):

# self.x = x

# self.y = y

# def show(self):

# print(self.x, self.y)

# def __getattr__(self, item):

# return 'missing {}'.format(item)

# def __getattribute__(self, item):

# return item

#

# p1 = Point(4,5)

# print(p1.__dict__)

# print(p1.x)

# print(p1.z)

# print(p1.n)

# print(p1.t)#missing t

# print(Point.__dict__)

# print(Point.z)

#描述器

# class A:

# def __init__(self):

# self.a1 = 'a1'

# print('A.init')

#

# class B:

# x = A()

# def __init__(self):

# print('B.init')

#

# print('-'*20)

# print(B.x.a1)

#

# print('='*20)

# b = B()

# print(b.x.a1)

#加入__get__函数

# class A:

# def __init__(self):

# self.a1 = 'a1'

# print('A.init')

#

# def __get__(self,instance,owner):

# print('A.__get__{} {} {}'.format(self,instance,owner))

# return self #解决返回值是None的问题

#

# class B:

# x = A()

# def __init__(self):

# print('B.init')

#

# print('-'*20)

# print(B.x.a1)

#

# print('='*20)

# b = B()

# print(b.x.a1)

#类B的实例属性可以吗

# class A:

# def __init__(self):

# self.a1 = 'a1'

# print('A.init')

#

# def __get__(self,instance,owner):

# print('A.__get__{} {} {}'.format(self,instance,owner))

# return self #解决返回值是None的问题

#

# class B:

# x = A()

# def __init__(self):

# self.b = A()

# print('B.init')

#

# print('-'*20)

# print(B.x)

# print(B.x.a1)

#

# print('='*20)

# b = B()

# print(b.x)

# print(b.x.a1)

#print(b.b)#访问实例的属性并不会触发get函数

# class A:

# def __init__(self):

# self.a1 = 'a1'

# print('A.init')

#

# def __get__(self,instance,owner):

# print('A.__get__{} {} {}'.format(self,instance,owner))

# return self #解决返回值是None的问题

#

# class B:

# x = A()

# def __init__(self):

# print('B.init')

# self.x = 'b.x'#增加实例属性

#

# print('-'*20)

# print(B.x)

# print(B.x.a1)

#

# print('='*20)

# b = B()

# print(b.x)

# #print(b.x.a1)

# class A:

# def __init__(self):

# self.a1 = 'a1'

# print('A.init')

#

# def __get__(self,instance,owner):

# print('A.__get__{} {} {}'.format(self,instance,owner))

# return self #解决返回值是None的问题

#

# def __set__(self,instance,value):

# print('A.__set__ {} {} {}'.format(self,instance,value))

# self.data = value

#

# class B:

# x = A()

# def __init__(self):

# print('B.init')

# self.x = 'b.x'

#

# print('-'*20)

# print(B.x)

# print(B.x.a1)

#

# print('='*20)

# b = B()

# print(b.x)

# print(b.x.a1)

# print(A.__dict__)

# print(B.__dict__)

# print(b.__dict__)

# b.x = 500

# print(A.__dict__)

# print(B.__dict__)

# print(b.__dict__)

# B.x =600

# print(A.__dict__)

# print(B.__dict__)

# print(b.__dict__)

#描述其的本质

# class A:

# def __init__(self):

# self.a1 = 'a1'

# print('A.init')

#

# def __get__(self,instance,owner):

# print('A.__get__{} {} {}'.format(self,instance,owner))

# return self #解决返回值是None的问题

#

# def __set__(self,instance,value):

# print('A.__set__ {} {} {}'.format(self,instance,value))

# self.data = value

#

# class B:

# x = A()

# def __init__(self):

# print('B.init')

# self.x = 'b.x'

# self.y = 'b.y'

#

# print('-'*20)

# print(B.x)

# print(B.x.a1)

#

# print('='*20)

# b = B()

# print(b.x)

# print(b.y)

# print(b.__dict__)

# print(B.__dict__)