for (*pv++ = move; childPv && *childPv != Move::none();)

*pv++ = *childPv++;

*pv = Move::none();

if (!is_valid(v))

return VALUE_NONE;

// handle TB win or better

if (is_win(v)) {

// Downgrade a potentially false mate score

if (is_mate(v) && VALUE_MATE - v > 100 - r50c)

return VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY - 1;

// Downgrade a potentially false TB score.

if (VALUE_TB - v > 100 - r50c)

return VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY - 1;

return v - ply;

}

// handle TB loss or worse

if (is_loss(v)) {

// Downgrade a potentially false mate score.

if (is_mated(v) && VALUE_MATE + v > 100 - r50c)

return VALUE_TB_LOSS_IN_MAX_PLY + 1;

// Downgrade a potentially false TB score.

if (VALUE_TB + v > 100 - r50c)

return VALUE_TB_LOSS_IN_MAX_PLY + 1;

return v + ply;

}

return v;

session.nodes++;

session.qnodes++;

session.seldepth = std::max(session.seldepth, ply);

if (((session.nodes & 2047) == 0 && session.tm.elapsed() >= session.tm.optimum()) ||

(session.tc.nodes > 0 && session.nodes >= session.tc.nodes) || stopSearch.load(std::memory_order_relaxed))

return VALUE_NONE;

bool inCheck = board.is_check();

if (board.is_draw(3) || board.is_insufficient_material())

return VALUE_DRAW;

Move ttMove = Move::none();

TTEntry *entry = search::tt.lookup(board.hash());

Value alphaOrig = alpha;

if (entry) {

session.ttHits++;

Value ttScore = value_from_tt(entry->getScore(), ply, board.rule50_count());

if (entry->getFlag() == EXACT) {

session.ttCutoffs++;

return ttScore;

}

if (entry->getFlag() == LOWERBOUND && ttScore >= beta) {

session.ttCutoffs++;

return ttScore;

}

if (entry->getFlag() == UPPERBOUND && ttScore <= alpha) {

session.ttCutoffs++;

return ttScore;

}

if (entry->getFlag() == LOWERBOUND)

alpha = std::max(alpha, ttScore);

else if (entry->getFlag() == UPPERBOUND)

beta = std::min(beta, ttScore);

if (alpha >= beta) {

session.ttCutoffs++;

return ttScore;

}

ttMove = Move(entry->getMove());

}

Movelist moves;

if (inCheck)

board.legals(moves);

else

board.legals<MoveGenType::CAPTURE>(moves);

Value best = -VALUE_INFINITE;

Value standPat = VALUE_NONE;

if (!inCheck) {

standPat = eval::eval(board);

if (standPat >= beta)

return standPat;

if (standPat > alpha)

alpha = standPat;

best = standPat;

}

if (!moves.size())

return inCheck ? mated_in(ply) : best;

if (ply >= MAX_PLY - 1)

return best;

movepick::orderMoves(board, moves, ttMove, ply, session, Move::none());

int movesSearched = 0;

for (Move move : moves) {

bool isCapture = board.isCapture(move);

bool givesCheck = board.givesCheck(move) != CheckType::NO_CHECK;

if (!is_loss(best)) {

if (!isCapture && !givesCheck)

continue;

if (isCapture && !givesCheck && move.type_of() != PROMOTION) {

Value capturedValue = move.type_of() == EN_PASSANT ? eval::piece_value_mg(PAWN)

: eval::piece_value_mg(board.at<PieceType>(move.to()));

if (standPat + capturedValue + 200 < alpha)

continue;

if (movepick::see(board, move) < 0)

continue;

}

}

board.doMove(move);

Value score = -qsearch(board, -beta, -alpha, session, ply + 1);

board.undoMove();

if (score == VALUE_NONE)

return VALUE_NONE;

if (score > best) {

ttMove = move;

best = score;

}

if (score > alpha)

alpha = score;

if (alpha >= beta)

break;

movesSearched++;

}

TTFlag flag = best >= beta ? LOWERBOUND : best <= alphaOrig ? UPPERBOUND : EXACT;

tt.store(board.hash(), ttMove, value_to_tt(best, ply), 0, flag);

return best;

Position &board, int depth, Value alpha, Value beta, search::Session &session, int ply = 0, Move prevMove = Move::none()) {

session.nodes++;

session.seldepth = std::max(session.seldepth, ply);

if (ply >= MAX_PLY - 1)

return eval::eval(board);

if (depth <= 0)

return qsearch(board, alpha, beta, session, ply);

if (((session.nodes & 2047) == 0 && session.tm.elapsed() >= session.tm.optimum()) ||

(session.tc.nodes > 0 && session.nodes >= session.tc.nodes) || stopSearch.load(std::memory_order_relaxed))

return VALUE_NONE;

bool inCheck = board.is_check();

alpha = std::max(mated_in(ply), alpha);

beta = std::min(mate_in(ply + 1), beta);

if (alpha >= beta)

return alpha;

if (board.is_draw(3) || board.is_insufficient_material())

return VALUE_DRAW;

Value alphaOrig = alpha;

uint64_t hash = board.hash();

Move ttMove = Move::none();

Value staticEval = eval::eval(board);

TTEntry *entry = search::tt.lookup(hash);

if (entry) {

if (entry->getDepth() >= depth) {

session.ttHits++;

Value ttScore = value_from_tt(entry->getScore(), ply, board.rule50_count());

TTFlag flag = entry->getFlag();

if (flag == EXACT && ply > 0) {

session.ttCutoffs++;

return ttScore;

}

if (flag == LOWERBOUND && ttScore >= beta && ply > 0) {

session.ttCutoffs++;

return ttScore;

}

if (flag == UPPERBOUND && ttScore <= alpha && ply > 0) {

session.ttCutoffs++;

return ttScore;

}

}

ttMove = Move(entry->getMove());

}

// Reverse futility pruning: if eval is well above beta, prune

if (!inCheck && ply > 0 && depth <= 3 && staticEval - 150 * depth >= beta && !is_win(beta) &&

std::abs(beta) < VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY)

return staticEval;

// Razoring: if eval is far below alpha, try qsearch to verify

if (depth <= 2 && !inCheck && ply > 0 && !is_win(alpha)) {

Value razorMargin = Value(256 + 100 * depth);

if (staticEval + razorMargin < alpha) {

Value v = qsearch(board, alpha - 1, alpha, session, ply);

if (v == VALUE_NONE)

return VALUE_NONE;

if (v < alpha && std::abs(v) < VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY)

return v;

}

}

// Null move pruning (skip when a mate threat is possible)

if (depth >= 3 && !inCheck && ply > 0 && staticEval >= beta && !is_win(beta)) {

int R = 2 + depth / 6; // + std::min(2, depth / 10);

board.doNullMove();

Value score = doSearch(board, depth - 1 - R, -beta, -beta + 1, session, ply + 1, Move::none());

board.undoMove();

if (score == VALUE_NONE)

return VALUE_NONE;

score = -score;

if (score >= beta) {

session.nullCutoffs++;

return score;

}

}

// ProbCut: if eval is well above beta, verify with reduced-depth search

if (depth >= 5 && !inCheck && !is_win(beta) && std::abs(beta) < VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY) {

Value probCutMargin = Value(200 + 100 * (depth - 5));

if (staticEval >= beta + probCutMargin) {

Value v = doSearch(board, depth - 2, beta - 1, beta, session, ply, prevMove);

if (v == VALUE_NONE)

return VALUE_NONE;

if (v >= beta)

return v;

}

}

// Existing static null-move / futility pruning

if (!inCheck && staticEval < alpha - 512 - 293 * depth * depth) {

Value value = qsearch(board, alpha - 1, alpha, session, ply);

if (value == VALUE_NONE)

return VALUE_NONE;

if (value < alpha && std::abs(value) < VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY)

return value;

}

// Tablebase probing (unchanged)

if (ply != 0) {

if (popcount(board.occ()) <= 7 && board.castlingRights() == NO_CASTLING) {

int wdl = engine::tb::probe_wdl(board);

if (wdl != engine::tb::TB_ERROR) {

session.tbHits++;

int drawScore = 1;

Value tbValue = VALUE_TB - ply;

Value value = wdl < -drawScore ? -tbValue : wdl > drawScore ? tbValue : VALUE_DRAW + 2 * wdl * drawScore;

TTFlag b = wdl < -drawScore ? UPPERBOUND : wdl > drawScore ? LOWERBOUND : EXACT;

if (b == EXACT || (b == LOWERBOUND ? value >= beta : value <= alpha)) {

tt.store(hash, Move::none(), value_to_tt(value, ply), std::min(MAX_PLY - 1, depth + 6), b);

return value;

}

if (b == LOWERBOUND)

alpha = std::max(alpha, value);

if (alpha >= beta)

return alpha;

}

}

}

// Internal Iterative Deepening (IID): get a TT move when we don't have one

if (depth >= 8 && ttMove == Move::none() && !inCheck && alpha != beta - 1) {

int d = std::max(2, depth - 2 - depth / 4);

Value v = doSearch(board, d, alpha, beta, session, ply, prevMove);

if (v == VALUE_NONE)

return VALUE_NONE;

if (TTEntry *e = search::tt.lookup(hash))

ttMove = Move(e->getMove());

}

Movelist moves;

board.legals(moves);

if (!moves.size()) {

return board.checkers() ? mated_in(ply) : 0;

}

movepick::orderMoves(board, moves, ttMove, ply, session, prevMove);

// Singular Extension: extend TT move when it dominates all others

int singularExt = 0;

if (depth >= 12 && ttMove.is_ok() && !inCheck && ply > 0 && entry && entry->getDepth() >= depth - 4 &&

entry->getFlag() != UPPERBOUND && alpha != beta - 1 && !is_win(beta)) {

Value sBeta = std::max(staticEval - 2 * depth, Value(-VALUE_MATE));

int r = std::max(2, depth / 4);

if (moves.size() <= 5) {

bool singular = true;

for (size_t si = 0; si < moves.size() && singular; ++si) {

if (ply == 0 && !session.tc.searchmoves.empty() &&

std::find(session.tc.searchmoves.begin(),

session.tc.searchmoves.end(),

chess::uci::moveToUci(moves[si], board.chess960())) == session.tc.searchmoves.end())

continue;

if (moves[si] == ttMove)

continue;

board.doMove(moves[si]);

Value v = doSearch(board, r, -sBeta, -sBeta + 1, session, ply + 1, moves[si]);

board.undoMove();

if (v == VALUE_NONE) {

singular = false;

break;

}

v = -v;

if (v >= sBeta)

singular = false;

}

if (singular)

singularExt = 1;

}

}

Value maxScore = -VALUE_INFINITE;

Move bestMove = Move::none();

int movesSearched = 0;

Movelist quietsSearched;

for (size_t i = 0; i < moves.size(); ++i) {

Move move = moves[i];

if (ply == 0 && !session.tc.searchmoves.empty() &&

std::find(session.tc.searchmoves.begin(),

session.tc.searchmoves.end(),

chess::uci::moveToUci(move, board.chess960())) == session.tc.searchmoves.end())

continue;

bool isCapture = board.isCapture(move);

bool givesCheck = board.givesCheck(move) != CheckType::NO_CHECK;

// Futility pruning at shallow depths

if (!inCheck && !isCapture && !givesCheck && depth <= 2 && ply > 0 && movesSearched > 0) {

Value margin = Value(128 + 128 * depth);

if (staticEval + margin <= alpha && std::abs(alpha) < VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY)

continue;

}

// Late move pruning at very shallow depths

if (!inCheck && !isCapture && !givesCheck && depth <= 2 && movesSearched > 3 + 2 * depth &&

std::abs(alpha) < VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY)

continue;

// SEE pruning for losing captures at shallow depths

if (!inCheck && isCapture && !givesCheck && depth <= 2 && movesSearched > 0 && move.type_of() != PROMOTION &&

std::abs(alpha) < VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY) {

if (movepick::see(board, move) < 0)

continue;

}

// LMR reduction

int reduction = 0;

if (movesSearched >= 2 && depth >= 3) {

if (!isCapture && !givesCheck) {

reduction = 1 + movesSearched / 5 + depth / 7;

int history = session.historyHeuristic[(int)move.from()][(int)move.to()];

if (history > 0)

reduction--;

else if (history < 0)

reduction++;

if (move == session.killerMoves[ply][0] || move == session.killerMoves[ply][1])

reduction--;

if (prevMove.is_ok() && move == session.counterMoves[prevMove.from_to()])

reduction--;

if (staticEval + 50 < alphaOrig)

reduction++;

else if (staticEval - 50 >= alphaOrig)

reduction--;

} else if (movesSearched >= 6) {

reduction = 1 + movesSearched / 8;

}

if (reduction > 0)

reduction = std::clamp(reduction, 1, depth - 2);

}

int ext = 0;

if (singularExt && movesSearched == 0)

ext = 1;

if (ext == 0 && moves.size() == 1)

ext = 1;

if (ext == 0 && isCapture)

ext = 1;

board.doMove(move);

Value score;

if (movesSearched == 0 || reduction == 0) {

score = doSearch(board, depth - 1 + ext, -beta, -alpha, session, ply + 1, move);

if (score == VALUE_NONE) {

board.undoMove();

return VALUE_NONE;

}

score = -score;

} else {

int d = depth - 1 - reduction + ext;

score = doSearch(board, d, -alpha - 1, -alpha, session, ply + 1, move);

if (score == VALUE_NONE) {

board.undoMove();

return VALUE_NONE;

}

score = -score;

if (score > alpha && reduction) {

session.lmrResearches++;

score = doSearch(board, depth - 1 + ext, -beta, -alpha, session, ply + 1, move);

if (score == VALUE_NONE) {

board.undoMove();

return VALUE_NONE;

}

score = -score;

}

}

board.undoMove();

movesSearched++;

if (!isCapture && !givesCheck)

quietsSearched.push_back(move);

if (score > maxScore) {

maxScore = score;

bestMove = move;

}

if (score > alpha)

alpha = score;

if (alpha >= beta) {

if (!isCapture) {

int bonus = depth * depth;

if (is_win(score))

bonus += 4 * depth * depth;

session.historyHeuristic[(int)move.from()][(int)move.to()] =

std::clamp(session.historyHeuristic[(int)move.from()][(int)move.to()] + bonus, -16384, 16384);

int malus = 300 * depth - 250;

for (Move move_ : quietsSearched)

if (move_ != move)

session.historyHeuristic[(int)move_.from()][(int)move_.to()] =

std::clamp(session.historyHeuristic[(int)move_.from()][(int)move_.to()] - malus, -16384, 16384);

if (session.killerMoves[ply][0] != move) {

session.killerMoves[ply][1] = session.killerMoves[ply][0];

session.killerMoves[ply][0] = move;

}

if (prevMove.is_ok())

session.counterMoves[prevMove.from_to()] = move;

}

break;

}

if (((session.nodes & 2047) == 0 && session.tm.elapsed() >= session.tm.optimum()) ||

stopSearch.load(std::memory_order_relaxed))

return VALUE_NONE;

}

if (maxScore != -VALUE_INFINITE) {

TTFlag flag = maxScore >= beta ? LOWERBOUND : maxScore <= alphaOrig ? UPPERBOUND : EXACT;

tt.store(hash, bestMove, value_to_tt(maxScore, ply), depth, flag);

}

return maxScore;

std::string pv;

chess::Position pos = root;

for (int ply = 0; ply < maxPly; ply++) {

if (pos.is_draw(3))

break;

TTEntry *e = search::tt.lookup(pos.hash());

if (!e)

break;

chess::Move m(e->getMove());

if (!m.is_ok())

break;

chess::Movelist ml;

pos.legals(ml);

bool legal = false;

for (size_t i = 0; i < ml.size(); i++)

if (ml[i] == m) {

legal = true;

break;

}

if (!legal)

break;

pv += chess::uci::moveToUci(m, root.chess960()) + " ";

if (ply + 1 >= maxPly)

break;

pos.doMove(m);

}

return pv;

stopSearch = false;

tt.newSearch();

static double originalTimeAdjust = -1;

Session session;

session.tc = timecontrol;

session.tm.init(session.tc, board.side_to_move(), board.ply(), originalTimeAdjust);

session.lastLogTime = session.tm.elapsed();

session.ogcolor = board.side_to_move();

chess::Move lastBestMove{};

Value prevScore = VALUE_NONE;

if (!session.tc.searchmoves.empty()) {

Movelist legal;

board.legals(legal);

bool any_legal = false;

for (size_t i = 0; i < legal.size() && !any_legal; ++i)

if (std::find(session.tc.searchmoves.begin(),

session.tc.searchmoves.end(),

chess::uci::moveToUci(legal[i], board.chess960())) != session.tc.searchmoves.end())

any_legal = true;

if (!any_legal)

session.tc.searchmoves.clear();

}

{

Movelist moves;

board.legals(moves);

Position board_ = board;

Move best = Move::none();

Value bestScore = -VALUE_INFINITE;

double unusedTimeAdjust = -1;

Session tmpSession;

tmpSession.tc = session.tc;

tmpSession.tm.init(session.tc, board.side_to_move(), board.ply(), unusedTimeAdjust);

for (Move move : moves) {

if (!session.tc.searchmoves.empty() &&

std::find(session.tc.searchmoves.begin(),

session.tc.searchmoves.end(),

chess::uci::moveToUci(move, board.chess960())) == session.tc.searchmoves.end())

continue;

board_.doMove(move);

Value score = -qsearch(board_, -VALUE_INFINITE, VALUE_INFINITE, tmpSession, 0);

if (score > bestScore) {

bestScore = score;

best = move;

}

board_.undoMove();

}

lastBestMove = best;

}

for (int i = 1; i <= timecontrol.depth; i++) {

session.lastLogTime = session.tm.elapsed();

session.depth = i;

for (int _ = 0; _ < 64; _++)

for (int j = 0; j < 64; j++)

session.historyHeuristic[_][j] = session.historyHeuristic[_][j] * 1 / 2;

auto board_ = board;

Value score_;

if (i >= 3 && prevScore != VALUE_NONE && !is_win(prevScore) && !is_loss(prevScore)) {

Value delta = Value(20 + i * 5);

Value alpha0 = std::max(prevScore - delta, -VALUE_INFINITE);

Value beta0 = std::min(prevScore + delta, VALUE_INFINITE);

score_ = doSearch(board_, i, alpha0, beta0, session);

if (score_ != VALUE_NONE && score_ <= alpha0) {

score_ = doSearch(board_, i, -VALUE_INFINITE, beta0, session);

if (score_ != VALUE_NONE && score_ <= alpha0)

score_ = doSearch(board_, i, -VALUE_INFINITE, VALUE_INFINITE, session);

} else if (score_ != VALUE_NONE && score_ >= beta0) {

score_ = doSearch(board_, i, alpha0, VALUE_INFINITE, session);

if (score_ != VALUE_NONE && score_ >= beta0)

score_ = doSearch(board_, i, -VALUE_INFINITE, VALUE_INFINITE, session);

}

} else {

score_ = doSearch(board_, i, -VALUE_INFINITE, VALUE_INFINITE, session);

}

prevScore = score_;

if (session.tm.elapsed() >= session.tm.optimum() || session.tm.elapsed() >= session.tm.maximum() ||

stopSearch.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) || score_ == VALUE_NONE)

break;

InfoFull info{};

info.depth = i;

info.selDepth = session.seldepth;

info.hashfull = tt.hashfull();

info.nodes = session.nodes;

info.nps = session.nodes * 1000 / std::max(session.tm.elapsed(), (timeman::TimePoint)1);

info.timeMs = session.tm.elapsed();

info.tbHits = session.tbHits;

info.multiPV = 1;

info.score = score_;

TTEntry *entry = tt.lookup(board.hash());

if (entry)

switch (entry->getFlag()) {

case LOWERBOUND:

info.bound = "lowerbound";

break;

case UPPERBOUND:

info.bound = "upperbound";

break;

default:

break;

}

info.pv = extract_pv(board, 2 * i + 4);

// Save first move from PV for bestmove output

std::string pvStr = info.pv;

size_t sp = pvStr.find(' ');

std::string firstMove = (sp == std::string::npos) ? pvStr : pvStr.substr(0, sp);

if (!firstMove.empty())

lastBestMove = chess::Move(chess::uci::uciToMove(board, firstMove).raw());

std::stringstream ss;

ss << "qnodes " << session.qnodes << " lmrResearches " << session.lmrResearches << " ttHits " << session.ttHits

<< " ttCutoffs " << session.ttCutoffs << " nullCutoffs " << session.nullCutoffs;

info.extrainfo = ss.str();

report(info);

}

if (lastBestMove.is_ok())

report(chess::uci::moveToUci(lastBestMove, board.chess960()));

else {

std::cerr << "info string Warning: Did not search\n";

TTEntry *entry = tt.lookup(board.hash());

if (entry && entry->getMove() != Move::none().raw())

report(chess::uci::moveToUci(Move(entry->getMove()), board.chess960()));

}

return session.nodes;