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<section id="math-functions">
<h1>Math Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#math-functions" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>The <strong>vpython</strong> package for installed Python imports the Python <em>math</em> module (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">math</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>).</p>
<p>In Web VPython the following math functions are provided:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">abs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sqrt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">tan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">asin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># arc sine</span>
<span class="n">acos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># arc cosine</span>
<span class="n">atan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># arc tangent; -pi/2 to pi/2</span>
<span class="n">atan2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># angle whose tangent is y/x; -pi to pi</span>
<span class="n">sqrt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># square root</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># e to the x</span>
<span class="n">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># natural log, base e</span>
<span class="n">log10</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># log base 10</span>
<span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># x to the power y, alternative to x**y notation</span>
<span class="n">pi</span> <span class="c1"># 3.14159....</span>
<span class="n">ceil</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># round up to nearest integer</span>
<span class="n">floor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># round down to nearest integer</span>
<span class="n">sign</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># +1 if x > 0, -1 if x < 0, 0 if x == 0</span>
<span class="nb">round</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">N</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># round x to nearest integer; optional N decimal places</span>
<span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># the largest of x,y,z</span>
<span class="nb">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># the smallest of x,y,z</span>
<span class="n">random</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># pseudorandom number 0 to 1</span>
<span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># x! = x*(x-1)*(x-2)....(1)</span>
<span class="n">combin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># x!/(y!*(x-y)!)</span>
<span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># maximum of these</span>
<span class="nb">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># minimum of these</span>
<span class="n">radians</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">theta</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># converts theta from degrees to radians</span>
<span class="n">degrees</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">phi</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># converts phi from degrees to radians</span>
<span class="n">clock</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># from the Python time module</span>
<span class="n">msclock</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># time in ms instead of s</span>
<span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># the numpy arange() function</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Many of these are based on the JavaScript Math functions.</p>
<p>Although in general it is not possible to import Python modules into Web VPython programs, an exception is the <em>random</em> module, which has been transpiled to a JavaScript library. In Web VPython use the syntax:</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">random</span> <span class="pre">as</span> <span class="pre">rr</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">random</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">randint,</span> <span class="pre">uniform</span></code>.</p>
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