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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<title>Learning from Examples » Taskflow Processing Pipeline | Taskflow QuickStart</title>
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<main><article>
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<h1>
<span class="m-breadcrumb"><a href="Examples.html">Learning from Examples</a> »</span>
Taskflow Processing Pipeline
</h1>
<div class="m-block m-default">
<h3>Contents</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#FormulateTheTaskflowProcessingPipelineProblem">Formulate the Taskflow Processing Pipeline Problem</a></li>
<li>
<a href="#CreateATaskflowProcessingPipeline">Create a Taskflow Processing Pipeline</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#TaskflowPipelineDefineTaskflows">Define Taskflows</a></li>
<li><a href="#TaskflowPipelineDefineThePipes">Define the Pipes</a></li>
<li><a href="#TaskflowPipelineDefineTheTaskGraph">Define the Task Graph</a></li>
<li><a href="#TaskflowPipelineSubmitTheTaskGraph">Submit the Task Graph</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>We study a taskflow processing pipeline that propagates a sequence of tokens through linearly dependent taskflows. The pipeline embeds a taskflow in each pipe to run a parallel algorithm using task graph parallelism.</p><section id="FormulateTheTaskflowProcessingPipelineProblem"><h2><a href="#FormulateTheTaskflowProcessingPipelineProblem">Formulate the Taskflow Processing Pipeline Problem</a></h2><p>Many complex and irregular pipeline applications require each pipe to run a parallel algorithm using task graph parallelism. We can formulate such applications as scheduling a sequence of tokens through linearly dependent taskflows. The following example illustrates the pipeline propagation of three scheduling tokens through three linearly dependent taskflows:</p><div class="m-graph"><svg style="width: 36.500rem; height: 11.750rem;" viewBox="0.00 0.00 584.00 188.00">
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</g>
</svg>
</div><p>Each pipe (stage) in the pipeline embeds a taskflow to perform a stage-specific parallel algorithm on an input scheduling token. Parallelism exhibits both inside and outside the three taskflows, combining both <em>task graph parallelism</em> and <em>pipeline parallelism</em>.</p></section><section id="CreateATaskflowProcessingPipeline"><h2><a href="#CreateATaskflowProcessingPipeline">Create a Taskflow Processing Pipeline</a></h2><p>Using the example from the previous section, we create a pipeline of three <em>serial</em> pipes each running a taskflow on a sequence of five scheduling tokens. The overall implementation is shown below:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf"><taskflow/taskflow.hpp></span><span class="cp"></span>
<span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf"><taskflow/algorithm/pipeline.hpp></span><span class="cp"></span>
<span class="c1">// taskflow on the first pipe</span>
<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">make_taskflow1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">A1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">B1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">D1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"A1</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"B1</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"C1</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"D1</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">A1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">precede</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">B1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">D1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">succeed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">B1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// taskflow on the second pipe</span>
<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">make_taskflow2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">A2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">B2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">D2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"A2</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"B2</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"C2</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"D2</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">linearize</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="n">A2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">B2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">D2</span><span class="p">});</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// taskflow on the third pipe</span>
<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">make_taskflow3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">A3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">B3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">D3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"A3</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"B3</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"C3</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"D3</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">A3</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">precede</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">B3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">D3</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span> <span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"taskflow processing pipeline"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Executor</span> <span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="n">num_lines</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="n">num_pipes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// define the taskflow storage</span>
<span class="c1">// we use the pipe dimension because we create three 'serial' pipes</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num_pipes</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// create three different taskflows for the three pipes</span>
<span class="n">make_taskflow1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="n">make_taskflow2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="n">make_taskflow3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="c1">// the pipeline consists of three serial pipes</span>
<span class="c1">// and up to two concurrent scheduling tokens</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipeline</span> <span class="n">pl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num_lines</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="c1">// first pipe runs taskflow1</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipe</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">PipeType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">SERIAL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipeflow</span><span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">token</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"begin token %zu</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">token</span><span class="p">());</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pipe</span><span class="p">()]).</span><span class="n">wait</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}},</span>
<span class="c1">// second pipe runs taskflow2</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipe</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">PipeType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">SERIAL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipeflow</span><span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pipe</span><span class="p">()]).</span><span class="n">wait</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}},</span>
<span class="c1">// third pipe calls taskflow3</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipe</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">PipeType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">SERIAL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipeflow</span><span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pipe</span><span class="p">()]).</span><span class="n">wait</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}}</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// build the pipeline graph using composition</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Task</span> <span class="n">init</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o"><<</span> <span class="s">"ready</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"starting pipeline"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Task</span> <span class="n">task</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">composed_of</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pl</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"pipeline"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Task</span> <span class="n">stop</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o"><<</span> <span class="s">"stopped</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"pipeline stopped"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// create task dependency</span>
<span class="n">init</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">precede</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">task</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">task</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">precede</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// dump the pipeline graph structure (with composition)</span>
<span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// run the pipeline</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">wait</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span></pre><section id="TaskflowPipelineDefineTaskflows"><h3><a href="#TaskflowPipelineDefineTaskflows">Define Taskflows</a></h3><p>First, we define three taskflows for the three pipes in the pipeline:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="c1">// taskflow on the first pipe</span>
<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">make_taskflow1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">A1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">B1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">D1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"A1</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"B1</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"C1</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"D1</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">A1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">precede</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">B1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">D1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">succeed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">B1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// taskflow on the second pipe</span>
<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">make_taskflow2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">A2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">B2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">D2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"A2</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"B2</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"C2</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"D2</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">linearize</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="n">A2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">B2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">D2</span><span class="p">});</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// taskflow on the third pipe</span>
<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">make_taskflow3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">A3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">B3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">D3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"A3</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"B3</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"C3</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">[](){</span> <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"D3</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">A3</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">precede</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">B3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">D3</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span></pre><p>As each taskflow corresponds to a pipe in the pipeline, we create a linear array to store the three taskflows:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Taskflow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num_pipes</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">make_taskflow1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="n">make_taskflow2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="n">make_taskflow3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]);</span></pre><p>Since the three taskflows are linearly dependent, at most one taskflow will run at a pipe. We can store the three taskflows in a linear array of dimension equal to the number of pipes. If there is a parallel pipe, we need to use two-dimensional array, as multiple taskflows at a stage can run simultaneously across parallel lines.</p></section><section id="TaskflowPipelineDefineThePipes"><h3><a href="#TaskflowPipelineDefineThePipes">Define the Pipes</a></h3><p>The pipe definition is straightforward. Each pipe runs the corresponding taskflow, which can be indexed at <code>taskflows</code> with the pipe's identifier, <a href="classtf_1_1Pipeflow.html#a4914c1f381a3016e98285b019cf60d6d" class="m-doc">tf::<wbr />Pipeflow::<wbr />pipe()</a>. The first pipe will cease the pipeline scheduling when it has processed five scheduling tokens:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="c1">// first pipe runs taskflow1</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipe</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">PipeType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">SERIAL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipeflow</span><span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">token</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"begin token %zu</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">token</span><span class="p">());</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pipe</span><span class="p">()]).</span><span class="n">wait</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}},</span>
<span class="c1">// second pipe runs taskflow2</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipe</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">PipeType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">SERIAL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipeflow</span><span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pipe</span><span class="p">()]).</span><span class="n">wait</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}},</span>
<span class="c1">// third pipe calls taskflow3</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipe</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">PipeType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">SERIAL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Pipeflow</span><span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflows</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pf</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pipe</span><span class="p">()]).</span><span class="n">wait</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}}</span></pre></section><section id="TaskflowPipelineDefineTheTaskGraph"><h3><a href="#TaskflowPipelineDefineTheTaskGraph">Define the Task Graph</a></h3><p>To build up the taskflow for the pipeline, we create a module task with the defined pipeline structure and connect it with two tasks that output helper messages before and after the pipeline:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Task</span> <span class="n">init</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o"><<</span> <span class="s">"ready</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"starting pipeline"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Task</span> <span class="n">task</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">composed_of</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pl</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"pipeline"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Task</span> <span class="n">stop</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">([](){</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o"><<</span> <span class="s">"stopped</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"pipeline stopped"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">init</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">precede</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">task</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">task</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">precede</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">);</span></pre><div class="m-graph"><svg style="width: 25.938rem; height: 22.375rem;" viewBox="0.00 0.00 415.00 357.77">
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</div></section><section id="TaskflowPipelineSubmitTheTaskGraph"><h3><a href="#TaskflowPipelineSubmitTheTaskGraph">Submit the Task Graph</a></h3><p>Finally, we submit the taskflow to the execution and run it once:</p><pre class="m-code"><span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">taskflow</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">wait</span><span class="p">();</span></pre><p>One possible output is shown below:</p><pre class="m-console"><span class="go">ready</span>
<span class="go">begin token 0</span>
<span class="go">A1</span>
<span class="go">C1</span>
<span class="go">B1</span>
<span class="go">D1</span>
<span class="go">begin token 1</span>
<span class="go">A2</span>
<span class="go">B2</span>
<span class="go">A1</span>
<span class="go">C1</span>
<span class="go">B1</span>
<span class="go">D1</span>
<span class="go">C2</span>
<span class="go">D2</span>
<span class="go">A3</span>
<span class="go">D3</span>
<span class="go">C3</span>
<span class="go">B3</span>
<span class="go">begin token 2</span>
<span class="go">A2</span>
<span class="go">B2</span>
<span class="go">C2</span>
<span class="go">D2</span>
<span class="go">A1</span>
<span class="go">C1</span>
<span class="go">B1</span>
<span class="go">D1</span>
<span class="go">A3</span>
<span class="go">D3</span>
<span class="go">C3</span>
<span class="go">B3</span>
<span class="go">A2</span>
<span class="go">B2</span>
<span class="go">C2</span>
<span class="go">D2</span>
<span class="go">begin token 3</span>
<span class="go">A3</span>
<span class="go">D3</span>
<span class="go">C3</span>
<span class="go">B3</span>
<span class="go">A1</span>
<span class="go">C1</span>
<span class="go">B1</span>
<span class="go">D1</span>
<span class="go">begin token 4</span>
<span class="go">A2</span>
<span class="go">A1</span>
<span class="go">C1</span>
<span class="go">B1</span>
<span class="go">D1</span>
<span class="go">B2</span>
<span class="go">C2</span>
<span class="go">D2</span>
<span class="go">A3</span>
<span class="go">D3</span>
<span class="go">C3</span>
<span class="go">B3</span>
<span class="go">A2</span>
<span class="go">B2</span>
<span class="go">C2</span>
<span class="go">D2</span>
<span class="go">A3</span>
<span class="go">D3</span>
<span class="go">C3</span>
<span class="go">B3</span>
<span class="go">stopped</span></pre></section></section>
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