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# _*_ coding: utf-8 _*_

"""

python_spider.py by xianhu

"""

import urllib.error

import urllib.parse

import urllib.request

import http.cookiejar

# 首先定义下边可能需要的变量

url = "https://www.baidu.com"

headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)"}

# 最简单的网页抓取方式

response = urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=10)

html = response.read().decode("utf-8")

# 使用Request实例代替url

request = urllib.request.Request(url, data=None, headers={})

response = urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=10)

# 发送数据，即在Request()中添加data参数

data = urllib.parse.urlencode({"act": "login", "email": "xianhu@qq.com", "password": "123456"})

request1 = urllib.request.Request(url, data=data) # POST方法

request2 = urllib.request.Request(url+"?%s" % data) # GET方法

response = urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=10)

# 发送Header，即在Request()中添加headers参数

request = urllib.request.Request(url, data=data, headers=headers) # 参数中添加header参数

request.add_header("Referer", "http://www.baidu.com") # 另一种添加header的方式,添加Referer是为了应对"反盗链"

response = urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=10)

# 网页抓取引发异常：urllib.error.HTTPError, urllib.error.URLError, 两者存在继承关系

try:

urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=10)

except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:

print(e.code, e.reason)

except urllib.error.URLError as e:

print(e.errno, e.reason)

# 使用代理，以防止IP被封或IP次数受限：

proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler(proxies={"http": "111.123.76.12:8080"})

opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler) # 利用代理创建opener实例

response = opener.open(url) # 直接利用opener实例打开url

urllib.request.install_opener(opener) # 安装全局opener，然后利用urlopen打开url

response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)

# 使用cookie和cookiejar,应对服务器检查

cookie_jar = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()

cookie_jar_handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookiejar=cookie_jar)

opener = urllib.request.build_opener(cookie_jar_handler)

response = opener.open(url)

# 发送在浏览器中获取的cookie,两种方式:

# (1)直接放到headers里

headers = {

"User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)",

"Cookie": "PHPSESSID=btqkg9amjrtoeev8coq0m78396; USERINFO=n6nxTHTY%2BJA39z6CpNB4eKN8f0KsYLjAQTwPe%2BhLHLruEbjaeh4ulhWAS5RysUM%2B; "

}

request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers)

# (2)构建cookie,添加到cookiejar中

cookie = http.cookiejar.Cookie(name="xx", value="xx", domain="xx", ...)

cookie_jar.set_cookie(cookie)

response = opener.open(url)

# 同时使用代理和cookiejar

opener = urllib.request.build_opener(cookie_jar_handler)

opener.add_handler(proxy_handler)

response = opener.open("https://www.baidu.com/")

# 抓取网页中的图片：同样适用于抓取网络上的文件。右击鼠标，找到图片属性中的地址，然后进行保存。

response = urllib.request.urlopen("http://ww3.sinaimg.cn/large/7d742c99tw1ee7dac2766j204q04qmxq.jpg", timeout=120)

with open("test.jpg", "wb") as file_img:

file_img.write(response.read())

# HTTP认证：即HTTP身份验证

password_mgr = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm() # 创建一个PasswordMgr

password_mgr.add_password(realm=None, uri=url, user='username', passwd='password') # 添加用户名和密码

handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr) # 创建HTTPBasicAuthHandler

opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler) # 创建opner

response = opener.open(url, timeout=10) # 获取数据