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# This file should be kept compatible with both Python 2.6 and Python >= 3.0.

from __future__ import division

from __future__ import print_function

"""

ccbench, a Python concurrency benchmark.

"""

import time

import os

import sys

import itertools

import threading

import subprocess

import socket

from optparse import OptionParser, SUPPRESS_HELP

import platform

# Compatibility

try:

xrange

except NameError:

xrange = range

try:

map = itertools.imap

except AttributeError:

pass

THROUGHPUT_DURATION = 2.0

LATENCY_PING_INTERVAL = 0.1

LATENCY_DURATION = 2.0

BANDWIDTH_PACKET_SIZE = 1024

BANDWIDTH_DURATION = 2.0

def task_pidigits():

"""Pi calculation (Python)"""

_map = map

_count = itertools.count

_islice = itertools.islice

def calc_ndigits(n):

# From http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/

def gen_x():

return _map(lambda k: (k, 4*k + 2, 0, 2*k + 1), _count(1))

def compose(a, b):

aq, ar, as_, at = a

bq, br, bs, bt = b

return (aq * bq,

aq * br + ar * bt,

as_ * bq + at * bs,

as_ * br + at * bt)

def extract(z, j):

q, r, s, t = z

return (q*j + r) // (s*j + t)

def pi_digits():

z = (1, 0, 0, 1)

x = gen_x()

while 1:

y = extract(z, 3)

while y != extract(z, 4):

z = compose(z, next(x))

y = extract(z, 3)

z = compose((10, -10*y, 0, 1), z)

yield y

return list(_islice(pi_digits(), n))

return calc_ndigits, (50, )

def task_regex():

"""regular expression (C)"""

# XXX this task gives horrendous latency results.

import re

# Taken from the `inspect` module

pat = re.compile(r'^(\s*def\s)|(.*(?<!\w)lambda(:|\s))|^(\s*@)', re.MULTILINE)

with open(__file__, "r") as f:

arg = f.read(2000)

def findall(s):

t = time.time()

try:

return pat.findall(s)

finally:

print(time.time() - t)

return pat.findall, (arg, )

def task_sort():

"""list sorting (C)"""

def list_sort(l):

l = l[::-1]

l.sort()

return list_sort, (list(range(1000)), )

def task_compress_zlib():

"""zlib compression (C)"""

import zlib

with open(__file__, "rb") as f:

arg = f.read(5000) * 3

def compress(s):

zlib.decompress(zlib.compress(s, 5))

return compress, (arg, )

def task_compress_bz2():

"""bz2 compression (C)"""

import bz2

with open(__file__, "rb") as f:

arg = f.read(3000) * 2

def compress(s):

bz2.compress(s)

return compress, (arg, )

def task_hashing():

"""SHA1 hashing (C)"""

import hashlib

with open(__file__, "rb") as f:

arg = f.read(5000) * 30

def compute(s):

hashlib.sha1(s).digest()

return compute, (arg, )

throughput_tasks = [task_pidigits, task_regex]

for mod in 'bz2', 'hashlib':

try:

globals()[mod] = __import__(mod)

except ImportError:

globals()[mod] = None

# For whatever reasons, zlib gives irregular results, so we prefer bz2 or

# hashlib if available.

# (NOTE: hashlib releases the GIL from 2.7 and 3.1 onwards)

if bz2 is not None:

throughput_tasks.append(task_compress_bz2)

elif hashlib is not None:

throughput_tasks.append(task_hashing)

else:

throughput_tasks.append(task_compress_zlib)

latency_tasks = throughput_tasks

bandwidth_tasks = [task_pidigits]

class TimedLoop:

def __init__(self, func, args):

self.func = func

self.args = args

def __call__(self, start_time, min_duration, end_event, do_yield=False):

step = 20

niters = 0

duration = 0.0

_time = time.time

_sleep = time.sleep

_func = self.func

_args = self.args

t1 = start_time

while True:

for i in range(step):

_func(*_args)

t2 = _time()

# If another thread terminated, the current measurement is invalid

# => return the previous one.

if end_event:

return niters, duration

niters += step

duration = t2 - start_time

if duration >= min_duration:

end_event.append(None)

return niters, duration

if t2 - t1 < 0.01:

# Minimize interference of measurement on overall runtime

step = step * 3 // 2

elif do_yield:

# OS scheduling of Python threads is sometimes so bad that we

# have to force thread switching ourselves, otherwise we get

# completely useless results.

_sleep(0.0001)

t1 = t2

def run_throughput_test(func, args, nthreads):

assert nthreads >= 1

# Warm up

func(*args)

results = []

loop = TimedLoop(func, args)

end_event = []

if nthreads == 1:

# Pure single-threaded performance, without any switching or

# synchronization overhead.

start_time = time.time()

results.append(loop(start_time, THROUGHPUT_DURATION,

end_event, do_yield=False))

return results

started = False

ready_cond = threading.Condition()

start_cond = threading.Condition()

ready = []

def run():

with ready_cond:

ready.append(None)

ready_cond.notify()

with start_cond:

while not started:

start_cond.wait()

results.append(loop(start_time, THROUGHPUT_DURATION,

end_event, do_yield=True))

threads = []

for i in range(nthreads):

threads.append(threading.Thread(target=run))

for t in threads:

t.setDaemon(True)

t.start()

# We don't want measurements to include thread startup overhead,

# so we arrange for timing to start after all threads are ready.

with ready_cond:

while len(ready) < nthreads:

ready_cond.wait()

with start_cond:

start_time = time.time()

started = True

start_cond.notify(nthreads)

for t in threads:

t.join()

return results

def run_throughput_tests(max_threads):

for task in throughput_tasks:

print(task.__doc__)

print()

func, args = task()

nthreads = 1

baseline_speed = None

while nthreads <= max_threads:

results = run_throughput_test(func, args, nthreads)

# Taking the max duration rather than average gives pessimistic

# results rather than optimistic.

speed = sum(r[0] for r in results) / max(r[1] for r in results)

print("threads=%d: %d" % (nthreads, speed), end="")

if baseline_speed is None:

print(" iterations/s.")

baseline_speed = speed

else:

print(" ( %d %%)" % (speed / baseline_speed * 100))

nthreads += 1

print()

LAT_END = "END"

def _sendto(sock, s, addr):

sock.sendto(s.encode('ascii'), addr)

def _recv(sock, n):

return sock.recv(n).decode('ascii')

def latency_client(addr, nb_pings, interval):

sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)

try:

_time = time.time

_sleep = time.sleep

def _ping():

_sendto(sock, "%r\n" % _time(), addr)

# The first ping signals the parent process that we are ready.

_ping()

# We give the parent a bit of time to notice.

_sleep(1.0)

for i in range(nb_pings):

_sleep(interval)

_ping()

_sendto(sock, LAT_END + "\n", addr)

finally:

sock.close()

def run_latency_client(**kwargs):

cmd_line = [sys.executable, '-E', os.path.abspath(__file__)]

cmd_line.extend(['--latclient', repr(kwargs)])

return subprocess.Popen(cmd_line) #, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,

#stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)

def run_latency_test(func, args, nthreads):

# Create a listening socket to receive the pings. We use UDP which should

# be painlessly cross-platform.

sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)

sock.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))

addr = sock.getsockname()

interval = LATENCY_PING_INTERVAL

duration = LATENCY_DURATION

nb_pings = int(duration / interval)

results = []

threads = []

end_event = []

start_cond = threading.Condition()

started = False

if nthreads > 0:

# Warm up

func(*args)

results = []

loop = TimedLoop(func, args)

ready = []

ready_cond = threading.Condition()

def run():

with ready_cond:

ready.append(None)

ready_cond.notify()

with start_cond:

while not started:

start_cond.wait()

loop(start_time, duration * 1.5, end_event, do_yield=False)

for i in range(nthreads):

threads.append(threading.Thread(target=run))

for t in threads:

t.setDaemon(True)

t.start()

# Wait for threads to be ready

with ready_cond:

while len(ready) < nthreads:

ready_cond.wait()

# Run the client and wait for the first ping(s) to arrive before

# unblocking the background threads.

chunks = []

process = run_latency_client(addr=sock.getsockname(),

nb_pings=nb_pings, interval=interval)

s = _recv(sock, 4096)

_time = time.time

with start_cond:

start_time = _time()

started = True

start_cond.notify(nthreads)

while LAT_END not in s:

s = _recv(sock, 4096)

t = _time()

chunks.append((t, s))

# Tell the background threads to stop.

end_event.append(None)

for t in threads:

t.join()

process.wait()

sock.close()

for recv_time, chunk in chunks:

# NOTE: it is assumed that a line sent by a client wasn't received

# in two chunks because the lines are very small.

for line in chunk.splitlines():

line = line.strip()

if line and line != LAT_END:

send_time = eval(line)

assert isinstance(send_time, float)

results.append((send_time, recv_time))

return results

def run_latency_tests(max_threads):

for task in latency_tasks:

print("Background CPU task:", task.__doc__)

print()

func, args = task()

nthreads = 0

while nthreads <= max_threads:

results = run_latency_test(func, args, nthreads)

n = len(results)

# We print out milliseconds

lats = [1000 * (t2 - t1) for (t1, t2) in results]

#print(list(map(int, lats)))

avg = sum(lats) / n

dev = (sum((x - avg) ** 2 for x in lats) / n) ** 0.5

print("CPU threads=%d: %d ms. (std dev: %d ms.)" % (nthreads, avg, dev), end="")

print()

#print(" [... from %d samples]" % n)

nthreads += 1

print()

BW_END = "END"

def bandwidth_client(addr, packet_size, duration):

sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)

sock.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))

local_addr = sock.getsockname()

_time = time.time

_sleep = time.sleep

def _send_chunk(msg):

_sendto(sock, ("%r#%s\n" % (local_addr, msg)).rjust(packet_size), addr)

# We give the parent some time to be ready.

_sleep(1.0)

try:

start_time = _time()

end_time = start_time + duration * 2.0

i = 0

while _time() < end_time:

_send_chunk(str(i))

s = _recv(sock, packet_size)

assert len(s) == packet_size

i += 1

_send_chunk(BW_END)

finally:

sock.close()

def run_bandwidth_client(**kwargs):

cmd_line = [sys.executable, '-E', os.path.abspath(__file__)]

cmd_line.extend(['--bwclient', repr(kwargs)])

return subprocess.Popen(cmd_line) #, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,

#stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)

def run_bandwidth_test(func, args, nthreads):

# Create a listening socket to receive the packets. We use UDP which should

# be painlessly cross-platform.

with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) as sock:

sock.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))

addr = sock.getsockname()

duration = BANDWIDTH_DURATION

packet_size = BANDWIDTH_PACKET_SIZE

results = []

threads = []

end_event = []

start_cond = threading.Condition()

started = False

if nthreads > 0:

# Warm up

func(*args)

results = []

loop = TimedLoop(func, args)

ready = []

ready_cond = threading.Condition()

def run():

with ready_cond:

ready.append(None)

ready_cond.notify()

with start_cond:

while not started:

start_cond.wait()

loop(start_time, duration * 1.5, end_event, do_yield=False)

for i in range(nthreads):

threads.append(threading.Thread(target=run))

for t in threads:

t.setDaemon(True)

t.start()

# Wait for threads to be ready

with ready_cond:

while len(ready) < nthreads:

ready_cond.wait()

# Run the client and wait for the first packet to arrive before

# unblocking the background threads.

process = run_bandwidth_client(addr=addr,

packet_size=packet_size,

duration=duration)

_time = time.time

# This will also wait for the parent to be ready

s = _recv(sock, packet_size)

remote_addr = eval(s.partition('#')[0])

with start_cond:

start_time = _time()

started = True

start_cond.notify(nthreads)

n = 0

first_time = None

while not end_event and BW_END not in s:

_sendto(sock, s, remote_addr)

s = _recv(sock, packet_size)

if first_time is None:

first_time = _time()

n += 1

end_time = _time()

end_event.append(None)

for t in threads:

t.join()

process.kill()

return (n - 1) / (end_time - first_time)

def run_bandwidth_tests(max_threads):

for task in bandwidth_tasks:

print("Background CPU task:", task.__doc__)

print()

func, args = task()

nthreads = 0

baseline_speed = None

while nthreads <= max_threads:

results = run_bandwidth_test(func, args, nthreads)

speed = results

#speed = len(results) * 1.0 / results[-1][0]

print("CPU threads=%d: %.1f" % (nthreads, speed), end="")

if baseline_speed is None:

print(" packets/s.")

baseline_speed = speed

else:

print(" ( %d %%)" % (speed / baseline_speed * 100))

nthreads += 1

print()

def main():

usage = "usage: %prog [-h|--help] [options]"

parser = OptionParser(usage=usage)

parser.add_option("-t", "--throughput",

action="store_true", dest="throughput", default=False,

help="run throughput tests")

parser.add_option("-l", "--latency",

action="store_true", dest="latency", default=False,

help="run latency tests")

parser.add_option("-b", "--bandwidth",

action="store_true", dest="bandwidth", default=False,

help="run I/O bandwidth tests")

parser.add_option("-i", "--interval",

action="store", type="int", dest="check_interval", default=None,

help="sys.setcheckinterval() value")

parser.add_option("-I", "--switch-interval",

action="store", type="float", dest="switch_interval", default=None,

help="sys.setswitchinterval() value")

parser.add_option("-n", "--num-threads",

action="store", type="int", dest="nthreads", default=4,

help="max number of threads in tests")

# Hidden option to run the pinging and bandwidth clients

parser.add_option("", "--latclient",

action="store", dest="latclient", default=None,

help=SUPPRESS_HELP)

parser.add_option("", "--bwclient",

action="store", dest="bwclient", default=None,

help=SUPPRESS_HELP)

options, args = parser.parse_args()

if args:

parser.error("unexpected arguments")

if options.latclient:

kwargs = eval(options.latclient)

latency_client(**kwargs)

return

if options.bwclient:

kwargs = eval(options.bwclient)

bandwidth_client(**kwargs)

return

if not options.throughput and not options.latency and not options.bandwidth:

options.throughput = options.latency = options.bandwidth = True

if options.check_interval:

sys.setcheckinterval(options.check_interval)

if options.switch_interval:

sys.setswitchinterval(options.switch_interval)

print("== %s %s (%s) ==" % (

platform.python_implementation(),

platform.python_version(),

platform.python_build()[0],

))

# Processor identification often has repeated spaces

cpu = ' '.join(platform.processor().split())

print("== %s %s on '%s' ==" % (

platform.machine(),

platform.system(),

cpu,

))

print()

if options.throughput:

print("--- Throughput ---")

print()

run_throughput_tests(options.nthreads)

if options.latency:

print("--- Latency ---")

print()

run_latency_tests(options.nthreads)

if options.bandwidth:

print("--- I/O bandwidth ---")

print()

run_bandwidth_tests(options.nthreads)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

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