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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
# Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
# Translators:
# Alireza Feyzabadi Farahani, 2025
# Alireza Shabani (Revisto) <theRevisto@gmail.com>, 2025
# AmirHossein SAMIMI, 2025
# khosro azimi, 2025
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.14\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-07-25 12:59+0330\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-06-28 01:49+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: khosro azimi, 2025\n"
"Language-Team: Persian (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/"
"fa/)\n"
"Language: fa\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:5
msgid "Classes"
msgstr "کلاس ها"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:7
msgid ""
"Classes provide a means of bundling data and functionality together. "
"Creating a new class creates a new *type* of object, allowing new "
"*instances* of that type to be made. Each class instance can have "
"attributes attached to it for maintaining its state. Class instances can "
"also have methods (defined by its class) for modifying its state."
msgstr ""
"کلاس ها وسیله ای را برای بسته بندی کردن داده و عملکرد با هم فراهم می کنند. "
"ایجاد یک کلاس جدید، نوع جدیدی ایجاد می کند که اجازه می دهد موارد جدیدی از آن "
"نوع ساخته شود. هر نمونه از کلاس می تواند صفاتی داشته باشد که به آن متصل شده "
"اند تا وضعیت آن را حفظ کنند. نمونه های کلاس می توانند همچنین متدهایی (که "
"توسط کلاس تعریف شده اند) داشته باشند تا وضعیت آن را تغییر دهند."
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:13
msgid ""
"Compared with other programming languages, Python's class mechanism adds "
"classes with a minimum of new syntax and semantics. It is a mixture of the "
"class mechanisms found in C++ and Modula-3. Python classes provide all the "
"standard features of Object Oriented Programming: the class inheritance "
"mechanism allows multiple base classes, a derived class can override any "
"methods of its base class or classes, and a method can call the method of a "
"base class with the same name. Objects can contain arbitrary amounts and "
"kinds of data. As is true for modules, classes partake of the dynamic "
"nature of Python: they are created at runtime, and can be modified further "
"after creation."
msgstr ""
"در مقایسه با دیگر زبان های برنامه نویسی، مکانیزم کلاس در پایتون کلاس ها را "
"با حداقل قواعد و معناشناسی جدید اضافه می کند. این مکانیزم ترکیبی از مکانیزم "
"های کلاسی است که در C++ و Modula-3 یافت می شود. کلاس های پایتون تمام ویژگی "
"های استاندارد برنامه نویسی شی گرا را فراهم می کنند: مکانیزم ارث بری کلاس ها "
"اجازه می دهد کلاس های پایه متعددی داشته باشید، یک کلاس مشتق می تواند هر یک "
"از متدهای کلاس های پایه خود را بازنویسی کند و یک متد می تواند متدی از کلاس "
"پایه با همان نام را فراخوانی کند. اشیاء می توانند حاوی مقادیر و انواع داده "
"ای دلخواه باشند. همان طور که برای ماژول ها صادق است، کلاس ها نیز از طبیعت "
"پویا در پایتون برخوردارند: آن ها در زمان اجرا ایجاد می شوند و می توانند پس "
"از ایجاد بیشتر تغییر داده شوند."
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:23
msgid ""
"In C++ terminology, normally class members (including the data members) are "
"*public* (except see below :ref:`tut-private`), and all member functions are "
"*virtual*. As in Modula-3, there are no shorthands for referencing the "
"object's members from its methods: the method function is declared with an "
"explicit first argument representing the object, which is provided "
"implicitly by the call. As in Smalltalk, classes themselves are objects. "
"This provides semantics for importing and renaming. Unlike C++ and "
"Modula-3, built-in types can be used as base classes for extension by the "
"user. Also, like in C++, most built-in operators with special syntax "
"(arithmetic operators, subscripting etc.) can be redefined for class "
"instances."
msgstr ""
"در اصطلاحات C++، معمولاً اعضای کلاس (از جمله اعضای داده) *public* هستند (به "
"جز موردی که در پایین :ref:`tut-private` ذکر شده است)، و تمامی توابع عضو "
"مجازی هستند. همان طور که در Modula-3، هیچ میانبرهایی برای ارجاع به اعضای "
"شیء از متدهای آن وجود ندارد: تابع متد با یک آرگومان اول صریح که نمایانگر شیء "
"است، اعلام می شود که این آرگومان به صورت ضمنی توسط فراخوانی فراهم می شود. "
"همان طور که در Smalltalk، خود کلاس ها اشیاء هستند. این ویژگی معناشناسی برای "
"وارد کردن و تغییر نام را فراهم می آورد. برخلاف C++ و Modula-3، نوع های داخلی "
"می توانند به عنوان کلاس های پایه برای توسعه توسط کاربر استفاده شوند. همچنین، "
"مانند C++، بیشتر عملگرهای داخلی با نحوی خاص (عملگرهای ریاضی، زیرنویسی و "
"غیره) می توانند برای نمونه های کلاس بازتعریف شوند."
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:34
msgid ""
"(Lacking universally accepted terminology to talk about classes, I will make "
"occasional use of Smalltalk and C++ terms. I would use Modula-3 terms, "
"since its object-oriented semantics are closer to those of Python than C++, "
"but I expect that few readers have heard of it.)"
msgstr ""
"(با نبود اصطلاحات پذیرفته شده جهانی برای صحبت درباره کلاسها، گاهی از "
"اصطلاحات Smalltalk و C++ استفاده خواهم کرد. من از اصطلاحات Modula-3 استفاده "
"میکردم، چون معنای شیءگرای آن به پایتون نزدیکتر از C++ است، اما انتظار دارم "
"که تعداد کمی از خوانندگان با آن آشنا باشند.)"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:43
msgid "A Word About Names and Objects"
msgstr "سخنی درباره نامها و اشیاء"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:45
msgid ""
"Objects have individuality, and multiple names (in multiple scopes) can be "
"bound to the same object. This is known as aliasing in other languages. "
"This is usually not appreciated on a first glance at Python, and can be "
"safely ignored when dealing with immutable basic types (numbers, strings, "
"tuples). However, aliasing has a possibly surprising effect on the "
"semantics of Python code involving mutable objects such as lists, "
"dictionaries, and most other types. This is usually used to the benefit of "
"the program, since aliases behave like pointers in some respects. For "
"example, passing an object is cheap since only a pointer is passed by the "
"implementation; and if a function modifies an object passed as an argument, "
"the caller will see the change --- this eliminates the need for two "
"different argument passing mechanisms as in Pascal."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:61
msgid "Python Scopes and Namespaces"
msgstr "محدوده ها و فضای نام ها در پایتون"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:63
msgid ""
"Before introducing classes, I first have to tell you something about "
"Python's scope rules. Class definitions play some neat tricks with "
"namespaces, and you need to know how scopes and namespaces work to fully "
"understand what's going on. Incidentally, knowledge about this subject is "
"useful for any advanced Python programmer."
msgstr ""
"قبل از معرفی کلاس ها، ابتدا باید چیزی درباره قوانین حوزه در پایتون به شما "
"بگویم. تعریف کلاس ها چند ترفند جالب با فضاهای نام انجام می دهد و برای اینکه "
"به طور کامل متوجه شوید چه می گذرد، باید بدانید که حوزه ها و فضاهای نام چگونه "
"کار می کنند. ضمناً، آگاهی از این موضوع برای هر برنامه نویس پیشرفته پایتون "
"مفید است."
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:69
msgid "Let's begin with some definitions."
msgstr "بیایید با چند تعریف شروع کنیم."
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:71
msgid ""
"A *namespace* is a mapping from names to objects. Most namespaces are "
"currently implemented as Python dictionaries, but that's normally not "
"noticeable in any way (except for performance), and it may change in the "
"future. Examples of namespaces are: the set of built-in names (containing "
"functions such as :func:`abs`, and built-in exception names); the global "
"names in a module; and the local names in a function invocation. In a sense "
"the set of attributes of an object also form a namespace. The important "
"thing to know about namespaces is that there is absolutely no relation "
"between names in different namespaces; for instance, two different modules "
"may both define a function ``maximize`` without confusion --- users of the "
"modules must prefix it with the module name."
msgstr ""
"«فضای نام» *namespace* نگاشتی است از نامها به اشیا. بیشتر فضای نامها در حال "
"حاضر بهصورت دیکشنریهای پایتون پیادهسازی شدهاند، اما معمولاً این موضوع (به جز "
"در بازدهی «performance» ) قابل مشاهده نیست و ممکن است در آینده تغییر کند. "
"مثالهایی از فضای نام عبارتاند از: مجموعه نامهای داخلی (که شامل توابعی "
"مثل :func:`abs` و نامهای استثنائات داخلی است)؛ نامهای سراسری در یک ماژول؛ و "
"نامهای محلی در یک فراخوانی تابع. به نوعی، مجموعه صفات «attributes» یک شی نیز "
"یک فضای نام را تشکیل میدهد. نکته مهم درباره فضای نامها این است که هیچ "
"ارتباطی بین نامها در فضای نامهای مختلف وجود ندارد؛ برای مثال، دو ماژول مختلف "
"میتوانند هر دو تابعی با نام ``maximize`` تعریف کنند بدون اینکه ابهامی پیش "
"بیاید — استفادهکنندگان از ماژولها باید نام ماژول را به عنوان پیشوند بیاورند."
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:82
msgid ""
"By the way, I use the word *attribute* for any name following a dot --- for "
"example, in the expression ``z.real``, ``real`` is an attribute of the "
"object ``z``. Strictly speaking, references to names in modules are "
"attribute references: in the expression ``modname.funcname``, ``modname`` is "
"a module object and ``funcname`` is an attribute of it. In this case there "
"happens to be a straightforward mapping between the module's attributes and "
"the global names defined in the module: they share the same namespace! [#]_"
msgstr ""
"بههرحال، من واژهٔ *ویژگی* «*attribute*» را برای هر نامی که بعد از یک نقطه "
"بیاید به کار میبرم — برای مثال، در عبارت ``z.real``, ``real`` یک ویژگیِ شیءِ "
"``z`` است. از نظر دقیقتر، ارجاع به نامها در ماژولها نیز نوعی ارجاع به ویژگی "
"محسوب میشود: در عبارت ``modname.funcname``, ``modname`` یک شیءِ ماژول است و "
"``funcname`` یکی از ویژگیهای آن است. در این حالت، نگاشتی ساده و مستقیم بین "
"ویژگیهای ماژول و نامهای سراسری تعریفشده در آن وجود دارد: هر دو یک فضای نام "
"(namespace) را به اشتراک میگذارند! [#]_"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:90
msgid ""
"Attributes may be read-only or writable. In the latter case, assignment to "
"attributes is possible. Module attributes are writable: you can write "
"``modname.the_answer = 42``. Writable attributes may also be deleted with "
"the :keyword:`del` statement. For example, ``del modname.the_answer`` will "
"remove the attribute :attr:`!the_answer` from the object named by "
"``modname``."
msgstr ""
"ویژگی ها ممکن است فقط خواندنی یا قابل نوشتن باشند. در حالت دوم، اختصاص دادن "
"به ویژگی ها ممکن است. ویژگی های ماژول قابل نوشتن هستند: می توانید "
"``modname.the_answer = 42`` را بنویسید. ویژگی های قابل نوشتن را می توان با "
"دستور :keyword:`del` نیز حذف کرد. به عنوان مثال، ``del modname.the_answer`` "
"ویژگی :attr:`!the_answer` را از شیئی که توسط ``modname`` نامگذاری شده است "
"حذف خواهد کرد."
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:96
msgid ""
"Namespaces are created at different moments and have different lifetimes. "
"The namespace containing the built-in names is created when the Python "
"interpreter starts up, and is never deleted. The global namespace for a "
"module is created when the module definition is read in; normally, module "
"namespaces also last until the interpreter quits. The statements executed "
"by the top-level invocation of the interpreter, either read from a script "
"file or interactively, are considered part of a module "
"called :mod:`__main__`, so they have their own global namespace. (The built-"
"in names actually also live in a module; this is called :mod:`builtins`.)"
msgstr ""
"فضاهای نام در لحظات مختلف ایجاد می شوند و دارای طول عمرهای متفاوتی هستند. "
"فضای نام که شامل نام های داخلی است، زمانی که مفسر پایتون شروع به کار می کند "
"ایجاد می شود و هرگز حذف نمی شود. فضای نام عمومی برای یک ماژول زمانی که تعریف "
"ماژول خوانده می شود ایجاد می گردد؛ به طور معمول، فضاهای نام ماژول نیز تا "
"زمانی که مفسر پایان یابد باقی می مانند. دستوراتی که توسط اجرای سطح بالای "
"مفسر، یا از فایل اسکریپت خوانده شده یا به طور تعاملی اجرا می شوند، به عنوان "
"بخشی از ماژولی به نام :mod:`__main__` در نظر گرفته می شوند، بنابراین آن ها "
"فضای نام عمومی خود را دارند. (نامهای درونساخت نیز در واقع در یک ماژول قرار "
"دارند؛ این ماژول :mod:`builtins` نامیده می شود.)"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:106
msgid ""
"The local namespace for a function is created when the function is called, "
"and deleted when the function returns or raises an exception that is not "
"handled within the function. (Actually, forgetting would be a better way to "
"describe what actually happens.) Of course, recursive invocations each have "
"their own local namespace."
msgstr ""
"فضای نام محلی برای یک تابع زمانی ایجاد میشود که تابع فراخوانی شود و زمانی که "
"تابع بازمیگردد یا استثنایی پرتاب میکند که در درون تابع مدیریت نمیشود، حذف "
"میگردد. (در واقع، «فراموش شدن» توصیف بهتری برای چیزی است که واقعاً اتفاق "
"میافتد.) البته، هر فراخوانی بازگشتی، فضای نام محلی خودش را دارد."
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:112
msgid ""
"A *scope* is a textual region of a Python program where a namespace is "
"directly accessible. \"Directly accessible\" here means that an unqualified "
"reference to a name attempts to find the name in the namespace."
msgstr ""
"یک *دامنه* «*scope*» یک ناحیه متنی از یک برنامه پایتون است که در آن یک فضای "
"نام «namespace» به طور مستقیم قابل دستیابی است. \"به طور مستقیم قابل "
"دستیابی\" در اینجا به این معنی است که یک ارجاع بدون صلاحیت به یک نام تلاش می "
"کند تا نام «name» را در فضای نام «namespace» پیدا کند."
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:116
msgid ""
"Although scopes are determined statically, they are used dynamically. At any "
"time during execution, there are 3 or 4 nested scopes whose namespaces are "
"directly accessible:"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:120
msgid "the innermost scope, which is searched first, contains the local names"
msgstr "درونی ترین حوزه، که ابتدا جستجو می شود، شامل نام های محلی است"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:121
msgid ""
"the scopes of any enclosing functions, which are searched starting with the "
"nearest enclosing scope, contain non-local, but also non-global names"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:123
msgid "the next-to-last scope contains the current module's global names"
msgstr "حوزه قبل از آخر شامل نام های عمومی ماژول جاری است."
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:124
msgid ""
"the outermost scope (searched last) is the namespace containing built-in "
"names"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:126
msgid ""
"If a name is declared global, then all references and assignments go "
"directly to the next-to-last scope containing the module's global names. To "
"rebind variables found outside of the innermost scope, "
"the :keyword:`nonlocal` statement can be used; if not declared nonlocal, "
"those variables are read-only (an attempt to write to such a variable will "
"simply create a *new* local variable in the innermost scope, leaving the "
"identically named outer variable unchanged)."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:133
msgid ""
"Usually, the local scope references the local names of the (textually) "
"current function. Outside functions, the local scope references the same "
"namespace as the global scope: the module's namespace. Class definitions "
"place yet another namespace in the local scope."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:138
msgid ""
"It is important to realize that scopes are determined textually: the global "
"scope of a function defined in a module is that module's namespace, no "
"matter from where or by what alias the function is called. On the other "
"hand, the actual search for names is done dynamically, at run time --- "
"however, the language definition is evolving towards static name resolution, "
"at \"compile\" time, so don't rely on dynamic name resolution! (In fact, "
"local variables are already determined statically.)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:146
msgid ""
"A special quirk of Python is that -- if no :keyword:`global` "
"or :keyword:`nonlocal` statement is in effect -- assignments to names always "
"go into the innermost scope. Assignments do not copy data --- they just bind "
"names to objects. The same is true for deletions: the statement ``del x`` "
"removes the binding of ``x`` from the namespace referenced by the local "
"scope. In fact, all operations that introduce new names use the local "
"scope: in particular, :keyword:`import` statements and function definitions "
"bind the module or function name in the local scope."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:154
msgid ""
"The :keyword:`global` statement can be used to indicate that particular "
"variables live in the global scope and should be rebound there; "
"the :keyword:`nonlocal` statement indicates that particular variables live "
"in an enclosing scope and should be rebound there."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:162
msgid "Scopes and Namespaces Example"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:164
msgid ""
"This is an example demonstrating how to reference the different scopes and "
"namespaces, and how :keyword:`global` and :keyword:`nonlocal` affect "
"variable binding::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:168
msgid ""
"def scope_test():\n"
" def do_local():\n"
" spam = \"local spam\"\n"
"\n"
" def do_nonlocal():\n"
" nonlocal spam\n"
" spam = \"nonlocal spam\"\n"
"\n"
" def do_global():\n"
" global spam\n"
" spam = \"global spam\"\n"
"\n"
" spam = \"test spam\"\n"
" do_local()\n"
" print(\"After local assignment:\", spam)\n"
" do_nonlocal()\n"
" print(\"After nonlocal assignment:\", spam)\n"
" do_global()\n"
" print(\"After global assignment:\", spam)\n"
"\n"
"scope_test()\n"
"print(\"In global scope:\", spam)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:191
msgid "The output of the example code is:"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:193
msgid ""
"After local assignment: test spam\n"
"After nonlocal assignment: nonlocal spam\n"
"After global assignment: nonlocal spam\n"
"In global scope: global spam"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:200
msgid ""
"Note how the *local* assignment (which is default) didn't change "
"*scope_test*\\'s binding of *spam*. The :keyword:`nonlocal` assignment "
"changed *scope_test*\\'s binding of *spam*, and the :keyword:`global` "
"assignment changed the module-level binding."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:205
msgid ""
"You can also see that there was no previous binding for *spam* before "
"the :keyword:`global` assignment."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:212
msgid "A First Look at Classes"
msgstr "در نگاه اول به کلاس ها"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:214
msgid ""
"Classes introduce a little bit of new syntax, three new object types, and "
"some new semantics."
msgstr ""
"کلاس ها اندکی سینتکس جدید، سه نوع شئ جدید و برخی مفاهیم معنایی جدید معرفی می "
"کنند."
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:221
msgid "Class Definition Syntax"
msgstr "قواعد تعریف کلاس"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:223
msgid "The simplest form of class definition looks like this::"
msgstr "ساده ترین شکل تعریف کلاس به این صورت است:"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:225
msgid ""
"class ClassName:\n"
" <statement-1>\n"
" .\n"
" .\n"
" .\n"
" <statement-N>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:232
msgid ""
"Class definitions, like function definitions (:keyword:`def` statements) "
"must be executed before they have any effect. (You could conceivably place "
"a class definition in a branch of an :keyword:`if` statement, or inside a "
"function.)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:236
msgid ""
"In practice, the statements inside a class definition will usually be "
"function definitions, but other statements are allowed, and sometimes useful "
"--- we'll come back to this later. The function definitions inside a class "
"normally have a peculiar form of argument list, dictated by the calling "
"conventions for methods --- again, this is explained later."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:242
msgid ""
"When a class definition is entered, a new namespace is created, and used as "
"the local scope --- thus, all assignments to local variables go into this "
"new namespace. In particular, function definitions bind the name of the new "
"function here."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:247
msgid ""
"When a class definition is left normally (via the end), a *class object* is "
"created. This is basically a wrapper around the contents of the namespace "
"created by the class definition; we'll learn more about class objects in the "
"next section. The original local scope (the one in effect just before the "
"class definition was entered) is reinstated, and the class object is bound "
"here to the class name given in the class definition header (:class:`!"
"ClassName` in the example)."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:259
msgid "Class Objects"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:261
msgid ""
"Class objects support two kinds of operations: attribute references and "
"instantiation."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:264
msgid ""
"*Attribute references* use the standard syntax used for all attribute "
"references in Python: ``obj.name``. Valid attribute names are all the names "
"that were in the class's namespace when the class object was created. So, "
"if the class definition looked like this::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:269
msgid ""
"class MyClass:\n"
" \"\"\"A simple example class\"\"\"\n"
" i = 12345\n"
"\n"
" def f(self):\n"
" return 'hello world'"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:276
msgid ""
"then ``MyClass.i`` and ``MyClass.f`` are valid attribute references, "
"returning an integer and a function object, respectively. Class attributes "
"can also be assigned to, so you can change the value of ``MyClass.i`` by "
"assignment. :attr:`~type.__doc__` is also a valid attribute, returning the "
"docstring belonging to the class: ``\"A simple example class\"``."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:282
msgid ""
"Class *instantiation* uses function notation. Just pretend that the class "
"object is a parameterless function that returns a new instance of the class. "
"For example (assuming the above class)::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:286 ../../tutorial/classes.rst:303
msgid "x = MyClass()"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:288
msgid ""
"creates a new *instance* of the class and assigns this object to the local "
"variable ``x``."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:291
msgid ""
"The instantiation operation (\"calling\" a class object) creates an empty "
"object. Many classes like to create objects with instances customized to a "
"specific initial state. Therefore a class may define a special method "
"named :meth:`~object.__init__`, like this::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:296
msgid ""
"def __init__(self):\n"
" self.data = []"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:299
msgid ""
"When a class defines an :meth:`~object.__init__` method, class instantiation "
"automatically invokes :meth:`!__init__` for the newly created class "
"instance. So in this example, a new, initialized instance can be obtained "
"by::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:305
msgid ""
"Of course, the :meth:`~object.__init__` method may have arguments for "
"greater flexibility. In that case, arguments given to the class "
"instantiation operator are passed on to :meth:`!__init__`. For example, ::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:309
msgid ""
">>> class Complex:\n"
"... def __init__(self, realpart, imagpart):\n"
"... self.r = realpart\n"
"... self.i = imagpart\n"
"...\n"
">>> x = Complex(3.0, -4.5)\n"
">>> x.r, x.i\n"
"(3.0, -4.5)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:322
msgid "Instance Objects"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:324
msgid ""
"Now what can we do with instance objects? The only operations understood by "
"instance objects are attribute references. There are two kinds of valid "
"attribute names: data attributes and methods."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:328
msgid ""
"*Data attributes* correspond to \"instance variables\" in Smalltalk, and to "
"\"data members\" in C++. Data attributes need not be declared; like local "
"variables, they spring into existence when they are first assigned to. For "
"example, if ``x`` is the instance of :class:`!MyClass` created above, the "
"following piece of code will print the value ``16``, without leaving a "
"trace::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:334
msgid ""
"x.counter = 1\n"
"while x.counter < 10:\n"
" x.counter = x.counter * 2\n"
"print(x.counter)\n"
"del x.counter"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:340
msgid ""
"The other kind of instance attribute reference is a *method*. A method is a "
"function that \"belongs to\" an object."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:345
msgid ""
"Valid method names of an instance object depend on its class. By "
"definition, all attributes of a class that are function objects define "
"corresponding methods of its instances. So in our example, ``x.f`` is a "
"valid method reference, since ``MyClass.f`` is a function, but ``x.i`` is "
"not, since ``MyClass.i`` is not. But ``x.f`` is not the same thing as "
"``MyClass.f`` --- it is a *method object*, not a function object."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:356
msgid "Method Objects"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:358
msgid "Usually, a method is called right after it is bound::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:360
msgid "x.f()"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:362
msgid ""
"If ``x = MyClass()``, as above, this will return the string ``'hello "
"world'``. However, it is not necessary to call a method right away: ``x.f`` "
"is a method object, and can be stored away and called at a later time. For "
"example::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:366
msgid ""
"xf = x.f\n"
"while True:\n"
" print(xf())"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:370
msgid "will continue to print ``hello world`` until the end of time."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:372
msgid ""
"What exactly happens when a method is called? You may have noticed that "
"``x.f()`` was called without an argument above, even though the function "
"definition for :meth:`!f` specified an argument. What happened to the "
"argument? Surely Python raises an exception when a function that requires an "
"argument is called without any --- even if the argument isn't actually "
"used..."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:378
msgid ""
"Actually, you may have guessed the answer: the special thing about methods "
"is that the instance object is passed as the first argument of the "
"function. In our example, the call ``x.f()`` is exactly equivalent to "
"``MyClass.f(x)``. In general, calling a method with a list of *n* arguments "
"is equivalent to calling the corresponding function with an argument list "
"that is created by inserting the method's instance object before the first "
"argument."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:385
msgid ""
"In general, methods work as follows. When a non-data attribute of an "
"instance is referenced, the instance's class is searched. If the name "
"denotes a valid class attribute that is a function object, references to "
"both the instance object and the function object are packed into a method "
"object. When the method object is called with an argument list, a new "
"argument list is constructed from the instance object and the argument list, "
"and the function object is called with this new argument list."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:398
msgid "Class and Instance Variables"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:400
msgid ""
"Generally speaking, instance variables are for data unique to each instance "
"and class variables are for attributes and methods shared by all instances "
"of the class::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:404
msgid ""
"class Dog:\n"
"\n"
" kind = 'canine' # class variable shared by all instances\n"
"\n"
" def __init__(self, name):\n"
" self.name = name # instance variable unique to each instance\n"
"\n"
">>> d = Dog('Fido')\n"
">>> e = Dog('Buddy')\n"
">>> d.kind # shared by all dogs\n"
"'canine'\n"
">>> e.kind # shared by all dogs\n"
"'canine'\n"
">>> d.name # unique to d\n"
"'Fido'\n"
">>> e.name # unique to e\n"
"'Buddy'"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:422
msgid ""
"As discussed in :ref:`tut-object`, shared data can have possibly surprising "
"effects involving :term:`mutable` objects such as lists and dictionaries. "
"For example, the *tricks* list in the following code should not be used as a "
"class variable because just a single list would be shared by all *Dog* "
"instances::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:428
msgid ""
"class Dog:\n"
"\n"
" tricks = [] # mistaken use of a class variable\n"
"\n"
" def __init__(self, name):\n"
" self.name = name\n"
"\n"
" def add_trick(self, trick):\n"
" self.tricks.append(trick)\n"
"\n"
">>> d = Dog('Fido')\n"
">>> e = Dog('Buddy')\n"
">>> d.add_trick('roll over')\n"
">>> e.add_trick('play dead')\n"
">>> d.tricks # unexpectedly shared by all dogs\n"
"['roll over', 'play dead']"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:445
msgid "Correct design of the class should use an instance variable instead::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:447
msgid ""
"class Dog:\n"
"\n"
" def __init__(self, name):\n"
" self.name = name\n"
" self.tricks = [] # creates a new empty list for each dog\n"
"\n"
" def add_trick(self, trick):\n"
" self.tricks.append(trick)\n"
"\n"
">>> d = Dog('Fido')\n"
">>> e = Dog('Buddy')\n"
">>> d.add_trick('roll over')\n"
">>> e.add_trick('play dead')\n"
">>> d.tricks\n"
"['roll over']\n"
">>> e.tricks\n"
"['play dead']"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:469
msgid "Random Remarks"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:473
msgid ""
"If the same attribute name occurs in both an instance and in a class, then "
"attribute lookup prioritizes the instance::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:476
msgid ""
">>> class Warehouse:\n"
"... purpose = 'storage'\n"
"... region = 'west'\n"
"...\n"
">>> w1 = Warehouse()\n"
">>> print(w1.purpose, w1.region)\n"
"storage west\n"
">>> w2 = Warehouse()\n"
">>> w2.region = 'east'\n"
">>> print(w2.purpose, w2.region)\n"
"storage east"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:488
msgid ""
"Data attributes may be referenced by methods as well as by ordinary users "
"(\"clients\") of an object. In other words, classes are not usable to "
"implement pure abstract data types. In fact, nothing in Python makes it "
"possible to enforce data hiding --- it is all based upon convention. (On "
"the other hand, the Python implementation, written in C, can completely hide "
"implementation details and control access to an object if necessary; this "
"can be used by extensions to Python written in C.)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:496
msgid ""
"Clients should use data attributes with care --- clients may mess up "
"invariants maintained by the methods by stamping on their data attributes. "
"Note that clients may add data attributes of their own to an instance object "
"without affecting the validity of the methods, as long as name conflicts are "
"avoided --- again, a naming convention can save a lot of headaches here."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:502
msgid ""
"There is no shorthand for referencing data attributes (or other methods!) "
"from within methods. I find that this actually increases the readability of "
"methods: there is no chance of confusing local variables and instance "
"variables when glancing through a method."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:507
msgid ""
"Often, the first argument of a method is called ``self``. This is nothing "
"more than a convention: the name ``self`` has absolutely no special meaning "
"to Python. Note, however, that by not following the convention your code "
"may be less readable to other Python programmers, and it is also conceivable "
"that a *class browser* program might be written that relies upon such a "
"convention."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:513
msgid ""
"Any function object that is a class attribute defines a method for instances "
"of that class. It is not necessary that the function definition is "
"textually enclosed in the class definition: assigning a function object to a "
"local variable in the class is also ok. For example::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:518
msgid ""
"# Function defined outside the class\n"
"def f1(self, x, y):\n"
" return min(x, x+y)\n"
"\n"
"class C:\n"
" f = f1\n"
"\n"
" def g(self):\n"
" return 'hello world'\n"
"\n"
" h = g"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:530
msgid ""
"Now ``f``, ``g`` and ``h`` are all attributes of class :class:`!C` that "
"refer to function objects, and consequently they are all methods of "
"instances of :class:`!C` --- ``h`` being exactly equivalent to ``g``. Note "
"that this practice usually only serves to confuse the reader of a program."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:535
msgid ""
"Methods may call other methods by using method attributes of the ``self`` "
"argument::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:538
msgid ""
"class Bag:\n"
" def __init__(self):\n"
" self.data = []\n"
"\n"
" def add(self, x):\n"
" self.data.append(x)\n"
"\n"
" def addtwice(self, x):\n"
" self.add(x)\n"
" self.add(x)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:549
msgid ""
"Methods may reference global names in the same way as ordinary functions. "
"The global scope associated with a method is the module containing its "
"definition. (A class is never used as a global scope.) While one rarely "
"encounters a good reason for using global data in a method, there are many "
"legitimate uses of the global scope: for one thing, functions and modules "
"imported into the global scope can be used by methods, as well as functions "
"and classes defined in it. Usually, the class containing the method is "
"itself defined in this global scope, and in the next section we'll find some "
"good reasons why a method would want to reference its own class."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:559
msgid ""
"Each value is an object, and therefore has a *class* (also called its "
"*type*). It is stored as ``object.__class__``."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:566
msgid "Inheritance"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:568
msgid ""
"Of course, a language feature would not be worthy of the name \"class\" "
"without supporting inheritance. The syntax for a derived class definition "
"looks like this::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:572
msgid ""
"class DerivedClassName(BaseClassName):\n"
" <statement-1>\n"
" .\n"
" .\n"
" .\n"
" <statement-N>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:579
msgid ""
"The name :class:`!BaseClassName` must be defined in a namespace accessible "
"from the scope containing the derived class definition. In place of a base "
"class name, other arbitrary expressions are also allowed. This can be "
"useful, for example, when the base class is defined in another module::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:585
msgid "class DerivedClassName(modname.BaseClassName):"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:587
msgid ""
"Execution of a derived class definition proceeds the same as for a base "
"class. When the class object is constructed, the base class is remembered. "
"This is used for resolving attribute references: if a requested attribute is "
"not found in the class, the search proceeds to look in the base class. This "
"rule is applied recursively if the base class itself is derived from some "
"other class."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:593
msgid ""
"There's nothing special about instantiation of derived classes: "
"``DerivedClassName()`` creates a new instance of the class. Method "
"references are resolved as follows: the corresponding class attribute is "
"searched, descending down the chain of base classes if necessary, and the "
"method reference is valid if this yields a function object."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:599
msgid ""
"Derived classes may override methods of their base classes. Because methods "
"have no special privileges when calling other methods of the same object, a "
"method of a base class that calls another method defined in the same base "
"class may end up calling a method of a derived class that overrides it. "
"(For C++ programmers: all methods in Python are effectively ``virtual``.)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:605
msgid ""
"An overriding method in a derived class may in fact want to extend rather "
"than simply replace the base class method of the same name. There is a "
"simple way to call the base class method directly: just call "
"``BaseClassName.methodname(self, arguments)``. This is occasionally useful "
"to clients as well. (Note that this only works if the base class is "
"accessible as ``BaseClassName`` in the global scope.)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:612
msgid "Python has two built-in functions that work with inheritance:"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:614
msgid ""
"Use :func:`isinstance` to check an instance's type: ``isinstance(obj, int)`` "
"will be ``True`` only if ``obj.__class__`` is :class:`int` or some class "
"derived from :class:`int`."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:618
msgid ""
"Use :func:`issubclass` to check class inheritance: ``issubclass(bool, int)`` "
"is ``True`` since :class:`bool` is a subclass of :class:`int`. However, "
"``issubclass(float, int)`` is ``False`` since :class:`float` is not a "
"subclass of :class:`int`."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:628
msgid "Multiple Inheritance"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:630
msgid ""
"Python supports a form of multiple inheritance as well. A class definition "
"with multiple base classes looks like this::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:633
msgid ""
"class DerivedClassName(Base1, Base2, Base3):\n"
" <statement-1>\n"
" .\n"
" .\n"
" .\n"
" <statement-N>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:640
msgid ""
"For most purposes, in the simplest cases, you can think of the search for "
"attributes inherited from a parent class as depth-first, left-to-right, not "
"searching twice in the same class where there is an overlap in the "
"hierarchy. Thus, if an attribute is not found in :class:`!DerivedClassName`, "
"it is searched for in :class:`!Base1`, then (recursively) in the base "
"classes of :class:`!Base1`, and if it was not found there, it was searched "
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