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# subprocess - Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
#
# For more information about this module, see PEP 324.
#
# Copyright (c) 2003-2005 by Peter Astrand <astrand@lysator.liu.se>
#
# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
r"""Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
This module allows you to spawn processes, connect to their
input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes.
For a complete description of this module see the Python documentation.
Main API
========
run(...): Runs a command, waits for it to complete, then returns a
CompletedProcess instance.
Popen(...): A class for flexibly executing a command in a new process
Constants
---------
DEVNULL: Special value that indicates that os.devnull should be used
PIPE: Special value that indicates a pipe should be created
STDOUT: Special value that indicates that stderr should go to stdout
Older API
=========
call(...): Runs a command, waits for it to complete, then returns
the return code.
check_call(...): Same as call() but raises CalledProcessError()
if return code is not 0
check_output(...): Same as check_call() but returns the contents of
stdout instead of a return code
getoutput(...): Runs a command in the shell, waits for it to complete,
then returns the output
getstatusoutput(...): Runs a command in the shell, waits for it to complete,
then returns a (exitcode, output) tuple
"""
import builtins
import errno
import io
import locale
import os
import time
import signal
import sys
import threading
import warnings
import contextlib
from time import monotonic as _time
import types
try:
import fcntl
except ImportError:
fcntl = None
__all__ = ["Popen", "PIPE", "STDOUT", "call", "check_call", "getstatusoutput",
"getoutput", "check_output", "run", "CalledProcessError", "DEVNULL",
"SubprocessError", "TimeoutExpired", "CompletedProcess"]
# NOTE: We intentionally exclude list2cmdline as it is
# considered an internal implementation detail. issue10838.
# use presence of msvcrt to detect Windows-like platforms (see bpo-8110)
try:
import msvcrt
except ModuleNotFoundError:
_mswindows = False
else:
_mswindows = True
# some platforms do not support subprocesses
_can_fork_exec = sys.platform not in {"emscripten", "wasi", "ios", "tvos", "watchos"}
if _mswindows:
import _winapi
from _winapi import (CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE, CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP, # noqa: F401
STD_INPUT_HANDLE, STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE,
STD_ERROR_HANDLE, SW_HIDE,
STARTF_USESTDHANDLES, STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW,
STARTF_FORCEONFEEDBACK, STARTF_FORCEOFFFEEDBACK,
ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,
HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS, IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS,
NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS,
CREATE_NO_WINDOW, DETACHED_PROCESS,
CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE, CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB)
__all__.extend(["CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE", "CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP",
"STD_INPUT_HANDLE", "STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE",
"STD_ERROR_HANDLE", "SW_HIDE",
"STARTF_USESTDHANDLES", "STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW",
"STARTF_FORCEONFEEDBACK", "STARTF_FORCEOFFFEEDBACK",
"STARTUPINFO",
"ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS", "BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS",
"HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS", "IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS",
"NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS", "REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS",
"CREATE_NO_WINDOW", "DETACHED_PROCESS",
"CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE", "CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB"])
else:
if _can_fork_exec:
from _posixsubprocess import fork_exec as _fork_exec
# used in methods that are called by __del__
class _del_safe:
waitpid = os.waitpid
waitstatus_to_exitcode = os.waitstatus_to_exitcode
WIFSTOPPED = os.WIFSTOPPED
WSTOPSIG = os.WSTOPSIG
WNOHANG = os.WNOHANG
ECHILD = errno.ECHILD
else:
class _del_safe:
waitpid = None
waitstatus_to_exitcode = None
WIFSTOPPED = None
WSTOPSIG = None
WNOHANG = None
ECHILD = errno.ECHILD
import select
import selectors
# Exception classes used by this module.
class SubprocessError(Exception): pass
class CalledProcessError(SubprocessError):
"""Raised when run() is called with check=True and the process
returns a non-zero exit status.
Attributes:
cmd, returncode, stdout, stderr, output
"""
def __init__(self, returncode, cmd, output=None, stderr=None):
self.returncode = returncode
self.cmd = cmd
self.output = output
self.stderr = stderr
def __str__(self):
if isinstance(self.returncode, int) and self.returncode < 0:
try:
return "Command %r died with %r." % (
self.cmd, signal.Signals(-self.returncode))
except ValueError:
return "Command %r died with unknown signal %d." % (
self.cmd, -self.returncode)
else:
return (f"Command {self.cmd!r} returned non-zero "
f"exit status {self.returncode}.")
@property
def stdout(self):
"""Alias for output attribute, to match stderr"""
return self.output
@stdout.setter
def stdout(self, value):
# There's no obvious reason to set this, but allow it anyway so
# .stdout is a transparent alias for .output
self.output = value
class TimeoutExpired(SubprocessError):
"""This exception is raised when the timeout expires while waiting for a
child process.
Attributes:
cmd, output, stdout, stderr, timeout
"""
def __init__(self, cmd, timeout, output=None, stderr=None):
self.cmd = cmd
self.timeout = timeout
self.output = output
self.stderr = stderr
def __str__(self):
return ("Command '%s' timed out after %s seconds" %
(self.cmd, self.timeout))
@property
def stdout(self):
return self.output
@stdout.setter
def stdout(self, value):
# There's no obvious reason to set this, but allow it anyway so
# .stdout is a transparent alias for .output
self.output = value
if _mswindows:
class STARTUPINFO:
def __init__(self, *, dwFlags=0, hStdInput=None, hStdOutput=None,
hStdError=None, wShowWindow=0, lpAttributeList=None):
self.dwFlags = dwFlags
self.hStdInput = hStdInput
self.hStdOutput = hStdOutput
self.hStdError = hStdError
self.wShowWindow = wShowWindow
self.lpAttributeList = lpAttributeList or {"handle_list": []}
def copy(self):
attr_list = self.lpAttributeList.copy()
if 'handle_list' in attr_list:
attr_list['handle_list'] = list(attr_list['handle_list'])
return STARTUPINFO(dwFlags=self.dwFlags,
hStdInput=self.hStdInput,
hStdOutput=self.hStdOutput,
hStdError=self.hStdError,
wShowWindow=self.wShowWindow,
lpAttributeList=attr_list)
class Handle(int):
closed = False
def Close(self, CloseHandle=_winapi.CloseHandle):
if not self.closed:
self.closed = True
CloseHandle(self)
def Detach(self):
if not self.closed:
self.closed = True
return int(self)
raise ValueError("already closed")
def __repr__(self):
return "%s(%d)" % (self.__class__.__name__, int(self))
__del__ = Close
else:
# When select or poll has indicated that the file is writable,
# we can write up to _PIPE_BUF bytes without risk of blocking.
# POSIX defines PIPE_BUF as >= 512.
_PIPE_BUF = getattr(select, 'PIPE_BUF', 512)
# poll/select have the advantage of not requiring any extra file
# descriptor, contrarily to epoll/kqueue (also, they require a single
# syscall).
if hasattr(selectors, 'PollSelector'):
_PopenSelector = selectors.PollSelector
else:
_PopenSelector = selectors.SelectSelector
def _communicate_io_posix(selector, stdin, input_view, input_offset,
output_buffers, endtime, *, close_on_eof=False):
"""
Low-level POSIX I/O multiplexing loop used by Popen._communicate.
Handles the select loop for reading/writing but does not manage
stream lifecycle or raise timeout exceptions.
Args:
selector: A _PopenSelector with streams already registered
stdin: Writable file object for input, or None
input_view: memoryview of input bytes, or None
input_offset: Starting offset into input_view (for resume support)
output_buffers: Dict {file_object: list} to append read chunks to
endtime: Deadline timestamp, or None for no timeout
close_on_eof: If True, close output streams immediately when they
EOF rather than leaving them open for the caller to close.
Used by Popen._communicate() to match its historical behavior
of releasing fds as soon as the child closes the corresponding
pipe.
Returns:
(new_input_offset, completed)
- new_input_offset: How many bytes of input were written
- completed: True if all I/O finished, False if timed out
Note:
- Closes output streams on EOF only if close_on_eof=True
- Does NOT raise TimeoutExpired (caller handles)
- Appends to output_buffers lists in place
"""
stdin_fd = stdin.fileno() if stdin else None
while selector.get_map():
remaining = _deadline_remaining(endtime)
if remaining is not None and remaining <= 0:
return (input_offset, False) # Timed out
ready = selector.select(remaining)
# Check timeout after select (may have woken spuriously)
if endtime is not None and _time() > endtime:
return (input_offset, False) # Timed out
for key, events in ready:
if key.fd == stdin_fd:
chunk = input_view[input_offset:input_offset + _PIPE_BUF]
try:
input_offset += os.write(key.fd, chunk)
except BrokenPipeError:
selector.unregister(key.fd)
try:
stdin.close()
except BrokenPipeError:
pass
else:
if input_offset >= len(input_view):
selector.unregister(key.fd)
try:
stdin.close()
except BrokenPipeError:
pass
elif key.fileobj in output_buffers:
data = os.read(key.fd, 32768)
if not data:
selector.unregister(key.fileobj)
if close_on_eof:
try:
key.fileobj.close()
except OSError:
pass
else:
output_buffers[key.fileobj].append(data)
return (input_offset, True) # Completed
if _mswindows:
# On Windows we just need to close `Popen._handle` when we no longer need
# it, so that the kernel can free it. `Popen._handle` gets closed
# implicitly when the `Popen` instance is finalized (see `Handle.__del__`,
# which is calling `CloseHandle` as requested in [1]), so there is nothing
# for `_cleanup` to do.
#
# [1] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/ProcThread/
# creating-processes
_active = None
def _cleanup():
pass
else:
# This lists holds Popen instances for which the underlying process had not
# exited at the time its __del__ method got called: those processes are
# wait()ed for synchronously from _cleanup() when a new Popen object is
# created, to avoid zombie processes.
_active = []
def _cleanup():
if _active is None:
return
for inst in _active[:]:
res = inst._internal_poll(_deadstate=sys.maxsize)
if res is not None:
try:
_active.remove(inst)
except ValueError:
# This can happen if two threads create a new Popen instance.
# It's harmless that it was already removed, so ignore.
pass
PIPE = -1
STDOUT = -2
DEVNULL = -3
def _deadline_remaining(endtime):
"""Calculate remaining time until deadline."""
if endtime is None:
return None
return endtime - _time()
def _flush_stdin(stdin):
"""Flush stdin, ignoring BrokenPipeError and closed file ValueError."""
try:
stdin.flush()
except BrokenPipeError:
pass # communicate() must ignore BrokenPipeError.
except ValueError:
# Ignore ValueError: I/O operation on closed file.
if not stdin.closed:
raise
def _make_input_view(input_data):
"""Convert input data to a byte memoryview for writing.
Handles the case where input_data is already a memoryview with
non-byte elements (e.g., int32 array) by casting to a byte view.
This ensures len(view) returns the byte count, not element count.
"""
if not input_data:
return None
if isinstance(input_data, memoryview):
return input_data.cast("b") # ensure byte view for correct len()
return memoryview(input_data)
def _translate_newlines(data, encoding, errors):
"""Decode bytes to str and translate newlines to \n."""
data = data.decode(encoding, errors)
return data.replace("\r\n", "\n").replace("\r", "\n")
# XXX This function is only used by multiprocessing and the test suite,
# but it's here so that it can be imported when Python is compiled without
# threads.
def _optim_args_from_interpreter_flags():
"""Return a list of command-line arguments reproducing the current
optimization settings in sys.flags."""
args = []
value = sys.flags.optimize
if value > 0:
args.append('-' + 'O' * value)
return args
def _args_from_interpreter_flags():
"""Return a list of command-line arguments reproducing the current
settings in sys.flags, sys.warnoptions and sys._xoptions."""
flag_opt_map = {
'debug': 'd',
# 'inspect': 'i',
# 'interactive': 'i',
'dont_write_bytecode': 'B',
'no_site': 'S',
'verbose': 'v',
'bytes_warning': 'b',
'quiet': 'q',
# -O is handled in _optim_args_from_interpreter_flags()
}
args = _optim_args_from_interpreter_flags()
for flag, opt in flag_opt_map.items():
v = getattr(sys.flags, flag)
if v > 0:
args.append('-' + opt * v)
if sys.flags.isolated:
args.append('-I')
else:
if sys.flags.ignore_environment:
args.append('-E')
if sys.flags.no_user_site:
args.append('-s')
if sys.flags.safe_path:
args.append('-P')
# -W options
warnopts = sys.warnoptions[:]
xoptions = getattr(sys, '_xoptions', {})
bytes_warning = sys.flags.bytes_warning
dev_mode = sys.flags.dev_mode
if bytes_warning > 1:
warnopts.remove("error::BytesWarning")
elif bytes_warning:
warnopts.remove("default::BytesWarning")
if dev_mode:
warnopts.remove('default')
for opt in warnopts:
args.append('-W' + opt)
# -X options
if dev_mode:
args.extend(('-X', 'dev'))
for opt in sorted(xoptions):
if opt == 'dev':
# handled above via sys.flags.dev_mode
continue
value = xoptions[opt]
if value is True:
arg = opt
else:
arg = '%s=%s' % (opt, value)
args.extend(('-X', arg))
return args
def _text_encoding():
# Return default text encoding and emit EncodingWarning if
# sys.flags.warn_default_encoding is true.
if sys.flags.warn_default_encoding:
f = sys._getframe()
filename = f.f_code.co_filename
stacklevel = 2
while f := f.f_back:
if f.f_code.co_filename != filename:
break
stacklevel += 1
warnings.warn("'encoding' argument not specified.",
EncodingWarning, stacklevel)
if sys.flags.utf8_mode:
return "utf-8"
return locale.getencoding()
def call(*popenargs, timeout=None, **kwargs):
"""Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete or
for timeout seconds, then return the returncode attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
retcode = call(["ls", "-l"])
"""
with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as p:
try:
return p.wait(timeout=timeout)
except: # Including KeyboardInterrupt, wait handled that.
p.kill()
# We don't call p.wait() again as p.__exit__ does that for us.
raise
def check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs):
"""Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If
the exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise
CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the
return code in the returncode attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the call function. Example:
check_call(["ls", "-l"])
"""
retcode = call(*popenargs, **kwargs)
if retcode:
cmd = kwargs.get("args")
if cmd is None:
cmd = popenargs[0]
raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
return 0
def check_output(*popenargs, timeout=None, **kwargs):
r"""Run command with arguments and return its output.
If the exit code was non-zero it raises a CalledProcessError. The
CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode
attribute and output in the output attribute.
The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example:
>>> check_output(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"])
b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Oct 18 2007 /dev/null\n'
The stdout argument is not allowed as it is used internally.
To capture standard error in the result, use stderr=STDOUT.
>>> check_output(["/bin/sh", "-c",
... "ls -l non_existent_file ; exit 0"],
... stderr=STDOUT)
b'ls: non_existent_file: No such file or directory\n'
There is an additional optional argument, "input", allowing you to
pass a string to the subprocess's stdin. If you use this argument
you may not also use the Popen constructor's "stdin" argument, as
it too will be used internally. Example:
>>> check_output(["sed", "-e", "s/foo/bar/"],
... input=b"when in the course of fooman events\n")
b'when in the course of barman events\n'
By default, all communication is in bytes, and therefore any "input"
should be bytes, and the return value will be bytes. If in text mode,
any "input" should be a string, and the return value will be a string
decoded according to locale encoding, or by "encoding" if set. Text mode
is triggered by setting any of text, encoding, errors or universal_newlines.
"""
for kw in ('stdout', 'check'):
if kw in kwargs:
raise ValueError(f'{kw} argument not allowed, it will be overridden.')
if 'input' in kwargs and kwargs['input'] is None:
# Explicitly passing input=None was previously equivalent to passing an
# empty string. That is maintained here for backwards compatibility.
if kwargs.get('universal_newlines') or kwargs.get('text') or kwargs.get('encoding') \
or kwargs.get('errors'):
empty = ''
else:
empty = b''
kwargs['input'] = empty
return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
**kwargs).stdout
class CompletedProcess(object):
"""A process that has finished running.
This is returned by run().
Attributes:
args: The list or str args passed to run().
returncode: The exit code of the process, negative for signals.
stdout: The standard output (None if not captured).
stderr: The standard error (None if not captured).
"""
def __init__(self, args, returncode, stdout=None, stderr=None):
self.args = args
self.returncode = returncode
self.stdout = stdout
self.stderr = stderr
def __repr__(self):
args = ['args={!r}'.format(self.args),
'returncode={!r}'.format(self.returncode)]
if self.stdout is not None:
args.append('stdout={!r}'.format(self.stdout))
if self.stderr is not None:
args.append('stderr={!r}'.format(self.stderr))
return "{}({})".format(type(self).__name__, ', '.join(args))
__class_getitem__ = classmethod(types.GenericAlias)
def check_returncode(self):
"""Raise CalledProcessError if the exit code is non-zero."""
if self.returncode:
raise CalledProcessError(self.returncode, self.args, self.stdout,
self.stderr)
def run(*popenargs,
input=None, capture_output=False, timeout=None, check=False, **kwargs):
"""Run command with arguments and return a CompletedProcess instance.
The returned instance will have attributes args, returncode, stdout and
stderr. By default, stdout and stderr are not captured, and those attributes
will be None. Pass stdout=PIPE and/or stderr=PIPE in order to capture them,
or pass capture_output=True to capture both.
If check is True and the exit code was non-zero, it raises a
CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code
in the returncode attribute, and output & stderr attributes if those streams
were captured.
If timeout (seconds) is given and the process takes too long,
a TimeoutExpired exception will be raised.
There is an optional argument "input", allowing you to
pass bytes or a string to the subprocess's stdin. If you use this argument
you may not also use the Popen constructor's "stdin" argument, as
it will be used internally.
By default, all communication is in bytes, and therefore any "input" should
be bytes, and the stdout and stderr will be bytes. If in text mode, any
"input" should be a string, and stdout and stderr will be strings decoded
according to locale encoding, or by "encoding" if set. Text mode is
triggered by setting any of text, encoding, errors or universal_newlines.
The other arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.
"""
if input is not None:
if kwargs.get('stdin') is not None:
raise ValueError('stdin and input arguments may not both be used.')
kwargs['stdin'] = PIPE
if capture_output:
if kwargs.get('stdout') is not None or kwargs.get('stderr') is not None:
raise ValueError('stdout and stderr arguments may not be used '
'with capture_output.')
kwargs['stdout'] = PIPE
kwargs['stderr'] = PIPE
with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as process:
try:
stdout, stderr = process.communicate(input, timeout=timeout)
except TimeoutExpired as exc:
process.kill()
if _mswindows:
# Windows accumulates the output in a single blocking
# read() call run on child threads, with the timeout
# being done in a join() on those threads. communicate()
# _after_ kill() is required to collect that and add it
# to the exception.
exc.stdout, exc.stderr = process.communicate()
else:
# POSIX _communicate already populated the output so
# far into the TimeoutExpired exception.
process.wait()
raise
except: # Including KeyboardInterrupt, communicate handled that.
process.kill()
# We don't call process.wait() as .__exit__ does that for us.
raise
retcode = process.poll()
if check and retcode:
raise CalledProcessError(retcode, process.args,
output=stdout, stderr=stderr)
return CompletedProcess(process.args, retcode, stdout, stderr)
def list2cmdline(seq):
"""
Translate a sequence of arguments into a command line
string, using the same rules as the MS C runtime:
1) Arguments are delimited by white space, which is either a
space or a tab.
2) A string surrounded by double quotation marks is
interpreted as a single argument, regardless of white space
contained within. A quoted string can be embedded in an
argument.
3) A double quotation mark preceded by a backslash is
interpreted as a literal double quotation mark.
4) Backslashes are interpreted literally, unless they
immediately precede a double quotation mark.
5) If backslashes immediately precede a double quotation mark,
every pair of backslashes is interpreted as a literal
backslash. If the number of backslashes is odd, the last
backslash escapes the next double quotation mark as
described in rule 3.
"""
# See
# http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/17w5ykft.aspx
# or search http://msdn.microsoft.com for
# "Parsing C++ Command-Line Arguments"
result = []
needquote = False
for arg in map(os.fsdecode, seq):
bs_buf = []
# Add a space to separate this argument from the others
if result:
result.append(' ')
needquote = (" " in arg) or ("\t" in arg) or not arg
if needquote:
result.append('"')
for c in arg:
if c == '\\':
# Don't know if we need to double yet.
bs_buf.append(c)
elif c == '"':
# Double backslashes.
result.append('\\' * len(bs_buf)*2)
bs_buf = []
result.append('\\"')
else:
# Normal char
if bs_buf:
result.extend(bs_buf)
bs_buf = []
result.append(c)
# Add remaining backslashes, if any.
if bs_buf:
result.extend(bs_buf)
if needquote:
result.extend(bs_buf)
result.append('"')
return ''.join(result)
# Various tools for executing commands and looking at their output and status.
#
def getstatusoutput(cmd, *, encoding=None, errors=None):
"""Return (exitcode, output) of executing cmd in a shell.
Execute the string 'cmd' in a shell with 'check_output' and
return a 2-tuple (status, output). The locale encoding is used
to decode the output and process newlines.
A trailing newline is stripped from the output.
The exit status for the command can be interpreted
according to the rules for the function 'wait'. Example:
>>> import subprocess
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('ls /bin/ls')
(0, '/bin/ls')
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('cat /bin/junk')
(1, 'cat: /bin/junk: No such file or directory')
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('/bin/junk')
(127, 'sh: /bin/junk: not found')
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('/bin/kill $$')
(-15, '')
"""
try:
data = check_output(cmd, shell=True, text=True, stderr=STDOUT,
encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
exitcode = 0
except CalledProcessError as ex:
data = ex.output
exitcode = ex.returncode
if data[-1:] == '\n':
data = data[:-1]
return exitcode, data
def getoutput(cmd, *, encoding=None, errors=None):
"""Return output (stdout or stderr) of executing cmd in a shell.
Like getstatusoutput(), except the exit status is ignored and the return
value is a string containing the command's output. Example:
>>> import subprocess
>>> subprocess.getoutput('ls /bin/ls')
'/bin/ls'
"""
return getstatusoutput(cmd, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)[1]
def _use_posix_spawn():
"""Check if posix_spawn() can be used for subprocess.
subprocess requires a posix_spawn() implementation that properly reports
errors to the parent process, & sets errno on the following failures:
* Process attribute actions failed.
* File actions failed.
* exec() failed.
Prefer an implementation which can use vfork() in some cases for best
performance.
"""
if _mswindows or not hasattr(os, 'posix_spawn'):
# os.posix_spawn() is not available
return False
if ((_env := os.environ.get('_PYTHON_SUBPROCESS_USE_POSIX_SPAWN')) in ('0', '1')):
return bool(int(_env))
if sys.platform in ('darwin', 'sunos5'):
# posix_spawn() is a syscall on both macOS and Solaris,
# and properly reports errors
return True
# Check libc name and runtime libc version
try:
ver = os.confstr('CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION')
# parse 'glibc 2.28' as ('glibc', (2, 28))
parts = ver.split(maxsplit=1)
if len(parts) != 2:
# reject unknown format
raise ValueError
libc = parts[0]
version = tuple(map(int, parts[1].split('.')))
if sys.platform == 'linux' and libc == 'glibc' and version >= (2, 24):
# glibc 2.24 has a new Linux posix_spawn implementation using vfork
# which properly reports errors to the parent process.
return True
# Note: Don't use the implementation in earlier glibc because it doesn't
# use vfork (even if glibc 2.26 added a pipe to properly report errors
# to the parent process).
except (AttributeError, ValueError, OSError):
# os.confstr() or CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION value not available
pass
# By default, assume that posix_spawn() does not properly report errors.
return False
def _can_use_pidfd_open():
# Availability: Linux >= 5.3
if not hasattr(os, "pidfd_open"):
return False
try:
pidfd = os.pidfd_open(os.getpid(), 0)
except OSError as err:
if err.errno in {errno.EMFILE, errno.ENFILE}:
# transitory 'too many open files'
return True
# likely blocked by security policy like SECCOMP (EPERM,
# EACCES, ENOSYS)
return False
else:
os.close(pidfd)
return True
def _can_use_kqueue():
# Availability: macOS, BSD
names = (
"kqueue",
"KQ_EV_ADD",
"KQ_EV_ONESHOT",
"KQ_FILTER_PROC",
"KQ_NOTE_EXIT",
)
if not all(hasattr(select, x) for x in names):
return False
kq = None
try:
kq = select.kqueue()
kev = select.kevent(
os.getpid(),
filter=select.KQ_FILTER_PROC,
flags=select.KQ_EV_ADD | select.KQ_EV_ONESHOT,
fflags=select.KQ_NOTE_EXIT,
)
kq.control([kev], 1, 0)
return True
except OSError as err:
if err.errno in {errno.EMFILE, errno.ENFILE}:
# transitory 'too many open files'
return True
return False
finally:
if kq is not None:
kq.close()
_CAN_USE_PIDFD_OPEN = not _mswindows and _can_use_pidfd_open()
_CAN_USE_KQUEUE = not _mswindows and _can_use_kqueue()
# Maximum timeout passed to poll() / kqueue.control() by Popen._wait():
# very large values (e.g. timeout=float('inf')) overflow the C timestamp
# conversion (gh-154836). Longer waits are performed in bounded slices
# until the deadline, like asyncio's MAXIMUM_SELECT_TIMEOUT.
_MAXIMUM_WAIT_TIMEOUT = 24 * 3600
# These are primarily fail-safe knobs for negatives. A True value does not
# guarantee the given libc/syscall API will be used.
_USE_POSIX_SPAWN = _use_posix_spawn()
_HAVE_POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM = hasattr(os, 'POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM')
class Popen:
""" Execute a child program in a new process.
For a complete description of the arguments see the Python documentation.
Arguments:
args: A string, or a sequence of program arguments.
bufsize: supplied as the buffering argument to the open() function when
creating the stdin/stdout/stderr pipe file objects
executable: A replacement program to execute.
stdin, stdout and stderr: These specify the executed programs' standard
input, standard output and standard error file handles, respectively.
preexec_fn: (POSIX only) An object to be called in the child process
just before the child is executed.
close_fds: Controls closing or inheriting of file descriptors.
shell: If true, the command will be executed through the shell.
cwd: Sets the current directory before the child is executed.
env: Defines the environment variables for the new process.
text: If true, decode stdin, stdout and stderr using the given encoding
(if set) or the system default otherwise.
universal_newlines: Alias of text, provided for backwards compatibility.
startupinfo and creationflags (Windows only)
restore_signals (POSIX only)
start_new_session (POSIX only)
process_group (POSIX only)
group (POSIX only)
extra_groups (POSIX only)
user (POSIX only)
umask (POSIX only)
pass_fds (POSIX only)
encoding and errors: Text mode encoding and error handling to use for
file objects stdin, stdout and stderr.
Attributes:
stdin, stdout, stderr, pid, returncode
"""
_child_created = False # Set here since __del__ checks it
def __init__(self, args, bufsize=-1, executable=None,
stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None,
preexec_fn=None, close_fds=True,
shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=None,
startupinfo=None, creationflags=0,
restore_signals=True, start_new_session=False,
pass_fds=(), *, user=None, group=None, extra_groups=None,
encoding=None, errors=None, text=None, umask=-1, pipesize=-1,
process_group=None):
"""Create new Popen instance."""
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