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// Implementation of biased reference counting inter-thread queue.
// Biased reference counting maintains two refcount fields in each object:
// ob_ref_local and ob_ref_shared. The true refcount is the sum of these two
// fields. In some cases, when refcounting operations are split across threads,
// the ob_ref_shared field can be negative (although the total refcount must
// be at least zero). In this case, the thread that decremented the refcount
// requests that the owning thread give up ownership and merge the refcount
// fields. This file implements the mechanism for doing so.
// Each thread state maintains a queue of objects whose refcounts it should
// merge. The thread states are stored in a per-interpreter hash table by
// thread id. The hash table has a fixed size and uses a linked list to store
// thread states within each bucket.
// The queueing thread uses the eval breaker mechanism to notify the owning
// thread that it has objects to merge. Additionally, all queued objects are
// merged during GC.
#include "Python.h"
#include "pycore_object.h"      // _Py_ExplicitMergeRefcount
#include "pycore_brc.h"         // struct _brc_thread_state
#include "pycore_ceval.h"       // _Py_set_eval_breaker_bit
#include "pycore_llist.h"       // struct llist_node
#include "pycore_pystate.h"     // _PyThreadStateImpl
#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
// Get the hashtable bucket for a given thread id.
static struct _brc_bucket *
get_bucket(PyInterpreterState *interp, uintptr_t tid)
    return &interp->brc.table[tid % _Py_BRC_NUM_BUCKETS];
// Find the thread state in a hash table bucket by thread id.
static _PyThreadStateImpl *
find_thread_state(struct _brc_bucket *bucket, uintptr_t thread_id)
    struct llist_node *node;
    llist_for_each(node, &bucket->root) {
        // Get the containing _PyThreadStateImpl from the linked-list node.
        _PyThreadStateImpl *ts = llist_data(node, _PyThreadStateImpl,
                                            brc.bucket_node);
        if (ts->brc.tid == thread_id) {
            return ts;
    return NULL;
// Enqueue an object to be merged by the owning thread. This steals a
// reference to the object.
_Py_brc_queue_object(PyObject *ob)
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
    uintptr_t ob_tid = _Py_atomic_load_uintptr(&ob->ob_tid);
    if (ob_tid == 0) {
        // The owning thread may have concurrently decided to merge the
        // refcount fields.
        Py_DECREF(ob);
        return;
    struct _brc_bucket *bucket = get_bucket(interp, ob_tid);
    PyMutex_Lock(&bucket->mutex);
    _PyThreadStateImpl *tstate = find_thread_state(bucket, ob_tid);
    if (tstate == NULL) {
        // If we didn't find the owning thread then it must have already exited.
        // It's safe (and necessary) to merge the refcount. Subtract one when
        // merging because we've stolen a reference.
        Py_ssize_t refcount = _Py_ExplicitMergeRefcount(ob, -1);
        PyMutex_Unlock(&bucket->mutex);
        if (refcount == 0) {
            _Py_Dealloc(ob);
        return;
    if (_PyObjectStack_Push(&tstate->brc.objects_to_merge, ob) < 0) {
        PyMutex_Unlock(&bucket->mutex);
        // Fall back to stopping all threads and manually merging the refcount
        // if we can't enqueue the object to be merged.
        _PyEval_StopTheWorld(interp);
        Py_ssize_t refcount = _Py_ExplicitMergeRefcount(ob, -1);
        _PyEval_StartTheWorld(interp);
        if (refcount == 0) {
            _Py_Dealloc(ob);
        return;
    // Notify owning thread
    _Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(&tstate->base, _PY_EVAL_EXPLICIT_MERGE_BIT);
    PyMutex_Unlock(&bucket->mutex);
static void
merge_queued_objects(_PyObjectStack *to_merge)
    PyObject *ob;
    while ((ob = _PyObjectStack_Pop(to_merge)) != NULL) {
        // Subtract one when merging because the queue had a reference.
        Py_ssize_t refcount = _Py_ExplicitMergeRefcount(ob, -1);
        if (refcount == 0) {
            _Py_Dealloc(ob);
// Process this thread's queue of objects to merge.
_Py_brc_merge_refcounts(PyThreadState *tstate)
    struct _brc_thread_state *brc = &((_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate)->brc;
    struct _brc_bucket *bucket = get_bucket(tstate->interp, brc->tid);
    assert(brc->tid == _Py_ThreadId());
    // Append all objects into a local stack. We don't want to hold the lock
    // while calling destructors.
    PyMutex_Lock(&bucket->mutex);
    _PyObjectStack_Merge(&brc->local_objects_to_merge, &brc->objects_to_merge);
    PyMutex_Unlock(&bucket->mutex);
    // Process the local stack until it's empty
    merge_queued_objects(&brc->local_objects_to_merge);
_Py_brc_init_state(PyInterpreterState *interp)
    struct _brc_state *brc = &interp->brc;
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < _Py_BRC_NUM_BUCKETS; i++) {
        llist_init(&brc->table[i].root);
_Py_brc_init_thread(PyThreadState *tstate)
    struct _brc_thread_state *brc = &((_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate)->brc;
    uintptr_t tid = _Py_ThreadId();
    // Add ourself to the hashtable
    struct _brc_bucket *bucket = get_bucket(tstate->interp, tid);
    PyMutex_Lock(&bucket->mutex);
    brc->tid = tid;
    llist_insert_tail(&bucket->root, &brc->bucket_node);
    PyMutex_Unlock(&bucket->mutex);
_Py_brc_remove_thread(PyThreadState *tstate)
    struct _brc_thread_state *brc = &((_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate)->brc;
    if (brc->tid == 0) {
        // The thread state may have been created, but never bound to a native
        // thread and therefore never added to the hashtable.
        assert(tstate->_status.bound == 0);
        return;
    struct _brc_bucket *bucket = get_bucket(tstate->interp, brc->tid);
    // We need to fully process any objects to merge before removing ourself
    // from the hashtable. It is not safe to perform any refcount operations
    // after we are removed. After that point, other threads treat our objects
    // as abandoned and may merge the objects' refcounts directly.
    bool empty = false;
    while (!empty) {
        // Process the local stack until it's empty
        merge_queued_objects(&brc->local_objects_to_merge);
        PyMutex_Lock(&bucket->mutex);
        empty = (brc->objects_to_merge.head == NULL);
        if (empty) {
            llist_remove(&brc->bucket_node);
        else {
            _PyObjectStack_Merge(&brc->local_objects_to_merge,
                                 &brc->objects_to_merge);
        PyMutex_Unlock(&bucket->mutex);
    assert(brc->local_objects_to_merge.head == NULL);
    assert(brc->objects_to_merge.head == NULL);
_Py_brc_after_fork(PyInterpreterState *interp)
    // Unlock all bucket mutexes. Some of the buckets may be locked because
    // locks can be handed off to a parked thread (see lock.c). We don't have
    // to worry about consistency here, because no thread can be actively
    // modifying a bucket, but it might be paused (not yet woken up) on a
    // PyMutex_Lock while holding that lock.
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < _Py_BRC_NUM_BUCKETS; i++) {
        _PyMutex_at_fork_reinit(&interp->brc.table[i].mutex);
#endif  /* Py_GIL_DISABLED */
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