#include "Python.h"

#include "pycore_ast.h" // PyAST_mod2obj

#include "pycore_compile.h" // _PyAST_Compile()

#include "pycore_interp.h" // PyInterpreterState.importlib

#include "pycore_object.h" // _PyDebug_PrintTotalRefs()

#include "pycore_parser.h" // _PyParser_ASTFromString()

#include "pycore_pyerrors.h" // _PyErr_Fetch, _Py_Offer_Suggestions

#include "pycore_pylifecycle.h" // _Py_UnhandledKeyboardInterrupt

#include "pycore_pystate.h" // _PyInterpreterState_GET()

#include "pycore_sysmodule.h" // _PySys_Audit()

#include "token.h" // INDENT

#include "errcode.h" // E_EOF

#include "code.h" // PyCodeObject

#include "marshal.h" // PyMarshal_ReadLongFromFile()

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS

# include "malloc.h" // alloca()

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS

# undef BYTE

# include "windows.h"

_Py_IDENTIFIER(builtins);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(excepthook);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(flush);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(last_traceback);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(last_type);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(last_value);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(ps1);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(ps2);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(stdin);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(stdout);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(stderr);

_Py_static_string(PyId_string, "<string>");

#ifdef __cplusplus

extern "C" {

static void flush_io(void);

static PyObject *run_mod(mod_ty, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *,

PyCompilerFlags *, PyArena *);

static PyObject *run_pyc_file(FILE *, PyObject *, PyObject *,

PyCompilerFlags *);

static int PyRun_InteractiveOneObjectEx(FILE *, PyObject *, PyCompilerFlags *);

static PyObject* pyrun_file(FILE *fp, PyObject *filename, int start,

PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, int closeit,

PyCompilerFlags *flags);

_PyRun_AnyFileObject(FILE *fp, PyObject *filename, int closeit,

PyCompilerFlags *flags)

{

int decref_filename = 0;

if (filename == NULL) {

filename = PyUnicode_FromString("???");

if (filename == NULL) {

PyErr_Print();

return -1;

}

decref_filename = 1;

}

int res;

if (_Py_FdIsInteractive(fp, filename)) {

res = _PyRun_InteractiveLoopObject(fp, filename, flags);

if (closeit) {

fclose(fp);

}

}

else {

res = _PyRun_SimpleFileObject(fp, filename, closeit, flags);

}

if (decref_filename) {

Py_DECREF(filename);

}

return res;

}

PyRun_AnyFileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit,

PyCompilerFlags *flags)

{

PyObject *filename_obj;

if (filename != NULL) {

filename_obj = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename);

if (filename_obj == NULL) {

PyErr_Print();

return -1;

}

}

else {

filename_obj = NULL;

}

int res = _PyRun_AnyFileObject(fp, filename_obj, closeit, flags);

Py_XDECREF(filename_obj);

return res;

}

_PyRun_InteractiveLoopObject(FILE *fp, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

{

PyCompilerFlags local_flags = _PyCompilerFlags_INIT;

if (flags == NULL) {

flags = &local_flags;

}

PyObject *v = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_ps1);

if (v == NULL) {

_PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_ps1, v = PyUnicode_FromString(">>> "));

Py_XDECREF(v);

}

v = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_ps2);

if (v == NULL) {

_PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_ps2, v = PyUnicode_FromString("... "));

Py_XDECREF(v);

}

#ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG

int show_ref_count = _Py_GetConfig()->show_ref_count;

int err = 0;

int ret;

int nomem_count = 0;

do {

ret = PyRun_InteractiveOneObjectEx(fp, filename, flags);

if (ret == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {

/* Prevent an endless loop after multiple consecutive MemoryErrors

if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_MemoryError)) {

if (++nomem_count > 16) {

PyErr_Clear();

err = -1;

break;

}

} else {

nomem_count = 0;

}

PyErr_Print();

flush_io();

} else {

nomem_count = 0;

}

#ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG

if (show_ref_count) {

_PyDebug_PrintTotalRefs();

}

} while (ret != E_EOF);

return err;

}

PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

{

PyObject *filename_obj = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename);

if (filename_obj == NULL) {

PyErr_Print();

return -1;

}

int err = _PyRun_InteractiveLoopObject(fp, filename_obj, flags);

Py_DECREF(filename_obj);

return err;

}

static int

PyRun_InteractiveOneObjectEx(FILE *fp, PyObject *filename,

PyCompilerFlags *flags)

{

PyObject *m, *d, *v, *w, *oenc = NULL, *mod_name;

mod_ty mod;

PyArena *arena;

const char *ps1 = "", *ps2 = "", *enc = NULL;

int errcode = 0;

_Py_IDENTIFIER(encoding);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(__main__);

mod_name = _PyUnicode_FromId(&PyId___main__); /* borrowed */

if (mod_name == NULL) {

return -1;

}

if (fp == stdin) {

/* Fetch encoding from sys.stdin if possible. */

v = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_stdin);

if (v && v != Py_None) {

oenc = _PyObject_GetAttrId(v, &PyId_encoding);

if (oenc)

enc = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(oenc);

if (!enc)

PyErr_Clear();

}

}

v = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_ps1);

if (v != NULL) {

v = PyObject_Str(v);

if (v == NULL)

PyErr_Clear();

else if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {

ps1 = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(v);

if (ps1 == NULL) {

PyErr_Clear();

ps1 = "";

}

}

}

w = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_ps2);

if (w != NULL) {

w = PyObject_Str(w);

if (w == NULL)

PyErr_Clear();

else if (PyUnicode_Check(w)) {

ps2 = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(w);

if (ps2 == NULL) {

PyErr_Clear();

ps2 = "";

}

}

}

arena = _PyArena_New();

if (arena == NULL) {

Py_XDECREF(v);

Py_XDECREF(w);

Py_XDECREF(oenc);

return -1;

}

mod = _PyParser_ASTFromFile(fp, filename, enc, Py_single_input,

ps1, ps2, flags, &errcode, arena);

Py_XDECREF(v);

Py_XDECREF(w);

Py_XDECREF(oenc);

if (mod == NULL) {

_PyArena_Free(arena);

if (errcode == E_EOF) {

PyErr_Clear();

return E_EOF;

}

return -1;

}

m = PyImport_AddModuleObject(mod_name);

if (m == NULL) {

_PyArena_Free(arena);

return -1;

}

d = PyModule_GetDict(m);

v = run_mod(mod, filename, d, d, flags, arena);

_PyArena_Free(arena);

if (v == NULL) {

return -1;

}

Py_DECREF(v);

flush_io();

return 0;

}

PyRun_InteractiveOneObject(FILE *fp, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

{

int res;

res = PyRun_InteractiveOneObjectEx(fp, filename, flags);

if (res == -1) {

PyErr_Print();

flush_io();

}

return res;

}

PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename_str, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

{

PyObject *filename;

int res;

filename = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename_str);

if (filename == NULL) {

PyErr_Print();

return -1;

}

res = PyRun_InteractiveOneObject(fp, filename, flags);

Py_DECREF(filename);

return res;

}

static int

maybe_pyc_file(FILE *fp, PyObject *filename, int closeit)

{

PyObject *ext = PyUnicode_FromString(".pyc");

if (ext == NULL) {

return -1;

}

Py_ssize_t endswith = PyUnicode_Tailmatch(filename, ext, 0, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX, +1);

Py_DECREF(ext);

if (endswith) {

return 1;

}

/* Only look into the file if we are allowed to close it, since

if (!closeit) {

return 0;

}

/* Read only two bytes of the magic. If the file was opened in

unsigned int halfmagic = PyImport_GetMagicNumber() & 0xFFFF;

unsigned char buf[2];

/* Mess: In case of -x, the stream is NOT at its start now,

int ispyc = 0;

if (ftell(fp) == 0) {

if (fread(buf, 1, 2, fp) == 2 &&

((unsigned int)buf[1]<<8 | buf[0]) == halfmagic)

ispyc = 1;

rewind(fp);

}

return ispyc;

}

static int

set_main_loader(PyObject *d, PyObject *filename, const char *loader_name)

{

PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();

PyObject *bootstrap = PyObject_GetAttrString(interp->importlib,

"_bootstrap_external");

if (bootstrap == NULL) {

return -1;

}

PyObject *loader_type = PyObject_GetAttrString(bootstrap, loader_name);

Py_DECREF(bootstrap);

if (loader_type == NULL) {

return -1;

}

PyObject *loader = PyObject_CallFunction(loader_type,

"sO", "__main__", filename);

Py_DECREF(loader_type);

if (loader == NULL) {

return -1;

}

if (PyDict_SetItemString(d, "__loader__", loader) < 0) {

Py_DECREF(loader);

return -1;

}

Py_DECREF(loader);

return 0;

}

_PyRun_SimpleFileObject(FILE *fp, PyObject *filename, int closeit,

PyCompilerFlags *flags)

{

PyObject *m, *d, *v;

int set_file_name = 0, ret = -1;

m = PyImport_AddModule("__main__");

if (m == NULL)

return -1;

Py_INCREF(m);

d = PyModule_GetDict(m);

if (_PyDict_GetItemStringWithError(d, "__file__") == NULL) {

if (PyErr_Occurred()) {

goto done;

}

if (PyDict_SetItemString(d, "__file__", filename) < 0) {

goto done;

}

if (PyDict_SetItemString(d, "__cached__", Py_None) < 0) {

goto done;

}

set_file_name = 1;

}

int pyc = maybe_pyc_file(fp, filename, closeit);

if (pyc < 0) {

goto done;

}

if (pyc) {

FILE *pyc_fp;

/* Try to run a pyc file. First, re-open in binary */

if (closeit) {

fclose(fp);

}

pyc_fp = _Py_fopen_obj(filename, "rb");

if (pyc_fp == NULL) {

fprintf(stderr, "python: Can't reopen .pyc file\n");

goto done;

}

if (set_main_loader(d, filename, "SourcelessFileLoader") < 0) {

fprintf(stderr, "python: failed to set __main__.__loader__\n");

ret = -1;

fclose(pyc_fp);

goto done;

}

v = run_pyc_file(pyc_fp, d, d, flags);

} else {

/* When running from stdin, leave __main__.__loader__ alone */

if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(filename, "<stdin>") != 0 &&

set_main_loader(d, filename, "SourceFileLoader") < 0) {

fprintf(stderr, "python: failed to set __main__.__loader__\n");

ret = -1;

goto done;

}

v = pyrun_file(fp, filename, Py_file_input, d, d,

closeit, flags);

}

flush_io();

if (v == NULL) {

Py_CLEAR(m);

PyErr_Print();

goto done;

}

Py_DECREF(v);

ret = 0;

done:

if (set_file_name) {

if (PyDict_DelItemString(d, "__file__")) {

PyErr_Clear();

}

if (PyDict_DelItemString(d, "__cached__")) {

PyErr_Clear();

}

}

Py_XDECREF(m);

return ret;

}

PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit,

PyCompilerFlags *flags)

{

PyObject *filename_obj = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename);

if (filename_obj == NULL) {

return -1;

}

int res = _PyRun_SimpleFileObject(fp, filename_obj, closeit, flags);

Py_DECREF(filename_obj);

return res;

}

PyRun_SimpleStringFlags(const char *command, PyCompilerFlags *flags)

{

PyObject *m, *d, *v;

m = PyImport_AddModule("__main__");

if (m == NULL)

return -1;

d = PyModule_GetDict(m);

v = PyRun_StringFlags(command, Py_file_input, d, d, flags);

if (v == NULL) {

PyErr_Print();

return -1;

}

Py_DECREF(v);

return 0;

}

static int

parse_syntax_error(PyObject *err, PyObject **message, PyObject **filename,

Py_ssize_t *lineno, Py_ssize_t *offset, PyObject **text)

{

Py_ssize_t hold;

PyObject *v;

_Py_IDENTIFIER(msg);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(filename);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(lineno);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(offset);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(text);

*message = NULL;

*filename = NULL;

/* new style errors. `err' is an instance */

*message = _PyObject_GetAttrId(err, &PyId_msg);

if (!*message)

goto finally;

v = _PyObject_GetAttrId(err, &PyId_filename);

if (!v)

goto finally;

if (v == Py_None) {

Py_DECREF(v);

*filename = _PyUnicode_FromId(&PyId_string);

if (*filename == NULL)

goto finally;

Py_INCREF(*filename);

}

else {

*filename = v;

}

v = _PyObject_GetAttrId(err, &PyId_lineno);

if (!v)

goto finally;

hold = PyLong_AsSsize_t(v);

Py_DECREF(v);

if (hold < 0 && PyErr_Occurred())

goto finally;

*lineno = hold;

v = _PyObject_GetAttrId(err, &PyId_offset);

if (!v)

goto finally;

if (v == Py_None) {

*offset = -1;

Py_DECREF(v);

} else {

hold = PyLong_AsSsize_t(v);

Py_DECREF(v);

if (hold < 0 && PyErr_Occurred())

goto finally;

*offset = hold;

}

v = _PyObject_GetAttrId(err, &PyId_text);

if (!v)

goto finally;

if (v == Py_None) {

Py_DECREF(v);

*text = NULL;

}

else {

*text = v;

}

return 1;

finally:

Py_XDECREF(*message);

Py_XDECREF(*filename);

return 0;

}

static void

print_error_text(PyObject *f, Py_ssize_t offset, PyObject *text_obj)

{

/* Convert text to a char pointer; return if error */

const char *text = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(text_obj);

if (text == NULL)

return;

/* Convert offset from 1-based to 0-based */

offset--;

/* Strip leading whitespace from text, adjusting offset as we go */

while (*text == ' ' || *text == '\t' || *text == '\f') {

text++;

offset--;

}

/* Calculate text length excluding trailing newline */

Py_ssize_t len = strlen(text);

if (len > 0 && text[len-1] == '\n') {

len--;

}

/* Clip offset to at most len */

if (offset > len) {

offset = len;

}

/* Skip past newlines embedded in text */

for (;;) {

const char *nl = strchr(text, '\n');

if (nl == NULL) {

break;

}

Py_ssize_t inl = nl - text;

if (inl >= offset) {

break;

}

inl += 1;

text += inl;

len -= inl;

offset -= (int)inl;

}

/* Print text */

PyFile_WriteString(" ", f);

PyFile_WriteString(text, f);

/* Make sure there's a newline at the end */

if (text[len] != '\n') {

PyFile_WriteString("\n", f);

}

/* Don't print caret if it points to the left of the text */

if (offset < 0)

return;

/* Write caret line */

PyFile_WriteString(" ", f);

while (--offset >= 0) {

PyFile_WriteString(" ", f);

}

PyFile_WriteString("^\n", f);

}

_Py_HandleSystemExit(int *exitcode_p)

{

int inspect = _Py_GetConfig()->inspect;

if (inspect) {

/* Don't exit if -i flag was given. This flag is set to 0

return 0;

}

if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SystemExit)) {

return 0;

}

PyObject *exception, *value, *tb;

PyErr_Fetch(&exception, &value, &tb);

fflush(stdout);

int exitcode = 0;

if (value == NULL || value == Py_None) {

goto done;

}

if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {

/* The error code should be in the `code' attribute. */

_Py_IDENTIFIER(code);

PyObject *code = _PyObject_GetAttrId(value, &PyId_code);

if (code) {

Py_DECREF(value);

value = code;

if (value == Py_None)

goto done;

}

/* If we failed to dig out the 'code' attribute,

}

if (PyLong_Check(value)) {

exitcode = (int)PyLong_AsLong(value);

}

else {

PyObject *sys_stderr = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_stderr);

/* We clear the exception here to avoid triggering the assertion

PyErr_Clear();

if (sys_stderr != NULL && sys_stderr != Py_None) {

PyFile_WriteObject(value, sys_stderr, Py_PRINT_RAW);

} else {

PyObject_Print(value, stderr, Py_PRINT_RAW);

fflush(stderr);

}

PySys_WriteStderr("\n");

exitcode = 1;

}

done:

/* Restore and clear the exception info, in order to properly decref

PyErr_Restore(exception, value, tb);

PyErr_Clear();

*exitcode_p = exitcode;

return 1;

}

static void

handle_system_exit(void)

{

int exitcode;

if (_Py_HandleSystemExit(&exitcode)) {

Py_Exit(exitcode);

}

}

static void

_PyErr_PrintEx(PyThreadState *tstate, int set_sys_last_vars)

{

PyObject *exception, *v, *tb, *hook;

handle_system_exit();

_PyErr_Fetch(tstate, &exception, &v, &tb);

if (exception == NULL) {

goto done;

}

_PyErr_NormalizeException(tstate, &exception, &v, &tb);

if (tb == NULL) {

tb = Py_None;

Py_INCREF(tb);

}

PyException_SetTraceback(v, tb);

if (exception == NULL) {

goto done;

}

/* Now we know v != NULL too */

if (set_sys_last_vars) {

if (_PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_last_type, exception) < 0) {

_PyErr_Clear(tstate);

}

if (_PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_last_value, v) < 0) {

_PyErr_Clear(tstate);

}

if (_PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_last_traceback, tb) < 0) {

_PyErr_Clear(tstate);

}

}

hook = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_excepthook);

if (_PySys_Audit(tstate, "sys.excepthook", "OOOO", hook ? hook : Py_None,

exception, v, tb) < 0) {

if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_RuntimeError)) {

PyErr_Clear();

goto done;

}

_PyErr_WriteUnraisableMsg("in audit hook", NULL);

}

if (hook) {

PyObject* stack[3];

PyObject *result;

stack[0] = exception;

stack[1] = v;

stack[2] = tb;

result = _PyObject_FastCall(hook, stack, 3);

if (result == NULL) {

handle_system_exit();

PyObject *exception2, *v2, *tb2;

_PyErr_Fetch(tstate, &exception2, &v2, &tb2);

_PyErr_NormalizeException(tstate, &exception2, &v2, &tb2);

/* It should not be possible for exception2 or v2

if (exception2 == NULL) {

exception2 = Py_None;

Py_INCREF(exception2);

}

if (v2 == NULL) {

v2 = Py_None;

Py_INCREF(v2);

}

fflush(stdout);

PySys_WriteStderr("Error in sys.excepthook:\n");

PyErr_Display(exception2, v2, tb2);

PySys_WriteStderr("\nOriginal exception was:\n");

PyErr_Display(exception, v, tb);

Py_DECREF(exception2);

Py_DECREF(v2);

Py_XDECREF(tb2);

}

Py_XDECREF(result);

}

else {

PySys_WriteStderr("sys.excepthook is missing\n");

PyErr_Display(exception, v, tb);

}

done:

Py_XDECREF(exception);

Py_XDECREF(v);

Py_XDECREF(tb);

}

_PyErr_Print(PyThreadState *tstate)

{

_PyErr_PrintEx(tstate, 1);

}

PyErr_PrintEx(int set_sys_last_vars)

{

PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();

_PyErr_PrintEx(tstate, set_sys_last_vars);

}

PyErr_Print(void)

{

PyErr_PrintEx(1);

}

static void

print_exception(PyObject *f, PyObject *value)

{

int err = 0;

PyObject *type, *tb, *tmp;

_Py_IDENTIFIER(print_file_and_line);

if (!PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {

err = PyFile_WriteString("TypeError: print_exception(): Exception expected for value, ", f);

err += PyFile_WriteString(Py_TYPE(value)->tp_name, f);

err += PyFile_WriteString(" found\n", f);

if (err)

PyErr_Clear();

return;

}

Py_INCREF(value);

fflush(stdout);

type = (PyObject *) Py_TYPE(value);

tb = PyException_GetTraceback(value);

if (tb && tb != Py_None)

err = PyTraceBack_Print(tb, f);

if (err == 0 &&

(err = _PyObject_LookupAttrId(value, &PyId_print_file_and_line, &tmp)) > 0)

{

PyObject *message, *filename, *text;

Py_ssize_t lineno, offset;

err = 0;

Py_DECREF(tmp);

if (!parse_syntax_error(value, &message, &filename,

&lineno, &offset, &text))

PyErr_Clear();

else {

PyObject *line;

Py_DECREF(value);

value = message;

line = PyUnicode_FromFormat(" File \"%S\", line %zd\n",

filename, lineno);

Py_DECREF(filename);

if (line != NULL) {

PyFile_WriteObject(line, f, Py_PRINT_RAW);

Py_DECREF(line);

}

if (text != NULL) {

print_error_text(f, offset, text);

Py_DECREF(text);

}

/* Can't be bothered to check all those

if (PyErr_Occurred())

err = -1;

}

}

if (err) {

/* Don't do anything else */

}

else {

PyObject* moduleName;

const char *className;

_Py_IDENTIFIER(__module__);

assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(type));

className = PyExceptionClass_Name(type);

if (className != NULL) {

const char *dot = strrchr(className, '.');

if (dot != NULL)

className = dot+1;

}

moduleName = _PyObject_GetAttrId(type, &PyId___module__);

if (moduleName == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(moduleName))

{

Py_XDECREF(moduleName);

err = PyFile_WriteString("<unknown>", f);

}

else {

if (!_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIId(moduleName, &PyId_builtins))

{

err = PyFile_WriteObject(moduleName, f, Py_PRINT_RAW);

err += PyFile_WriteString(".", f);

}

Py_DECREF(moduleName);

}

if (err == 0) {

if (className == NULL)

err = PyFile_WriteString("<unknown>", f);

else

err = PyFile_WriteString(className, f);

}

}

if (err == 0 && (value != Py_None)) {

PyObject *s = PyObject_Str(value);

/* only print colon if the str() of the

if (s == NULL) {

PyErr_Clear();

err = -1;

PyFile_WriteString(": <exception str() failed>", f);

}

else if (!PyUnicode_Check(s) ||

PyUnicode_GetLength(s) != 0)

err = PyFile_WriteString(": ", f);

if (err == 0)

err = PyFile_WriteObject(s, f, Py_PRINT_RAW);

Py_XDECREF(s);

}

/* try to write a newline in any case */

if (err < 0) {

PyErr_Clear();

}

PyObject* suggestions = _Py_Offer_Suggestions(value);

if (suggestions) {

// Add a trailer ". Did you mean: (...)?"

err = PyFile_WriteString(". Did you mean: ", f);

if (err == 0) {

err = PyFile_WriteObject(suggestions, f, Py_PRINT_RAW);

err += PyFile_WriteString("?", f);

}

Py_DECREF(suggestions);

} else if (PyErr_Occurred()) {

PyErr_Clear();

}

err += PyFile_WriteString("\n", f);

Py_XDECREF(tb);

Py_DECREF(value);

/* If an error happened here, don't show it.

if (err != 0)

PyErr_Clear();

}

static const char cause_message[] =

"\nThe above exception was the direct cause "

"of the following exception:\n\n";

static const char context_message[] =

"\nDuring handling of the above exception, "

"another exception occurred:\n\n";

static void

print_exception_recursive(PyObject *f, PyObject *value, PyObject *seen)

{

int err = 0, res;

PyObject *cause, *context;

if (seen != NULL) {

/* Exception chaining */

PyObject *value_id = PyLong_FromVoidPtr(value);

if (value_id == NULL || PySet_Add(seen, value_id) == -1)

PyErr_Clear();

else if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {

PyObject *check_id = NULL;

cause = PyException_GetCause(value);

context = PyException_GetContext(value);

if (cause) {