"""A flavour implements a particular (platform-specific) set of path

def __init__(self):

self.join = self.sep.join

def parse_parts(self, parts):

parsed = []

sep = self.sep

altsep = self.altsep

drv = root = ''

it = reversed(parts)

for part in it:

if not part:

continue

if altsep:

part = part.replace(altsep, sep)

drv, root, rel = self.splitroot(part)

if sep in rel:

for x in reversed(rel.split(sep)):

if x and x != '.':

parsed.append(sys.intern(x))

else:

if rel and rel != '.':

parsed.append(sys.intern(rel))

if drv or root:

if not drv:

# If no drive is present, try to find one in the previous

# parts. This makes the result of parsing e.g.

# ("C:", "/", "a") reasonably intuitive.

for part in it:

if not part:

continue

if altsep:

part = part.replace(altsep, sep)

drv = self.splitroot(part)[0]

if drv:

break

break

if drv or root:

parsed.append(drv + root)

parsed.reverse()

return drv, root, parsed

def join_parsed_parts(self, drv, root, parts, drv2, root2, parts2):

"""

if root2:

if not drv2 and drv:

return drv, root2, [drv + root2] + parts2[1:]

elif drv2:

if drv2 == drv or self.casefold(drv2) == self.casefold(drv):

# Same drive => second path is relative to the first

return drv, root, parts + parts2[1:]

else:

# Second path is non-anchored (common case)

return drv, root, parts + parts2

# Reference for Windows paths can be found at

# http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365247%28v=vs.85%29.aspx

sep = '\\'

altsep = '/'

has_drv = True

pathmod = ntpath

is_supported = (os.name == 'nt')

drive_letters = set('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ')

ext_namespace_prefix = '\\\\?\\'

reserved_names = (

{'CON', 'PRN', 'AUX', 'NUL', 'CONIN$', 'CONOUT$'} |

{'COM%s' % c for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'} |

{'LPT%s' % c for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'}

)

# Interesting findings about extended paths:

# * '\\?\c:\a' is an extended path, which bypasses normal Windows API

# path processing. Thus relative paths are not resolved and slash is not

# translated to backslash. It has the native NT path limit of 32767

# characters, but a bit less after resolving device symbolic links,

# such as '\??\C:' => '\Device\HarddiskVolume2'.

# * '\\?\c:/a' looks for a device named 'C:/a' because slash is a

# regular name character in the object namespace.

# * '\\?\c:\foo/bar' is invalid because '/' is illegal in NT filesystems.

# The only path separator at the filesystem level is backslash.

# * '//?/c:\a' and '//?/c:/a' are effectively equivalent to '\\.\c:\a' and

# thus limited to MAX_PATH.

# * Prior to Windows 8, ANSI API bytes paths are limited to MAX_PATH,

# even with the '\\?\' prefix.

def splitroot(self, part, sep=sep):

first = part[0:1]

second = part[1:2]

if (second == sep and first == sep):

# XXX extended paths should also disable the collapsing of "."

# components (according to MSDN docs).

prefix, part = self._split_extended_path(part)

first = part[0:1]

second = part[1:2]

else:

prefix = ''

third = part[2:3]

if (second == sep and first == sep and third != sep):

# is a UNC path:

# vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv root

# \\machine\mountpoint\directory\etc\...

# directory ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

index = part.find(sep, 2)

if index != -1:

index2 = part.find(sep, index + 1)

# a UNC path can't have two slashes in a row

# (after the initial two)

if index2 != index + 1:

if index2 == -1:

index2 = len(part)

if prefix:

return prefix + part[1:index2], sep, part[index2+1:]

else:

return part[:index2], sep, part[index2+1:]

drv = root = ''

if second == ':' and first in self.drive_letters:

drv = part[:2]

part = part[2:]

first = third

if first == sep:

root = first

part = part.lstrip(sep)

return prefix + drv, root, part

def casefold(self, s):

return s.lower()

def casefold_parts(self, parts):

return [p.lower() for p in parts]

def compile_pattern(self, pattern):

return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pattern), re.IGNORECASE).fullmatch

def _split_extended_path(self, s, ext_prefix=ext_namespace_prefix):

prefix = ''

if s.startswith(ext_prefix):

prefix = s[:4]

s = s[4:]

if s.startswith('UNC\\'):

prefix += s[:3]

s = '\\' + s[3:]

return prefix, s

def is_reserved(self, parts):

# NOTE: the rules for reserved names seem somewhat complicated

# (e.g. r"..\NUL" is reserved but not r"foo\NUL" if "foo" does not

# exist). We err on the side of caution and return True for paths

# which are not considered reserved by Windows.

if not parts:

return False

if parts[0].startswith('\\\\'):

# UNC paths are never reserved

return False

name = parts[-1].partition('.')[0].partition(':')[0].rstrip(' ')

return name.upper() in self.reserved_names

def make_uri(self, path):

# Under Windows, file URIs use the UTF-8 encoding.

drive = path.drive

if len(drive) == 2 and drive[1] == ':':

# It's a path on a local drive => 'file:///c:/a/b'

rest = path.as_posix()[2:].lstrip('/')

return 'file:///%s/%s' % (

drive, urlquote_from_bytes(rest.encode('utf-8')))

else:

# It's a path on a network drive => 'file://host/share/a/b'

return 'file:' + urlquote_from_bytes(path.as_posix().encode('utf-8'))

def gethomedir(self, username):

if 'USERPROFILE' in os.environ:

userhome = os.environ['USERPROFILE']

elif 'HOMEPATH' in os.environ:

try:

drv = os.environ['HOMEDRIVE']

except KeyError:

drv = ''

userhome = drv + os.environ['HOMEPATH']

else:

raise RuntimeError("Can't determine home directory")

if username:

# Try to guess user home directory. By default all users

# directories are located in the same place and are named by

# corresponding usernames. If current user home directory points

# to nonstandard place, this guess is likely wrong.

if os.environ['USERNAME'] != username:

drv, root, parts = self.parse_parts((userhome,))

if parts[-1] != os.environ['USERNAME']:

raise RuntimeError("Can't determine home directory "

"for %r" % username)

parts[-1] = username

if drv or root:

userhome = drv + root + self.join(parts[1:])

else:

userhome = self.join(parts)

sep = '/'

altsep = ''

has_drv = False

pathmod = posixpath

is_supported = (os.name != 'nt')

def splitroot(self, part, sep=sep):

if part and part[0] == sep:

stripped_part = part.lstrip(sep)

# According to POSIX path resolution:

# http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap04.html#tag_04_11

# "A pathname that begins with two successive slashes may be

# interpreted in an implementation-defined manner, although more

# than two leading slashes shall be treated as a single slash".

if len(part) - len(stripped_part) == 2:

return '', sep * 2, stripped_part

else:

return '', sep, stripped_part

else:

return '', '', part

def casefold(self, s):

return s

def casefold_parts(self, parts):

return parts

def compile_pattern(self, pattern):

return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pattern)).fullmatch

def is_reserved(self, parts):

return False

def make_uri(self, path):

# We represent the path using the local filesystem encoding,

# for portability to other applications.

bpath = bytes(path)

return 'file://' + urlquote_from_bytes(bpath)

def gethomedir(self, username):

if not username:

try:

return os.environ['HOME']

except KeyError:

import pwd

return pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid()).pw_dir

else:

import pwd

try:

return pwd.getpwnam(username).pw_dir

except KeyError:

raise RuntimeError("Can't determine home directory "

stat = os.stat

lstat = os.lstat

open = os.open

listdir = os.listdir

scandir = os.scandir

chmod = os.chmod

if hasattr(os, "lchmod"):

lchmod = os.lchmod

else:

def lchmod(self, pathobj, mode):

raise NotImplementedError("lchmod() not available on this system")

mkdir = os.mkdir

unlink = os.unlink

if hasattr(os, "link"):

link_to = os.link

else:

@staticmethod

def link_to(self, target):

raise NotImplementedError("os.link() not available on this system")

rmdir = os.rmdir

rename = os.rename

replace = os.replace

if hasattr(os, "symlink"):

symlink = os.symlink

else:

def symlink(self, src, dst, target_is_directory=False):

raise NotImplementedError("os.symlink() not available on this system")

utime = os.utime

# Helper for resolve()

def readlink(self, path):

return os.readlink(path)

def owner(self, path):

try:

import pwd

return pwd.getpwuid(self.stat(path).st_uid).pw_name

except ImportError:

raise NotImplementedError("Path.owner() is unsupported on this system")

def group(self, path):

try:

import grp

return grp.getgrgid(self.stat(path).st_gid).gr_name

except ImportError:

raise NotImplementedError("Path.group() is unsupported on this system")

getcwd = os.getcwd

expanduser = staticmethod(os.path.expanduser)

pat = pattern_parts[0]

child_parts = pattern_parts[1:]

if pat == '**':

cls = _RecursiveWildcardSelector

elif '**' in pat:

raise ValueError("Invalid pattern: '**' can only be an entire path component")

elif _is_wildcard_pattern(pat):

cls = _WildcardSelector

else:

cls = _PreciseSelector

"""A selector matches a specific glob pattern part against the children

def __init__(self, child_parts, flavour):

self.child_parts = child_parts

if child_parts:

self.successor = _make_selector(child_parts, flavour)

self.dironly = True

else:

self.successor = _TerminatingSelector()

self.dironly = False

def select_from(self, parent_path):

"""Iterate over all child paths of `parent_path` matched by this

path_cls = type(parent_path)

is_dir = path_cls.is_dir

exists = path_cls.exists

scandir = parent_path._accessor.scandir

if not is_dir(parent_path):

return iter([])

def __init__(self, name, child_parts, flavour):

self.name = name

_Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour)

def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir):

try:

path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(self.name)

if (is_dir if self.dironly else exists)(path):

for p in self.successor._select_from(path, is_dir, exists, scandir):

yield p

except PermissionError:

def __init__(self, pat, child_parts, flavour):

self.match = flavour.compile_pattern(pat)

_Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour)

def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir):

try:

with scandir(parent_path) as scandir_it:

entries = list(scandir_it)

for entry in entries:

if self.dironly:

try:

# "entry.is_dir()" can raise PermissionError

# in some cases (see bpo-38894), which is not

# among the errors ignored by _ignore_error()

if not entry.is_dir():

continue

except OSError as e:

if not _ignore_error(e):

raise

continue

name = entry.name

if self.match(name):

path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(name)

for p in self.successor._select_from(path, is_dir, exists, scandir):

yield p

except PermissionError:

def __init__(self, pat, child_parts, flavour):

_Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour)

def _iterate_directories(self, parent_path, is_dir, scandir):

yield parent_path

try:

with scandir(parent_path) as scandir_it:

entries = list(scandir_it)

for entry in entries:

entry_is_dir = False

try:

entry_is_dir = entry.is_dir()

except OSError as e:

if not _ignore_error(e):

raise

if entry_is_dir and not entry.is_symlink():

path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(entry.name)

for p in self._iterate_directories(path, is_dir, scandir):

yield p

except PermissionError:

return

def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir):

try:

yielded = set()

try:

successor_select = self.successor._select_from

for starting_point in self._iterate_directories(parent_path, is_dir, scandir):

for p in successor_select(starting_point, is_dir, exists, scandir):

if p not in yielded:

yield p

yielded.add(p)

finally:

yielded.clear()

except PermissionError:

"""This object provides sequence-like access to the logical ancestors

__slots__ = ('_pathcls', '_drv', '_root', '_parts')

def __init__(self, path):

# We don't store the instance to avoid reference cycles

self._pathcls = type(path)

self._drv = path._drv

self._root = path._root

self._parts = path._parts

def __len__(self):

if self._drv or self._root:

return len(self._parts) - 1

else:

return len(self._parts)

def __getitem__(self, idx):

if idx < 0 or idx >= len(self):

raise IndexError(idx)

return self._pathcls._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,

self._parts[:-idx - 1])

def __repr__(self):

"""Base class for manipulating paths without I/O.

__slots__ = (

'_drv', '_root', '_parts',

'_str', '_hash', '_pparts', '_cached_cparts',

)

def __new__(cls, *args):

"""Construct a PurePath from one or several strings and or existing

if cls is PurePath:

cls = PureWindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PurePosixPath

return cls._from_parts(args)

def __reduce__(self):

# Using the parts tuple helps share interned path parts

# when pickling related paths.

return (self.__class__, tuple(self._parts))

@classmethod

def _parse_args(cls, args):

# This is useful when you don't want to create an instance, just

# canonicalize some constructor arguments.

parts = []

for a in args:

if isinstance(a, PurePath):

parts += a._parts

else:

a = os.fspath(a)

if isinstance(a, str):

# Force-cast str subclasses to str (issue #21127)

parts.append(str(a))

else:

raise TypeError(

"argument should be a str object or an os.PathLike "

"object returning str, not %r"

% type(a))

return cls._flavour.parse_parts(parts)

@classmethod

def _from_parts(cls, args, init=True):

# We need to call _parse_args on the instance, so as to get the

# right flavour.

self = object.__new__(cls)

drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args)

self._drv = drv

self._root = root

self._parts = parts

if init:

self._init()

return self

@classmethod

def _from_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, parts, init=True):

self = object.__new__(cls)

self._drv = drv

self._root = root

self._parts = parts

if init:

self._init()

return self

@classmethod

def _format_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, parts):

if drv or root:

return drv + root + cls._flavour.join(parts[1:])

else:

return cls._flavour.join(parts)

def _init(self):

# Overridden in concrete Path

pass

def _make_child(self, args):

drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args)

drv, root, parts = self._flavour.join_parsed_parts(

self._drv, self._root, self._parts, drv, root, parts)

return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, parts)

def __str__(self):

"""Return the string representation of the path, suitable for

try:

return self._str

except AttributeError:

self._str = self._format_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,

self._parts) or '.'

return self._str

def __fspath__(self):

return str(self)

def as_posix(self):

"""Return the string representation of the path with forward (/)

f = self._flavour

return str(self).replace(f.sep, '/')

def __bytes__(self):

"""Return the bytes representation of the path. This is only

return os.fsencode(self)

def __repr__(self):

return "{}({!r})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.as_posix())

def as_uri(self):

"""Return the path as a 'file' URI."""

if not self.is_absolute():

raise ValueError("relative path can't be expressed as a file URI")

return self._flavour.make_uri(self)

@property

def _cparts(self):

# Cached casefolded parts, for hashing and comparison

try:

return self._cached_cparts

except AttributeError:

self._cached_cparts = self._flavour.casefold_parts(self._parts)

return self._cached_cparts

def __eq__(self, other):

if not isinstance(other, PurePath):

return NotImplemented

return self._cparts == other._cparts and self._flavour is other._flavour

def __hash__(self):

try:

return self._hash

except AttributeError:

self._hash = hash(tuple(self._cparts))

return self._hash

def __lt__(self, other):

if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:

return NotImplemented

return self._cparts < other._cparts

def __le__(self, other):

if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:

return NotImplemented

return self._cparts <= other._cparts

def __gt__(self, other):

if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:

return NotImplemented

return self._cparts > other._cparts

def __ge__(self, other):

if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:

return NotImplemented

return self._cparts >= other._cparts

def __class_getitem__(cls, type):

return cls

drive = property(attrgetter('_drv'),

doc="""The drive prefix (letter or UNC path), if any.""")

root = property(attrgetter('_root'),

doc="""The root of the path, if any.""")

@property

def anchor(self):

"""The concatenation of the drive and root, or ''."""

anchor = self._drv + self._root

return anchor

@property

def name(self):

"""The final path component, if any."""

parts = self._parts

if len(parts) == (1 if (self._drv or self._root) else 0):

return ''

return parts[-1]

@property

def suffix(self):

"""

name = self.name

i = name.rfind('.')

if 0 < i < len(name) - 1:

return name[i:]

else:

return ''

@property

def suffixes(self):

"""

name = self.name

if name.endswith('.'):

return []

name = name.lstrip('.')

return ['.' + suffix for suffix in name.split('.')[1:]]

@property

def stem(self):

"""The final path component, minus its last suffix."""

name = self.name

i = name.rfind('.')

if 0 < i < len(name) - 1:

return name[:i]

else:

return name

def with_name(self, name):

"""Return a new path with the file name changed."""

if not self.name:

raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))

drv, root, parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((name,))

if (not name or name[-1] in [self._flavour.sep, self._flavour.altsep]

or drv or root or len(parts) != 1):

raise ValueError("Invalid name %r" % (name))

return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,

self._parts[:-1] + [name])

def with_stem(self, stem):

"""Return a new path with the stem changed."""

return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix)

def with_suffix(self, suffix):

"""Return a new path with the file suffix changed. If the path

f = self._flavour

if f.sep in suffix or f.altsep and f.altsep in suffix:

raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix,))

if suffix and not suffix.startswith('.') or suffix == '.':

raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix))

name = self.name

if not name:

raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))

old_suffix = self.suffix

if not old_suffix:

name = name + suffix

else:

name = name[:-len(old_suffix)] + suffix

return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,

self._parts[:-1] + [name])

def relative_to(self, *other):

"""Return the relative path to another path identified by the passed

# For the purpose of this method, drive and root are considered

# separate parts, i.e.:

# Path('c:/').relative_to('c:') gives Path('/')

# Path('c:/').relative_to('/') raise ValueError

if not other:

raise TypeError("need at least one argument")

parts = self._parts

drv = self._drv

root = self._root

if root:

abs_parts = [drv, root] + parts[1:]

else:

abs_parts = parts

to_drv, to_root, to_parts = self._parse_args(other)

if to_root:

to_abs_parts = [to_drv, to_root] + to_parts[1:]

else:

to_abs_parts = to_parts

n = len(to_abs_parts)

cf = self._flavour.casefold_parts

if (root or drv) if n == 0 else cf(abs_parts[:n]) != cf(to_abs_parts):

formatted = self._format_parsed_parts(to_drv, to_root, to_parts)

raise ValueError("{!r} is not in the subpath of {!r}"

" OR one path is relative and the other is absolute."

.format(str(self), str(formatted)))

return self._from_parsed_parts('', root if n == 1 else '',

abs_parts[n:])

def is_relative_to(self, *other):

"""Return True if the path is relative to another path or False.

try:

self.relative_to(*other)

return True

except ValueError:

return False

@property

def parts(self):

"""An object providing sequence-like access to the

# We cache the tuple to avoid building a new one each time .parts

# is accessed. XXX is this necessary?

try:

return self._pparts

except AttributeError:

self._pparts = tuple(self._parts)

return self._pparts

def joinpath(self, *args):

"""Combine this path with one or several arguments, and return a

return self._make_child(args)

def __truediv__(self, key):

try:

return self._make_child((key,))

except TypeError:

return NotImplemented

def __rtruediv__(self, key):

try:

return self._from_parts([key] + self._parts)

except TypeError:

return NotImplemented

@property

def parent(self):

"""The logical parent of the path."""

drv = self._drv

root = self._root

parts = self._parts

if len(parts) == 1 and (drv or root):

return self

return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, parts[:-1])

@property

def parents(self):

"""A sequence of this path's logical parents."""

return _PathParents(self)

def is_absolute(self):

"""True if the path is absolute (has both a root and, if applicable,

if not self._root:

return False

return not self._flavour.has_drv or bool(self._drv)

def is_reserved(self):

"""Return True if the path contains one of the special names reserved

return self._flavour.is_reserved(self._parts)

def match(self, path_pattern):

"""

cf = self._flavour.casefold

path_pattern = cf(path_pattern)

drv, root, pat_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((path_pattern,))

if not pat_parts:

raise ValueError("empty pattern")

if drv and drv != cf(self._drv):

return False

if root and root != cf(self._root):

return False

parts = self._cparts

if drv or root:

if len(pat_parts) != len(parts):

return False

pat_parts = pat_parts[1:]

elif len(pat_parts) > len(parts):

return False

for part, pat in zip(reversed(parts), reversed(pat_parts)):

if not fnmatch.fnmatchcase(part, pat):

return False

"""PurePath subclass for non-Windows systems.

_flavour = _posix_flavour

"""PurePath subclass for Windows systems.

_flavour = _windows_flavour

"""PurePath subclass that can make system calls.

__slots__ = (

'_accessor',

)

def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):

if cls is Path:

cls = WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PosixPath

self = cls._from_parts(args, init=False)