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#!/usr/bin/env python3

# Copyright 2014 Brett Slatkin, Pearson Education Inc.

#

# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");

# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.

# You may obtain a copy of the License at

#

# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

#

# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software

# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,

# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.

# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and

# limitations under the License.

# Preamble to mimick book environment

import logging

from pprint import pprint

from sys import stdout as STDOUT

# Example 1

def to_str(bytes_or_str):

if isinstance(bytes_or_str, bytes):

value = bytes_or_str.decode('utf-8')

else:

value = bytes_or_str

return value # Instance of str

print(repr(to_str(b'foo')))

print(repr(to_str('foo')))

# Example 2

def to_bytes(bytes_or_str):

if isinstance(bytes_or_str, str):

value = bytes_or_str.encode('utf-8')

else:

value = bytes_or_str

return value # Instance of bytes

print(repr(to_bytes(b'foo')))

print(repr(to_bytes('foo')))

# Example 5

try:

import os

with open('random.bin', 'w') as f:

f.write(os.urandom(10))

except:

logging.exception('Expected')

else:

assert False

# Example 6

with open('random.bin', 'wb') as f:

f.write(os.urandom(10))