nodejs
diff --git a/‎doc/api/esm.md‎
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diff --git a/‎doc/api/modules.md‎
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diff --git a/‎lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js‎
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diff --git a/‎test/es-module/test-esm-exports.mjs‎
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diff --git a/‎test/fixtures/node_modules/pkgexports/package.json‎
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diff --git a/‎test/fixtures/node_modules/pkgexports/subpath/dir1/dir1.js‎
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@@ -1635,7 +1635,7 @@ The resolver can throw the following errors:
 >    1. If _exports_ contains any index property keys, as defined in ECMA-262
 >       [6.1.7 Array Index][], throw an _Invalid Package Configuration_ error.
 >    1. For each property _p_ of _target_, in object insertion order as,
->       1. If _env_ contains an entry for _p_, then
+>       1. If _p_ equals _"default"_ or _env_ contains an entry for _p_, then
 >          1. Let _targetValue_ be the value of the _p_ property in _target_.
 >          1. Return the result of **PACKAGE_EXPORTS_TARGET_RESOLVE**(
 >             _packageURL_, _targetValue_, _subpath_, _env_), continuing the
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ require(X) from module at path Y
 6. THROW "not found"
 
 LOAD_AS_FILE(X)
-1. If X is a file, load X as JavaScript text.  STOP
+1. If X is a file, load X as its file extension format.  STOP
 2. If X.js is a file, load X.js as JavaScript text.  STOP
 3. If X.json is a file, parse X.json to a JavaScript Object.  STOP
 4. If X.node is a file, load X.node as binary addon.  STOP
@@ -189,8 +189,9 @@ LOAD_AS_DIRECTORY(X)
 LOAD_NODE_MODULES(X, START)
 1. let DIRS = NODE_MODULES_PATHS(START)
 2. for each DIR in DIRS:
-   a. LOAD_AS_FILE(DIR/X)
-   b. LOAD_AS_DIRECTORY(DIR/X)
+   a. LOAD_PACKAGE_EXPORTS(DIR, X)
+   b. LOAD_AS_FILE(DIR/X)
+   c. LOAD_AS_DIRECTORY(DIR/X)
 
 NODE_MODULES_PATHS(START)
 1. let PARTS = path split(START)
@@ -208,50 +209,35 @@ LOAD_SELF_REFERENCE(X, START)
 2. If no scope was found, return.
 3. If the `package.json` has no "exports", return.
 4. If the name in `package.json` isn't a prefix of X, throw "not found".
-5. Otherwise, resolve the remainder of X relative to this package as if it
-   was loaded via `LOAD_NODE_MODULES` with a name in `package.json`.
-```
-
-Node.js allows packages loaded via
-`LOAD_NODE_MODULES` to explicitly declare which file paths to expose and how
-they should be interpreted. This expands on the control packages already had
-using the `main` field.
-
-With this feature enabled, the `LOAD_NODE_MODULES` changes are:
+5. Otherwise, load the remainder of X relative to this package as if it
+  was loaded via `LOAD_NODE_MODULES` with a name in `package.json`.
 
-```txt
-LOAD_NODE_MODULES(X, START)
-1. let DIRS = NODE_MODULES_PATHS(START)
-2. for each DIR in DIRS:
-   a. let FILE_PATH = RESOLVE_BARE_SPECIFIER(DIR, X)
-   b. LOAD_AS_FILE(FILE_PATH)
-   c. LOAD_AS_DIRECTORY(FILE_PATH)
-
-RESOLVE_BARE_SPECIFIER(DIR, X)
+LOAD_PACKAGE_EXPORTS(DIR, X)
 1. Try to interpret X as a combination of name and subpath where the name
    may have a @scope/ prefix and the subpath begins with a slash (`/`).
-2. If X matches this pattern and DIR/name/package.json is a file:
-   a. Parse DIR/name/package.json, and look for "exports" field.
-   b. If "exports" is null or undefined, GOTO 3.
-   c. If "exports" is an object with some keys starting with "." and some keys
-      not starting with ".", throw "invalid config".
-   d. If "exports" is a string, or object with no keys starting with ".", treat
-      it as having that value as its "." object property.
-   e. If subpath is "." and "exports" does not have a "." entry, GOTO 3.
-   f. Find the longest key in "exports" that the subpath starts with.
-   g. If no such key can be found, throw "not found".
-   h. let RESOLVED_URL =
-        PACKAGE_EXPORTS_TARGET_RESOLVE(pathToFileURL(DIR/name), exports[key],
-        subpath.slice(key.length), ["node", "require"]), as defined in the ESM
-        resolver.
-   i. return fileURLToPath(RESOLVED_URL)
-3. return DIR/X
+2. If X does not match this pattern or DIR/name/package.json is not a file,
+   return.
+3. Parse DIR/name/package.json, and look for "exports" field.
+4. If "exports" is null or undefined, return.
+5. If "exports" is an object with some keys starting with "." and some keys
+  not starting with ".", throw "invalid config".
+6. If "exports" is a string, or object with no keys starting with ".", treat
+  it as having that value as its "." object property.
+7. If subpath is "." and "exports" does not have a "." entry, return.
+8. Find the longest key in "exports" that the subpath starts with.
+9. If no such key can be found, throw "not found".
+10. let RESOLVED =
+    fileURLToPath(PACKAGE_EXPORTS_TARGET_RESOLVE(pathToFileURL(DIR/name),
+    exports[key], subpath.slice(key.length), ["node", "require"])), as defined
+    in the ESM resolver.
+11. If key ends with "/":
+    a. LOAD_AS_FILE(RESOLVED)
+    b. LOAD_AS_DIRECTORY(RESOLVED)
+12. Otherwise
+   a. If RESOLVED is a file, load it as its file extension format.  STOP
+13. Throw "not found"
 ```
 
-`"exports"` is only honored when loading a package "name" as defined above. Any
-`"exports"` values within nested directories and packages must be declared by
-the `package.json` responsible for the "name".
-
 ## Caching
 
 <!--type=misc-->
 
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ const {
   ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty,
   ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
   ReflectSet,
+  RegExpPrototypeTest,
   SafeMap,
   String,
   StringPrototypeIndexOf,
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ function enrichCJSError(err) {
     after a comment block and/or after a variable definition.
   */
   if (err.message.startsWith('Unexpected token \'export\'') ||
-    (/^\s*import(?=[ {'"*])\s*(?![ (])/).test(lineWithErr)) {
+    (RegExpPrototypeTest(/^\s*import(?=[ {'"*])\s*(?![ (])/, lineWithErr))) {
     // Emit the warning synchronously because we are in the middle of handling
     // a SyntaxError that will throw and likely terminate the process before an
     // asynchronous warning would be emitted.
@@ -352,10 +353,11 @@ const realpathCache = new Map();
 // absolute realpath.
 function tryFile(requestPath, isMain) {
   const rc = stat(requestPath);
+  if (rc !== 0) return;
   if (preserveSymlinks && !isMain) {
-    return rc === 0 && path.resolve(requestPath);
+    return path.resolve(requestPath);
   }
-  return rc === 0 && toRealPath(requestPath);
+  return toRealPath(requestPath);
 }
 
 function toRealPath(requestPath) {
@@ -392,52 +394,7 @@ function findLongestRegisteredExtension(filename) {
   return '.js';
 }
 
-function resolveBasePath(basePath, exts, isMain, trailingSlash, request) {
-  let filename;
-
-  const rc = stat(basePath);
-  if (!trailingSlash) {
-    if (rc === 0) {  // File.
-      if (!isMain) {
-        if (preserveSymlinks) {
-          filename = path.resolve(basePath);
-        } else {
-          filename = toRealPath(basePath);
-        }
-      } else if (preserveSymlinksMain) {
-        // For the main module, we use the preserveSymlinksMain flag instead
-        // mainly for backward compatibility, as the preserveSymlinks flag
-        // historically has not applied to the main module.  Most likely this
-        // was intended to keep .bin/ binaries working, as following those
-        // symlinks is usually required for the imports in the corresponding
-        // files to resolve; that said, in some use cases following symlinks
-        // causes bigger problems which is why the preserveSymlinksMain option
-        // is needed.
-        filename = path.resolve(basePath);
-      } else {
-        filename = toRealPath(basePath);
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (!filename) {
-      // Try it with each of the extensions
-      if (exts === undefined)
-        exts = ObjectKeys(Module._extensions);
-      filename = tryExtensions(basePath, exts, isMain);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!filename && rc === 1) {  // Directory.
-    // try it with each of the extensions at "index"
-    if (exts === undefined)
-      exts = ObjectKeys(Module._extensions);
-    filename = tryPackage(basePath, exts, isMain, request);
-  }
-
-  return filename;
-}
-
-function trySelf(parentPath, isMain, request) {
+function trySelf(parentPath, request) {
   const { data: pkg, path: basePath } = readPackageScope(parentPath) || {};
   if (!pkg || pkg.exports === undefined) return false;
   if (typeof pkg.name !== 'string') return false;
@@ -451,20 +408,11 @@ function trySelf(parentPath, isMain, request) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  const exts = ObjectKeys(Module._extensions);
   const fromExports = applyExports(basePath, expansion);
-  // Use exports
   if (fromExports) {
-    let trailingSlash = request.length > 0 &&
-        request.charCodeAt(request.length - 1) === CHAR_FORWARD_SLASH;
-    if (!trailingSlash) {
-      trailingSlash = /(?:^|\/)\.?\.$/.test(request);
-    }
-    return resolveBasePath(fromExports, exts, isMain, trailingSlash, request);
-  } else {
-    // Use main field
-    return tryPackage(basePath, exts, isMain, request);
+    return tryFile(fromExports, false);
   }
+  assert(fromExports !== false);
 }
 
 function isConditionalDotExportSugar(exports, basePath) {
@@ -496,7 +444,7 @@ function applyExports(basePath, expansion) {
 
   let pkgExports = readPackageExports(basePath);
   if (pkgExports === undefined || pkgExports === null)
-    return path.resolve(basePath, mappingKey);
+    return false;
 
   if (isConditionalDotExportSugar(pkgExports, basePath))
     pkgExports = { '.': pkgExports };
@@ -520,8 +468,24 @@ function applyExports(basePath, expansion) {
     if (dirMatch !== '') {
       const mapping = pkgExports[dirMatch];
       const subpath = StringPrototypeSlice(mappingKey, dirMatch.length);
-      return resolveExportsTarget(pathToFileURL(basePath + '/'), mapping,
-                                  subpath, mappingKey);
+      const resolved = resolveExportsTarget(pathToFileURL(basePath + '/'),
+                                            mapping, subpath, mappingKey);
+      // Extension searching for folder exports only
+      const rc = stat(resolved);
+      if (rc === 0) return resolved;
+      if (!(RegExpPrototypeTest(trailingSlashRegex, resolved))) {
+        const exts = ObjectKeys(Module._extensions);
+        const filename = tryExtensions(resolved, exts, false);
+        if (filename) return filename;
+      }
+      if (rc === 1) {
+        const exts = ObjectKeys(Module._extensions);
+        const filename = tryPackage(resolved, exts, false,
+                                    basePath + expansion);
+        if (filename) return filename;
+      }
+      // Undefined means not found
+      return;
     }
   }
 
@@ -532,20 +496,20 @@ function applyExports(basePath, expansion) {
 // 1. name/.*
 // 2. @scope/name/.*
 const EXPORTS_PATTERN = /^((?:@[^/\\%]+\/)?[^./\\%][^/\\%]*)(\/.*)?$/;
-function resolveExports(nmPath, request, absoluteRequest) {
+function resolveExports(nmPath, request) {
   // The implementation's behavior is meant to mirror resolution in ESM.
-  if (!absoluteRequest) {
-    const [, name, expansion = ''] =
-      StringPrototypeMatch(request, EXPORTS_PATTERN) || [];
-    if (!name) {
-      return path.resolve(nmPath, request);
-    }
-
-    const basePath = path.resolve(nmPath, name);
-    return applyExports(basePath, expansion);
+  const [, name, expansion = ''] =
+    StringPrototypeMatch(request, EXPORTS_PATTERN) || [];
+  if (!name) {
+    return false;
   }
 
-  return path.resolve(nmPath, request);
+  const basePath = path.resolve(nmPath, name);
+  const fromExports = applyExports(basePath, expansion);
+  if (fromExports) {
+    return tryFile(fromExports, false);
+  }
+  return fromExports;
 }
 
 function isArrayIndex(p) {
@@ -636,6 +600,7 @@ function resolveExportsTarget(baseUrl, target, subpath, mappingKey) {
     StringPrototypeSlice(baseUrl.pathname, 0, -1), mappingKey, subpath, target);
 }
 
+const trailingSlashRegex = /(?:^|\/)\.?\.$/;
 Module._findPath = function(request, paths, isMain) {
   const absoluteRequest = path.isAbsolute(request);
   if (absoluteRequest) {
@@ -654,15 +619,26 @@ Module._findPath = function(request, paths, isMain) {
   let trailingSlash = request.length > 0 &&
     request.charCodeAt(request.length - 1) === CHAR_FORWARD_SLASH;
   if (!trailingSlash) {
-    trailingSlash = /(?:^|\/)\.?\.$/.test(request);
+    trailingSlash = RegExpPrototypeTest(trailingSlashRegex, request);
   }
 
   // For each path
   for (let i = 0; i < paths.length; i++) {
     // Don't search further if path doesn't exist
     const curPath = paths[i];
     if (curPath && stat(curPath) < 1) continue;
-    const basePath = resolveExports(curPath, request, absoluteRequest);
+
+    if (!absoluteRequest) {
+      const exportsResolved = resolveExports(curPath, request);
+      // Undefined means not found, false means no exports
+      if (exportsResolved === undefined)
+        break;
+      if (exportsResolved) {
+        return exportsResolved;
+      }
+    }
+
+    const basePath = path.resolve(curPath, request);
     let filename;
 
     const rc = stat(basePath);
@@ -1005,7 +981,7 @@ Module._resolveFilename = function(request, parent, isMain, options) {
   }
 
   if (parent && parent.filename) {
-    const filename = trySelf(parent.filename, isMain, request);
+    const filename = trySelf(parent.filename, request);
     if (filename) {
       const cacheKey = request + '\x00' +
           (paths.length === 1 ? paths[0] : paths.join('\x00'));
 
@@ -35,6 +35,14 @@ import fromInside from '../fixtures/node_modules/pkgexports/lib/hole.js';
     ['pkgexports-sugar', { default: 'main' }],
   ]);
 
+  if (isRequire) {
+    validSpecifiers.set('pkgexports/subpath/file', { default: 'file' });
+    validSpecifiers.set('pkgexports/subpath/dir1', { default: 'main' });
+    validSpecifiers.set('pkgexports/subpath/dir1/', { default: 'main' });
+    validSpecifiers.set('pkgexports/subpath/dir2', { default: 'index' });
+    validSpecifiers.set('pkgexports/subpath/dir2/', { default: 'index' });
+  }
+
   for (const [validSpecifier, expected] of validSpecifiers) {
     if (validSpecifier === null) continue;
 
@@ -118,14 +126,28 @@ import fromInside from '../fixtures/node_modules/pkgexports/lib/hole.js';
     }));
   }
 
-  // Covering out bases - not a file is still not a file after dir mapping.
-  loadFixture('pkgexports/sub/not-a-file.js').catch(mustCall((err) => {
-    strictEqual(err.code, (isRequire ? '' : 'ERR_') + 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND');
-    // ESM returns a full file path
-    assertStartsWith(err.message, isRequire ?
-      'Cannot find module \'pkgexports/sub/not-a-file.js\'' :
-      'Cannot find module');
-  }));
+  const notFoundExports = new Map([
+    // Non-existing file
+    ['pkgexports/sub/not-a-file.js', 'pkgexports/sub/not-a-file.js'],
+    // No extension lookups
+    ['pkgexports/no-ext', 'pkgexports/no-ext'],
+  ]);
+
+  if (!isRequire) {
+    notFoundExports.set('pkgexports/subpath/file', 'pkgexports/subpath/file');
+    notFoundExports.set('pkgexports/subpath/dir1', 'pkgexports/subpath/dir1');
+    notFoundExports.set('pkgexports/subpath/dir2', 'pkgexports/subpath/dir2');
+  }
+
+  for (const [specifier, request] of notFoundExports) {
+    loadFixture(specifier).catch(mustCall((err) => {
+      strictEqual(err.code, (isRequire ? '' : 'ERR_') + 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND');
+      // ESM returns a full file path
+      assertStartsWith(err.message, isRequire ?
+        `Cannot find module '${request}'` :
+        'Cannot find module');
+    }));
+  }
 
   // The use of %2F escapes in paths fails loading
   loadFixture('pkgexports/sub/..%2F..%2Fbar.js').catch(mustCall((err) => {