@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ const {
   RegExpPrototypeExec,
   SafeSet,
   StringPrototypeIncludes,
+  StringPrototypeIndexOf,
   StringPrototypeSlice,
   StringPrototypeToUpperCase,
   SymbolDispose,
@@ -93,6 +94,8 @@ const {
   stdioStringToArray,
 } = child_process;
 
+const { getEnvPairs } = internalBinding('process_wrap');
+
 const MAX_BUFFER = 1024 * 1024;
 
 const permission = require('internal/process/permission');
@@ -697,60 +700,74 @@ function normalizeSpawnArguments(file, args, options) {
     ArrayPrototypeUnshift(args, file);
   }
 
-  // Shallow copy to guarantee changes won't impact process.env
-  const env = options.env || { ...process.env };
-  const envPairs = [];
-
-  // process.env.NODE_V8_COVERAGE always propagates, making it possible to
-  // collect coverage for programs that spawn with white-listed environment.
-  copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, 'NODE_V8_COVERAGE', options.env);
-
-  if (isZOS) {
-    // The following environment variables must always propagate if set.
-    copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_BPXK_AUTOCVT', options.env);
-    copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_CEE_RUNOPTS', options.env);
-    copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_TAG_REDIR_ERR', options.env);
-    copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_TAG_REDIR_IN', options.env);
-    copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_TAG_REDIR_OUT', options.env);
-    copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, 'STEPLIB', options.env);
-    copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, 'LIBPATH', options.env);
-    copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_EDC_SIG_DFLT', options.env);
-    copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_EDC_SUSV3', options.env);
-  }
+  let envPairs;
+  if (!options.env && !permission.isEnabled()) {
+    // Default: the child inherits this process's environment. Take it as
+    // 'KEY=value' strings in one native pass over the environment block
+    // instead of copying process.env (one interceptor round trip and one
+    // getenv() scan per variable). Everything copyProcessEnvToEnv() would
+    // propagate below is part of it by definition, and entries of the real
+    // environment block cannot contain null bytes.
+    envPairs = getEnvPairs();
+    if (process.platform === 'win32') {
+      envPairs = dedupeWindowsEnvPairs(envPairs);
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Shallow copy to guarantee changes won't impact process.env
+    const env = options.env || { ...process.env };
+    envPairs = [];
+
+    // process.env.NODE_V8_COVERAGE always propagates, making it possible to
+    // collect coverage for programs that spawn with white-listed environment.
+    copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, 'NODE_V8_COVERAGE', options.env);
+
+    if (isZOS) {
+      // The following environment variables must always propagate if set.
+      copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_BPXK_AUTOCVT', options.env);
+      copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_CEE_RUNOPTS', options.env);
+      copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_TAG_REDIR_ERR', options.env);
+      copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_TAG_REDIR_IN', options.env);
+      copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_TAG_REDIR_OUT', options.env);
+      copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, 'STEPLIB', options.env);
+      copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, 'LIBPATH', options.env);
+      copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_EDC_SIG_DFLT', options.env);
+      copyProcessEnvToEnv(env, '_EDC_SUSV3', options.env);
+    }
 
-  if (permission.isEnabled()) {
-    copyPermissionModelFlagsToEnv(env, 'NODE_OPTIONS', args);
-  }
+    if (permission.isEnabled()) {
+      copyPermissionModelFlagsToEnv(env, 'NODE_OPTIONS', args);
+    }
 
-  let envKeys = [];
-  // Prototype values are intentionally included.
-  for (const key in env) {
-    ArrayPrototypePush(envKeys, key);
-  }
+    let envKeys = [];
+    // Prototype values are intentionally included.
+    for (const key in env) {
+      ArrayPrototypePush(envKeys, key);
+    }
 
-  if (process.platform === 'win32') {
-    // On Windows env keys are case insensitive. Filter out duplicates,
-    // keeping only the first one (in lexicographic order)
-    const sawKey = new SafeSet();
-    envKeys = ArrayPrototypeFilter(
-      ArrayPrototypeSort(envKeys),
-      (key) => {
-        const uppercaseKey = StringPrototypeToUpperCase(key);
-        if (sawKey.has(uppercaseKey)) {
-          return false;
-        }
-        sawKey.add(uppercaseKey);
-        return true;
-      },
-    );
-  }
+    if (process.platform === 'win32') {
+      // On Windows env keys are case insensitive. Filter out duplicates,
+      // keeping only the first one (in lexicographic order)
+      const sawKey = new SafeSet();
+      envKeys = ArrayPrototypeFilter(
+        ArrayPrototypeSort(envKeys),
+        (key) => {
+          const uppercaseKey = StringPrototypeToUpperCase(key);
+          if (sawKey.has(uppercaseKey)) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          sawKey.add(uppercaseKey);
+          return true;
+        },
+      );
+    }
 
-  for (const key of envKeys) {
-    const value = env[key];
-    if (value !== undefined) {
-      validateArgumentNullCheck(key, `options.env['${key}']`);
-      validateArgumentNullCheck(value, `options.env['${key}']`);
-      ArrayPrototypePush(envPairs, `${key}=${value}`);
+    for (const key of envKeys) {
+      const value = env[key];
+      if (value !== undefined) {
+        validateArgumentNullCheck(key, `options.env['${key}']`);
+        validateArgumentNullCheck(value, `options.env['${key}']`);
+        ArrayPrototypePush(envPairs, `${key}=${value}`);
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -768,6 +785,34 @@ function normalizeSpawnArguments(file, args, options) {
   };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Windows environment variable names are case-insensitive: keep only the
+ * first entry for each name in lexicographic order of the names, exactly like
+ * the key filtering applied to a user-supplied `options.env`.
+ * @param {string[]} envPairs 'KEY=value' strings
+ * @returns {string[]}
+ */
+function dedupeWindowsEnvPairs(envPairs) {
+  const keyed = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < envPairs.length; i++) {
+    const pair = envPairs[i];
+    // Names never start with '=' here (hidden variables are not enumerated),
+    // so the first '=' ends the name.
+    const eq = StringPrototypeIndexOf(pair, '=');
+    ArrayPrototypePush(keyed, { key: eq === -1 ? pair : StringPrototypeSlice(pair, 0, eq), pair });
+  }
+  ArrayPrototypeSort(keyed, (a, b) => (a.key < b.key ? -1 : a.key > b.key ? 1 : 0));
+  const sawKey = new SafeSet();
+  const result = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < keyed.length; i++) {
+    const uppercaseKey = StringPrototypeToUpperCase(keyed[i].key);
+    if (sawKey.has(uppercaseKey)) continue;
+    sawKey.add(uppercaseKey);
+    ArrayPrototypePush(result, keyed[i].pair);
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
 function abortChildProcess(child, killSignal, reason) {
   if (!child)
     return;
 
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ using v8::Boolean;
 using v8::Context;
 using v8::DontDelete;
 using v8::DontEnum;
+using v8::EscapableHandleScope;
 using v8::FunctionTemplate;
 using v8::HandleScope;
 using v8::IndexedPropertyHandlerConfiguration;
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ class RealEnvStore final : public KVStore {
   int32_t Query(const char* key) const override;
   void Delete(Isolate* isolate, Local<String> key) override;
   MaybeLocal<Array> Enumerate(Isolate* isolate) const override;
+  MaybeLocal<Array> Pairs(Isolate* isolate) const override;
 };
 
 class MapKVStore final : public KVStore {
@@ -222,6 +224,64 @@ MaybeLocal<Array> RealEnvStore::Enumerate(Isolate* isolate) const {
   return env_v.ToArray();
 }
 
+MaybeLocal<Array> RealEnvStore::Pairs(Isolate* isolate) const {
+  Mutex::ScopedLock lock(per_process::env_var_mutex);
+  uv_env_item_t* items;
+  int count;
+
+  auto cleanup = OnScopeLeave([&]() { uv_os_free_environ(items, count); });
+  CHECK_EQ(uv_os_environ(&items, &count), 0);
+
+  MaybeStackBuffer<Local<Value>, 256> pairs_v(count);
+  int pairs_v_index = 0;
+  std::string pair;
+  for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    // If the key starts with '=' it is a hidden environment variable.
+    // Enumerate() skips these, so a copy of process.env never had them.
+    if (items[i].name[0] == '=') continue;
+#endif
+    pair.assign(items[i].name);
+    pair += '=';
+    pair += items[i].value;
+    Local<Value> str;
+    if (!ToV8Value(isolate->GetCurrentContext(), pair, isolate).ToLocal(&str)) {
+      return {};
+    }
+    pairs_v[pairs_v_index++] = str;
+  }
+
+  return Array::New(isolate, pairs_v.out(), pairs_v_index);
+}
+
+MaybeLocal<Array> KVStore::Pairs(Isolate* isolate) const {
+  EscapableHandleScope scope(isolate);
+  Local<Context> context = isolate->GetCurrentContext();
+  Local<Array> keys;
+  if (!Enumerate(isolate).ToLocal(&keys)) return {};
+  uint32_t keys_length = keys->Length();
+  MaybeStackBuffer<Local<Value>, 256> pairs(keys_length);
+  uint32_t pairs_index = 0;
+  std::string pair;
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < keys_length; i++) {
+    Local<Value> key;
+    if (!keys->Get(context, i).ToLocal(&key)) return {};
+    if (!key->IsString()) continue;
+    Utf8Value key_utf8(isolate, key);
+    // A key that disappeared between Enumerate() and Get() is skipped, like an
+    // undefined value is when copying process.env in JS.
+    std::optional<std::string> value = Get(*key_utf8);
+    if (!value.has_value()) continue;
+    pair.assign(*key_utf8, key_utf8.length());
+    pair += '=';
+    pair += *value;
+    Local<Value> str;
+    if (!ToV8Value(context, pair, isolate).ToLocal(&str)) return {};
+    pairs[pairs_index++] = str;
+  }
+  return scope.Escape(Array::New(isolate, pairs.out(), pairs_index));
+}
+
 std::shared_ptr<KVStore> KVStore::Clone(Isolate* isolate) const {
   HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
   Local<Context> context = isolate->GetCurrentContext();
 
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ class ProcessWrap : public HandleWrap {
     SetProtoMethod(isolate, constructor, "kill", Kill);
 
     SetConstructorFunction(context, target, "Process", constructor);
+    SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "getEnvPairs", GetEnvPairs);
 
     Local<Object> constants = Object::New(isolate);
     NODE_DEFINE_CONSTANT(constants, kProcessFlagDetached);
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ class ProcessWrap : public HandleWrap {
     registry->Register(New);
     registry->Register(Spawn);
     registry->Register(Kill);
+    registry->Register(GetEnvPairs);
   }
 
   SET_NO_MEMORY_INFO()
@@ -342,6 +344,17 @@ class ProcessWrap : public HandleWrap {
     args.GetReturnValue().Set(err);
   }
 
+  // The current environment as ["KEY=value", ...], i.e. what a spawned
+  // child inherits by default, produced in one pass over the environment
+  // block instead of one interceptor round trip per variable.
+  static void GetEnvPairs(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
+    Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
+    Local<Array> pairs;
+    if (env->env_vars()->Pairs(env->isolate()).ToLocal(&pairs)) {
+      args.GetReturnValue().Set(pairs);
+    }
+  }
+
   static void Kill(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
     Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
     ProcessWrap* wrap;
 
@@ -323,6 +323,10 @@ class KVStore {
   virtual int32_t Query(const char* key) const = 0;
   virtual void Delete(v8::Isolate* isolate, v8::Local<v8::String> key) = 0;
   virtual v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Array> Enumerate(v8::Isolate* isolate) const = 0;
+  // All entries as an array of "KEY=value" strings, in enumeration order —
+  // the form uv_spawn() consumes. The default implementation is
+  // Enumerate() + Get(); stores that can produce it in one pass override it.
+  virtual v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Array> Pairs(v8::Isolate* isolate) const;
 
   virtual std::shared_ptr<KVStore> Clone(v8::Isolate* isolate) const;
   virtual v8::Maybe<void> AssignFromObject(v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
 
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+'use strict';
+// When no `env` option is given, a child process must inherit exactly the
+// parent's current environment: same variables and values, reflecting runtime
+// additions/deletions made through process.env.
+const common = require('../common');
+const assert = require('assert');
+const { spawn, spawnSync, execFileSync } = require('child_process');
+
+// Mutate the environment at runtime in a few ways first.
+process.env.TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_ADDED = 'added ünïcödé ✓';
+process.env.TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_EMPTY = '';
+process.env.TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_EQUALS = 'a=b=c';
+process.env.TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_DELETED = 'x';
+delete process.env.TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_DELETED;
+
+function expectedEnv() {
+  // What `{ ...process.env }` yields, minus keys whose value is undefined
+  // (there are none for the real environment, but keep the definition exact).
+  const copy = { ...process.env };
+  for (const key of Object.keys(copy)) {
+    if (copy[key] === undefined) delete copy[key];
+  }
+  return copy;
+}
+
+const printEnv = ['-e', 'process.stdout.write(JSON.stringify(process.env))'];
+
+function run(options) {
+  const child = spawnSync(process.execPath, printEnv, { encoding: 'utf8', ...options });
+  assert.strictEqual(child.status, 0, child.stderr || String(child.error));
+  return child.stdout;
+}
+
+function check(output, label, expected = expectedEnv()) {
+  const childEnv = JSON.parse(output);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(childEnv, expected, `${label}: contents`);
+  assert.strictEqual(childEnv.TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_ADDED, 'added ünïcödé ✓');
+  assert.strictEqual(childEnv.TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_EMPTY, '');
+  assert.strictEqual(childEnv.TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_EQUALS, 'a=b=c');
+  assert.ok(!('TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_DELETED' in childEnv));
+}
+
+// spawnSync, options omitted entirely.
+check(run(), 'spawnSync no options');
+// Explicitly undefined / null env behave like the default.
+check(run({ env: undefined }), 'spawnSync env undefined');
+check(run({ env: null }), 'spawnSync env null');
+// execFileSync goes through the same normalization.
+check(execFileSync(process.execPath, printEnv, { encoding: 'utf8' }), 'execFileSync');
+// A user-supplied env is still passed through as given (not merged).
+{
+  const env = { ...process.env, ONLY: 'this' };
+  delete env.TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_ADDED;
+  const childEnv = JSON.parse(run({ env }));
+  assert.strictEqual(childEnv.ONLY, 'this');
+  assert.ok(!('TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_ADDED' in childEnv));
+}
+// Async spawn (the environment is captured at spawn() time).
+{
+  const expectedAtSpawn = expectedEnv();
+  const child = spawn(process.execPath, printEnv);
+  let out = '';
+  child.stdout.setEncoding('utf8').on('data', (d) => { out += d; });
+  let err = '';
+  child.stderr.setEncoding('utf8').on('data', (d) => { err += d; });
+  child.on('close', common.mustCall((code) => {
+    assert.strictEqual(code, 0, err);
+    check(out, 'spawn', expectedAtSpawn);
+  }));
+}
+// A variable added after an earlier spawn is seen by a later one (no caching).
+process.env.TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_LATE = 'late';
+{
+  const childEnv = JSON.parse(run());
+  assert.strictEqual(childEnv.TEST_DEFAULT_ENV_LATE, 'late');
+}