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"""This file contains code for use with "Think Stats",
by Allen B. Downey, available from greenteapress.com
Copyright 2014 Allen B. Downey
License: GNU GPLv3 http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
from __future__ import print_function
import math
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as pyplot
import numpy as np
import pandas
import warnings
# customize some matplotlib attributes
#matplotlib.rc('figure', figsize=(4, 3))
#matplotlib.rc('font', size=14.0)
#matplotlib.rc('axes', labelsize=22.0, titlesize=22.0)
#matplotlib.rc('legend', fontsize=20.0)
#matplotlib.rc('xtick.major', size=6.0)
#matplotlib.rc('xtick.minor', size=3.0)
#matplotlib.rc('ytick.major', size=6.0)
#matplotlib.rc('ytick.minor', size=3.0)
class _Brewer(object):
    """Encapsulates a nice sequence of colors.
    Shades of blue that look good in color and can be distinguished
    in grayscale (up to a point).
    Borrowed from http://colorbrewer2.org/
    color_iter = None
    colors = ['#081D58',
              '#225EA8',
              '#1D91C0',
              '#41B6C4',
              '#7FCDBB',
              '#C7E9B4',
              '#EDF8B1',
              '#FFFFD9']
    # lists that indicate which colors to use depending on how many are used
    which_colors = [[],
                    [0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
                    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
    @classmethod
    def Colors(cls):
        """Returns the list of colors.
        """
        return cls.colors
    @classmethod
    def ColorGenerator(cls, n):
        """Returns an iterator of color strings.
        n: how many colors will be used
        """
        for i in cls.which_colors[n]:
            yield cls.colors[i]
        raise StopIteration('Ran out of colors in _Brewer.ColorGenerator')
    @classmethod
    def InitializeIter(cls, num):
        """Initializes the color iterator with the given number of colors."""
        cls.color_iter = cls.ColorGenerator(num)
    @classmethod
    def ClearIter(cls):
        """Sets the color iterator to None."""
        cls.color_iter = None
    @classmethod
    def GetIter(cls):
        """Gets the color iterator."""
        if cls.color_iter is None:
            cls.InitializeIter(7)
        return cls.color_iter
def PrePlot(num=None, rows=None, cols=None):
    """Takes hints about what's coming.
    num: number of lines that will be plotted
    rows: number of rows of subplots
    cols: number of columns of subplots
    if num:
        _Brewer.InitializeIter(num)
    if rows is None and cols is None:
        return
    if rows is not None and cols is None:
        cols = 1
    if cols is not None and rows is None:
        rows = 1
    # resize the image, depending on the number of rows and cols
    size_map = {(1, 1): (8, 6),
                (1, 2): (14, 6),
                (1, 3): (14, 6),
                (2, 2): (10, 10),
                (2, 3): (16, 10),
                (3, 1): (8, 10),
    if (rows, cols) in size_map:
        fig = pyplot.gcf()
        fig.set_size_inches(*size_map[rows, cols])
    # create the first subplot
    if rows > 1 or cols > 1:
        pyplot.subplot(rows, cols, 1)
        global SUBPLOT_ROWS, SUBPLOT_COLS
        SUBPLOT_ROWS = rows
        SUBPLOT_COLS = cols
def SubPlot(plot_number, rows=None, cols=None):
    """Configures the number of subplots and changes the current plot.
    rows: int
    cols: int
    plot_number: int
    rows = rows or SUBPLOT_ROWS
    cols = cols or SUBPLOT_COLS
    pyplot.subplot(rows, cols, plot_number)
def _Underride(d, **options):
    """Add key-value pairs to d only if key is not in d.
    If d is None, create a new dictionary.
    d: dictionary
    options: keyword args to add to d
    if d is None:
        d = {}
    for key, val in options.items():
        d.setdefault(key, val)
    return d
    """Clears the figure and any hints that have been set."""
    global LOC
    LOC = None
    _Brewer.ClearIter()
    pyplot.clf()
    fig = pyplot.gcf()
    fig.set_size_inches(8, 6)
def Figure(**options):
    """Sets options for the current figure."""
    _Underride(options, figsize=(6, 8))
    pyplot.figure(**options)
def _UnderrideColor(options):
    if 'color' in options:
        return options
    color_iter = _Brewer.GetIter()
    if color_iter:
        try:
            options['color'] = next(color_iter)
        except StopIteration:
            # TODO: reconsider whether this should warn
            # warnings.warn('Warning: Brewer ran out of colors.')
            _Brewer.ClearIter()
    return options
def Plot(obj, ys=None, style='', **options):
    """Plots a line.
      obj: sequence of x values, or Series, or anything with Render()
      ys: sequence of y values
      style: style string passed along to pyplot.plot
      options: keyword args passed to pyplot.plot
    options = _UnderrideColor(options)
    label = getattr(obj, 'label', '_nolegend_')
    options = _Underride(options, linewidth=3, alpha=0.8, label=label)
    xs = obj
    if ys is None:
        if hasattr(obj, 'Render'):
            xs, ys = obj.Render()
        if isinstance(obj, pandas.Series):
            ys = obj.values
            xs = obj.index
    if ys is None:
        pyplot.plot(xs, style, **options)
        pyplot.plot(xs, ys, style, **options)
def FillBetween(xs, y1, y2=None, where=None, **options):
    """Plots a line.
      xs: sequence of x values
      y1: sequence of y values
      y2: sequence of y values
      where: sequence of boolean
      options: keyword args passed to pyplot.fill_between
    options = _UnderrideColor(options)
    options = _Underride(options, linewidth=0, alpha=0.5)
    pyplot.fill_between(xs, y1, y2, where, **options)
def Bar(xs, ys, **options):
    """Plots a line.
      xs: sequence of x values
      ys: sequence of y values
      options: keyword args passed to pyplot.bar
    options = _UnderrideColor(options)
    options = _Underride(options, linewidth=0, alpha=0.6)
    pyplot.bar(xs, ys, **options)
def Scatter(xs, ys=None, **options):
    """Makes a scatter plot.
    xs: x values
    ys: y values
    options: options passed to pyplot.scatter
    options = _Underride(options, color='blue', alpha=0.2, 
                        s=30, edgecolors='none')
    if ys is None and isinstance(xs, pandas.Series):
        ys = xs.values
        xs = xs.index
    pyplot.scatter(xs, ys, **options)
def HexBin(xs, ys, **options):
    """Makes a scatter plot.
    xs: x values
    ys: y values
    options: options passed to pyplot.scatter
    options = _Underride(options, cmap=matplotlib.cm.Blues)
    pyplot.hexbin(xs, ys, **options)
def Pdf(pdf, **options):
    """Plots a Pdf, Pmf, or Hist as a line.
      pdf: Pdf, Pmf, or Hist object
      options: keyword args passed to pyplot.plot
    low, high = options.pop('low', None), options.pop('high', None)
    n = options.pop('n', 101)
    xs, ps = pdf.Render(low=low, high=high, n=n)
    options = _Underride(options, label=pdf.label)
    Plot(xs, ps, **options)
def Pdfs(pdfs, **options):
    """Plots a sequence of PDFs.
    Options are passed along for all PDFs.  If you want different
    options for each pdf, make multiple calls to Pdf.
      pdfs: sequence of PDF objects
      options: keyword args passed to pyplot.plot
    for pdf in pdfs:
        Pdf(pdf, **options)
def Hist(hist, **options):
    """Plots a Pmf or Hist with a bar plot.
    The default width of the bars is based on the minimum difference
    between values in the Hist.  If that's too small, you can override
    it by providing a width keyword argument, in the same units
    as the values.
      hist: Hist or Pmf object
      options: keyword args passed to pyplot.bar
    # find the minimum distance between adjacent values
    xs, ys = hist.Render()
    if 'width' not in options:
        try:
            options['width'] = 0.9 * np.diff(xs).min()
        except TypeError:
            warnings.warn("Hist: Can't compute bar width automatically."
                            "Check for non-numeric types in Hist."
                            "Or try providing width option."
    options = _Underride(options, label=hist.label)
    options = _Underride(options, align='center')
    if options['align'] == 'left':
        options['align'] = 'edge'
    elif options['align'] == 'right':
        options['align'] = 'edge'
        options['width'] *= -1
    Bar(xs, ys, **options)
def Hists(hists, **options):
    """Plots two histograms as interleaved bar plots.
    Options are passed along for all PMFs.  If you want different
    options for each pmf, make multiple calls to Pmf.
      hists: list of two Hist or Pmf objects
      options: keyword args passed to pyplot.plot
    for hist in hists:
        Hist(hist, **options)
def Pmf(pmf, **options):
    """Plots a Pmf or Hist as a line.
      pmf: Hist or Pmf object
      options: keyword args passed to pyplot.plot
    xs, ys = pmf.Render()
    low, high = min(xs), max(xs)
    width = options.pop('width', None)
    if width is None:
        try:
            width = np.diff(xs).min()
        except TypeError:
            warnings.warn("Pmf: Can't compute bar width automatically."
                          "Check for non-numeric types in Pmf."
                          "Or try providing width option.")
    points = []
    lastx = np.nan
    lasty = 0
    for x, y in zip(xs, ys):
        if (x - lastx) > 1e-5:
            points.append((lastx, 0))
            points.append((x, 0))
        points.append((x, lasty))
        points.append((x, y))
        points.append((x+width, y))
        lastx = x + width
        lasty = y
    points.append((lastx, 0))
    pxs, pys = zip(*points)
    align = options.pop('align', 'center')
    if align == 'center':
        pxs = np.array(pxs) - width/2.0
    if align == 'right':
        pxs = np.array(pxs) - width
    options = _Underride(options, label=pmf.label)
    Plot(pxs, pys, **options)
def Pmfs(pmfs, **options):
    """Plots a sequence of PMFs.
    Options are passed along for all PMFs.  If you want different
    options for each pmf, make multiple calls to Pmf.
      pmfs: sequence of PMF objects
      options: keyword args passed to pyplot.plot
    for pmf in pmfs:
        Pmf(pmf, **options)
def Diff(t):
    """Compute the differences between adjacent elements in a sequence.
        t: sequence of number
    Returns:
        sequence of differences (length one less than t)
    diffs = [t[i+1] - t[i] for i in range(len(t)-1)]
    return diffs
def Cdf(cdf, complement=False, transform=None, **options):
    """Plots a CDF as a line.
      cdf: Cdf object
      complement: boolean, whether to plot the complementary CDF
      transform: string, one of 'exponential', 'pareto', 'weibull', 'gumbel'
      options: keyword args passed to pyplot.plot
    Returns:
      dictionary with the scale options that should be passed to
      Config, Show or Save.
    xs, ps = cdf.Render()
    xs = np.asarray(xs)
    ps = np.asarray(ps)
    scale = dict(xscale='linear', yscale='linear')
    for s in ['xscale', 'yscale']: 
        if s in options:
            scale[s] = options.pop(s)
    if transform == 'exponential':
        complement = True
        scale['yscale'] = 'log'
    if transform == 'pareto':
        complement = True
        scale['yscale'] = 'log'
        scale['xscale'] = 'log'
    if complement:
        ps = [1.0-p for p in ps]
    if transform == 'weibull':
        xs = np.delete(xs, -1)
        ps = np.delete(ps, -1)
        ps = [-math.log(1.0-p) for p in ps]
        scale['xscale'] = 'log'
        scale['yscale'] = 'log'
    if transform == 'gumbel':
        xs = xp.delete(xs, 0)
        ps = np.delete(ps, 0)
        ps = [-math.log(p) for p in ps]
        scale['yscale'] = 'log'
    options = _Underride(options, label=cdf.label)
    Plot(xs, ps, **options)
    return scale
def Cdfs(cdfs, complement=False, transform=None, **options):
    """Plots a sequence of CDFs.
    cdfs: sequence of CDF objects
    complement: boolean, whether to plot the complementary CDF
    transform: string, one of 'exponential', 'pareto', 'weibull', 'gumbel'
    options: keyword args passed to pyplot.plot
    for cdf in cdfs:
        Cdf(cdf, complement, transform, **options)
def Contour(obj, pcolor=False, contour=True, imshow=False, **options):
    """Makes a contour plot.
    d: map from (x, y) to z, or object that provides GetDict
    pcolor: boolean, whether to make a pseudocolor plot
    contour: boolean, whether to make a contour plot
    imshow: boolean, whether to use pyplot.imshow
    options: keyword args passed to pyplot.pcolor and/or pyplot.contour
        d = obj.GetDict()
    except AttributeError:
        d = obj
    _Underride(options, linewidth=3, cmap=matplotlib.cm.Blues)
    xs, ys = zip(*d.keys())
    xs = sorted(set(xs))
    ys = sorted(set(ys))
    X, Y = np.meshgrid(xs, ys)
    func = lambda x, y: d.get((x, y), 0)
    func = np.vectorize(func)
    Z = func(X, Y)
    x_formatter = matplotlib.ticker.ScalarFormatter(useOffset=False)
    axes = pyplot.gca()
    axes.xaxis.set_major_formatter(x_formatter)
    if pcolor:
        pyplot.pcolormesh(X, Y, Z, **options)
    if contour:
        cs = pyplot.contour(X, Y, Z, **options)
        pyplot.clabel(cs, inline=1, fontsize=10)
    if imshow:
        extent = xs[0], xs[-1], ys[0], ys[-1]
        pyplot.imshow(Z, extent=extent, **options)
def Pcolor(xs, ys, zs, pcolor=True, contour=False, **options):
    """Makes a pseudocolor plot.
    pcolor: boolean, whether to make a pseudocolor plot
    contour: boolean, whether to make a contour plot
    options: keyword args passed to pyplot.pcolor and/or pyplot.contour
    _Underride(options, linewidth=3, cmap=matplotlib.cm.Blues)
    X, Y = np.meshgrid(xs, ys)
    x_formatter = matplotlib.ticker.ScalarFormatter(useOffset=False)
    axes = pyplot.gca()
    axes.xaxis.set_major_formatter(x_formatter)
    if pcolor:
        pyplot.pcolormesh(X, Y, Z, **options)
    if contour:
        cs = pyplot.contour(X, Y, Z, **options)
        pyplot.clabel(cs, inline=1, fontsize=10)
def Text(x, y, s, **options):
    """Puts text in a figure.
    x: number
    y: number
    s: string
    options: keyword args passed to pyplot.text
    options = _Underride(options,
                         fontsize=16,
                         verticalalignment='top',
                         horizontalalignment='left')
    pyplot.text(x, y, s, **options)
LEGEND = True
def Config(**options):
    """Configures the plot.
    Pulls options out of the option dictionary and passes them to
    the corresponding pyplot functions.
    names = ['title', 'xlabel', 'ylabel', 'xscale', 'yscale',
             'xticks', 'yticks', 'axis', 'xlim', 'ylim']
    for name in names:
        if name in options:
            getattr(pyplot, name)(options[name])
    # looks like this is not necessary: matplotlib understands text loc specs
    loc_dict = {'upper right': 1,
                'upper left': 2,
                'lower left': 3,
                'lower right': 4,
                'right': 5,
                'center left': 6,
                'center right': 7,
                'lower center': 8,
                'upper center': 9,
                'center': 10,
    global LEGEND
    LEGEND = options.get('legend', LEGEND)
    if LEGEND:
        global LOC
        LOC = options.get('loc', LOC)
        pyplot.legend(loc=LOC)
def Show(**options):
    """Shows the plot.
    For options, see Config.
    options: keyword args used to invoke various pyplot functions
    clf = options.pop('clf', True)
    Config(**options)
    pyplot.show()
    if clf:
        Clf()
def Plotly(**options):
    """Shows the plot.
    For options, see Config.
    options: keyword args used to invoke various pyplot functions
    clf = options.pop('clf', True)
    Config(**options)
    import plotly.plotly as plotly
    url = plotly.plot_mpl(pyplot.gcf())
    if clf:
        Clf()
    return url
def Save(root=None, formats=None, **options):
    """Saves the plot in the given formats and clears the figure.
    For options, see Config.
      root: string filename root
      formats: list of string formats
      options: keyword args used to invoke various pyplot functions
    clf = options.pop('clf', True)
    Config(**options)
    if formats is None:
        formats = ['pdf', 'eps']
        formats.remove('plotly')
        Plotly(clf=False)
    except ValueError:
        pass
    if root:
        for fmt in formats:
            SaveFormat(root, fmt)
    if clf:
        Clf()
def SaveFormat(root, fmt='eps'):
    """Writes the current figure to a file in the given format.
      root: string filename root
      fmt: string format
    filename = '%s.%s' % (root, fmt)
    print('Writing', filename)
    pyplot.savefig(filename, format=fmt, dpi=300)
# provide aliases for calling functons with lower-case names
preplot = PrePlot
subplot = SubPlot
figure = Figure
plot = Plot
text = Text
scatter = Scatter
pmfs = Pmfs
hist = Hist
hists = Hists
diff = Diff
cdfs = Cdfs
contour = Contour
pcolor = Pcolor
config = Config
show = Show
save = Save
def main():
    color_iter = _Brewer.ColorGenerator(7)
    for color in color_iter:
        print(color)
if __name__ == '__main__':
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