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// Copyright 2013 The go-github AUTHORS. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package github
	"encoding/json"
	"io/ioutil"
	"net/http"
	"github.com/google/go-querystring/query"
	// StatusUnprocessableEntity is the status code returned when sending a request with invalid fields.
	StatusUnprocessableEntity = 422
	libraryVersion = "0.1"
	defaultBaseURL = "https://api.github.com/"
	uploadBaseURL  = "https://uploads.github.com/"
	userAgent      = "go-github/" + libraryVersion
	headerRateLimit     = "X-RateLimit-Limit"
	headerRateRemaining = "X-RateLimit-Remaining"
	headerRateReset     = "X-RateLimit-Reset"
	headerOTP           = "X-GitHub-OTP"
	mediaTypeV3      = "application/vnd.github.v3+json"
	defaultMediaType = "application/octet-stream"
	// Media Type values to access preview APIs
	// https://developer.github.com/changes/2015-03-09-licenses-api/
	mediaTypeLicensesPreview = "application/vnd.github.drax-preview+json"
	// https://developer.github.com/changes/2014-12-09-new-attributes-for-stars-api/
	mediaTypeStarringPreview = "application/vnd.github.v3.star+json"
	// https://developer.github.com/changes/2015-06-24-api-enhancements-for-working-with-organization-permissions/
	mediaTypeOrgPermissionPreview     = "application/vnd.github.ironman-preview+json"
	mediaTypeOrgPermissionRepoPreview = "application/vnd.github.ironman-preview.repository+json"
	// https://developer.github.com/changes/2015-11-11-protected-branches-api/
	mediaTypeProtectedBranchesPreview = "application/vnd.github.loki-preview+json"
	// https://developer.github.com/changes/2016-02-11-issue-locking-api/
	mediaTypeIssueLockingPreview = "application/vnd.github.the-key-preview+json"
	// https://developer.github.com/changes/2016-02-24-commit-reference-sha-api/
	mediaTypeCommitReferenceSHAPreview = "application/vnd.github.chitauri-preview+sha"
// A Client manages communication with the GitHub API.
type Client struct {
	// HTTP client used to communicate with the API.
	client *http.Client
	// Base URL for API requests.  Defaults to the public GitHub API, but can be
	// set to a domain endpoint to use with GitHub Enterprise.  BaseURL should
	// always be specified with a trailing slash.
	BaseURL *url.URL
	// Base URL for uploading files.
	UploadURL *url.URL
	// User agent used when communicating with the GitHub API.
	UserAgent string
	rateMu sync.Mutex
	rate   Rate // Rate limit for the client as determined by the most recent API call.
	// Services used for talking to different parts of the GitHub API.
	Activity      *ActivityService
	Gists         *GistsService
	Git           *GitService
	Gitignores    *GitignoresService
	Issues        *IssuesService
	Organizations *OrganizationsService
	PullRequests  *PullRequestsService
	Repositories  *RepositoriesService
	Search        *SearchService
	Users         *UsersService
	Licenses      *LicensesService
// ListOptions specifies the optional parameters to various List methods that
// support pagination.
type ListOptions struct {
	// For paginated result sets, page of results to retrieve.
	Page int `url:"page,omitempty"`
	// For paginated result sets, the number of results to include per page.
	PerPage int `url:"per_page,omitempty"`
// UploadOptions specifies the parameters to methods that support uploads.
type UploadOptions struct {
	Name string `url:"name,omitempty"`
// addOptions adds the parameters in opt as URL query parameters to s.  opt
// must be a struct whose fields may contain "url" tags.
func addOptions(s string, opt interface{}) (string, error) {
	v := reflect.ValueOf(opt)
	if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && v.IsNil() {
		return s, nil
	u, err := url.Parse(s)
	if err != nil {
		return s, err
	qs, err := query.Values(opt)
	if err != nil {
		return s, err
	u.RawQuery = qs.Encode()
	return u.String(), nil
// NewClient returns a new GitHub API client.  If a nil httpClient is
// provided, http.DefaultClient will be used.  To use API methods which require
// authentication, provide an http.Client that will perform the authentication
// for you (such as that provided by the golang.org/x/oauth2 library).
func NewClient(httpClient *http.Client) *Client {
	if httpClient == nil {
		httpClient = http.DefaultClient
	baseURL, _ := url.Parse(defaultBaseURL)
	uploadURL, _ := url.Parse(uploadBaseURL)
	c := &Client{client: httpClient, BaseURL: baseURL, UserAgent: userAgent, UploadURL: uploadURL}
	c.Activity = &ActivityService{client: c}
	c.Gists = &GistsService{client: c}
	c.Git = &GitService{client: c}
	c.Gitignores = &GitignoresService{client: c}
	c.Issues = &IssuesService{client: c}
	c.Organizations = &OrganizationsService{client: c}
	c.PullRequests = &PullRequestsService{client: c}
	c.Repositories = &RepositoriesService{client: c}
	c.Search = &SearchService{client: c}
	c.Users = &UsersService{client: c}
	c.Licenses = &LicensesService{client: c}
// NewRequest creates an API request. A relative URL can be provided in urlStr,
// in which case it is resolved relative to the BaseURL of the Client.
// Relative URLs should always be specified without a preceding slash.  If
// specified, the value pointed to by body is JSON encoded and included as the
// request body.
func (c *Client) NewRequest(method, urlStr string, body interface{}) (*http.Request, error) {
	rel, err := url.Parse(urlStr)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	u := c.BaseURL.ResolveReference(rel)
	var buf io.ReadWriter
	if body != nil {
		buf = new(bytes.Buffer)
		err := json.NewEncoder(buf).Encode(body)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
	req, err := http.NewRequest(method, u.String(), buf)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	req.Header.Add("Accept", mediaTypeV3)
	if c.UserAgent != "" {
		req.Header.Add("User-Agent", c.UserAgent)
	return req, nil
// NewUploadRequest creates an upload request. A relative URL can be provided in
// urlStr, in which case it is resolved relative to the UploadURL of the Client.
// Relative URLs should always be specified without a preceding slash.
func (c *Client) NewUploadRequest(urlStr string, reader io.Reader, size int64, mediaType string) (*http.Request, error) {
	rel, err := url.Parse(urlStr)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	u := c.UploadURL.ResolveReference(rel)
	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", u.String(), reader)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	req.ContentLength = size
	if len(mediaType) == 0 {
		mediaType = defaultMediaType
	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", mediaType)
	req.Header.Add("Accept", mediaTypeV3)
	req.Header.Add("User-Agent", c.UserAgent)
	return req, nil
// Response is a GitHub API response.  This wraps the standard http.Response
// returned from GitHub and provides convenient access to things like
// pagination links.
type Response struct {
	*http.Response
	// These fields provide the page values for paginating through a set of
	// results.  Any or all of these may be set to the zero value for
	// responses that are not part of a paginated set, or for which there
	// are no additional pages.
	NextPage  int
	PrevPage  int
	FirstPage int
	LastPage  int
// newResponse creates a new Response for the provided http.Response.
func newResponse(r *http.Response) *Response {
	response := &Response{Response: r}
	response.populatePageValues()
	response.Rate = parseRate(r)
	return response
// populatePageValues parses the HTTP Link response headers and populates the
// various pagination link values in the Response.
func (r *Response) populatePageValues() {
	if links, ok := r.Response.Header["Link"]; ok && len(links) > 0 {
		for _, link := range strings.Split(links[0], ",") {
			segments := strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(link), ";")
			// link must at least have href and rel
			if len(segments) < 2 {
				continue
			// ensure href is properly formatted
			if !strings.HasPrefix(segments[0], "<") || !strings.HasSuffix(segments[0], ">") {
				continue
			// try to pull out page parameter
			url, err := url.Parse(segments[0][1 : len(segments[0])-1])
			if err != nil {
				continue
			page := url.Query().Get("page")
			if page == "" {
				continue
			for _, segment := range segments[1:] {
				switch strings.TrimSpace(segment) {
				case `rel="next"`:
					r.NextPage, _ = strconv.Atoi(page)
				case `rel="prev"`:
					r.PrevPage, _ = strconv.Atoi(page)
				case `rel="first"`:
					r.FirstPage, _ = strconv.Atoi(page)
				case `rel="last"`:
					r.LastPage, _ = strconv.Atoi(page)
// parseRate parses the rate related headers.
func parseRate(r *http.Response) Rate {
	var rate Rate
	if limit := r.Header.Get(headerRateLimit); limit != "" {
		rate.Limit, _ = strconv.Atoi(limit)
	if remaining := r.Header.Get(headerRateRemaining); remaining != "" {
		rate.Remaining, _ = strconv.Atoi(remaining)
	if reset := r.Header.Get(headerRateReset); reset != "" {
		if v, _ := strconv.ParseInt(reset, 10, 64); v != 0 {
			rate.Reset = Timestamp{time.Unix(v, 0)}
	return rate
// Rate specifies the current rate limit for the client as determined by the
// most recent API call.  If the client is used in a multi-user application,
// this rate may not always be up-to-date.  Call RateLimits() to check the
// current rate.
func (c *Client) Rate() Rate {
	c.rateMu.Lock()
	rate := c.rate
	c.rateMu.Unlock()
	return rate
// Do sends an API request and returns the API response.  The API response is
// JSON decoded and stored in the value pointed to by v, or returned as an
// error if an API error has occurred.  If v implements the io.Writer
// interface, the raw response body will be written to v, without attempting to
// first decode it.
func (c *Client) Do(req *http.Request, v interface{}) (*Response, error) {
	resp, err := c.client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	response := newResponse(resp)
	c.rateMu.Lock()
	c.rate = response.Rate
	c.rateMu.Unlock()
	err = CheckResponse(resp)
	if err != nil {
		// even though there was an error, we still return the response
		// in case the caller wants to inspect it further
		return response, err
	if v != nil {
		if w, ok := v.(io.Writer); ok {
			io.Copy(w, resp.Body)
			err = json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(v)
			if err == io.EOF {
				err = nil // ignore EOF errors caused by empty response body
	return response, err
An ErrorResponse reports one or more errors caused by an API request.
GitHub API docs: http://developer.github.com/v3/#client-errors
type ErrorResponse struct {
	Response *http.Response // HTTP response that caused this error
	Message  string         `json:"message"` // error message
	Errors   []Error        `json:"errors"`  // more detail on individual errors
func (r *ErrorResponse) Error() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%v %v: %d %v %+v",
		r.Response.Request.Method, sanitizeURL(r.Response.Request.URL),
		r.Response.StatusCode, r.Message, r.Errors)
// TwoFactorAuthError occurs when using HTTP Basic Authentication for a user
// that has two-factor authentication enabled.  The request can be reattempted
// by providing a one-time password in the request.
type TwoFactorAuthError ErrorResponse
func (r *TwoFactorAuthError) Error() string { return (*ErrorResponse)(r).Error() }
// RateLimitError occurs when GitHub returns 403 Forbidden response with a rate limit
// remaining value of 0, and error message starts with "API rate limit exceeded for ".
type RateLimitError struct {
	Rate     Rate           // Rate specifies last known rate limit for the client
	Response *http.Response // HTTP response that caused this error
	Message  string         `json:"message"` // error message
func (r *RateLimitError) Error() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%v %v: %d %v; rate reset in %v",
		r.Response.Request.Method, sanitizeURL(r.Response.Request.URL),
		r.Response.StatusCode, r.Message, r.Rate.Reset.Time.Sub(time.Now()))
// sanitizeURL redacts the client_secret parameter from the URL which may be
// exposed to the user, specifically in the ErrorResponse error message.
func sanitizeURL(uri *url.URL) *url.URL {
	if uri == nil {
		return nil
	params := uri.Query()
	if len(params.Get("client_secret")) > 0 {
		params.Set("client_secret", "REDACTED")
		uri.RawQuery = params.Encode()
	return uri
An Error reports more details on an individual error in an ErrorResponse.
These are the possible validation error codes:
    missing:
        resource does not exist
    missing_field:
        a required field on a resource has not been set
    invalid:
        the formatting of a field is invalid
    already_exists:
        another resource has the same valid as this field
GitHub API docs: http://developer.github.com/v3/#client-errors
type Error struct {
	Resource string `json:"resource"` // resource on which the error occurred
	Field    string `json:"field"`    // field on which the error occurred
	Code     string `json:"code"`     // validation error code
func (e *Error) Error() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%v error caused by %v field on %v resource",
		e.Code, e.Field, e.Resource)
// CheckResponse checks the API response for errors, and returns them if
// present.  A response is considered an error if it has a status code outside
// the 200 range.  API error responses are expected to have either no response
// body, or a JSON response body that maps to ErrorResponse.  Any other
// response body will be silently ignored.
// The error type will be *RateLimitError for rate limit exceeded errors,
// and *TwoFactorAuthError for two-factor authentication errors.
func CheckResponse(r *http.Response) error {
	if c := r.StatusCode; 200 <= c && c <= 299 {
		return nil
	errorResponse := &ErrorResponse{Response: r}
	data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r.Body)
	if err == nil && data != nil {
		json.Unmarshal(data, errorResponse)
	case r.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized && strings.HasPrefix(r.Header.Get(headerOTP), "required"):
		return (*TwoFactorAuthError)(errorResponse)
	case r.StatusCode == http.StatusForbidden && r.Header.Get(headerRateRemaining) == "0" && strings.HasPrefix(errorResponse.Message, "API rate limit exceeded for "):
		return &RateLimitError{
			Rate:     parseRate(r),
			Response: errorResponse.Response,
			Message:  errorResponse.Message,
		return errorResponse
// parseBoolResponse determines the boolean result from a GitHub API response.
// Several GitHub API methods return boolean responses indicated by the HTTP
// status code in the response (true indicated by a 204, false indicated by a
// 404).  This helper function will determine that result and hide the 404
// error if present.  Any other error will be returned through as-is.
func parseBoolResponse(err error) (bool, error) {
	if err == nil {
		return true, nil
	if err, ok := err.(*ErrorResponse); ok && err.Response.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound {
		// Simply false.  In this one case, we do not pass the error through.
		return false, nil
	// some other real error occurred
	return false, err
// Rate represents the rate limit for the current client.
type Rate struct {
	// The number of requests per hour the client is currently limited to.
	Limit int `json:"limit"`
	// The number of remaining requests the client can make this hour.
	Remaining int `json:"remaining"`
	// The time at which the current rate limit will reset.
	Reset Timestamp `json:"reset"`
func (r Rate) String() string {
	return Stringify(r)
// RateLimits represents the rate limits for the current client.
type RateLimits struct {
	// The rate limit for non-search API requests.  Unauthenticated
	// requests are limited to 60 per hour.  Authenticated requests are
	// limited to 5,000 per hour.
	Core *Rate `json:"core"`
	// The rate limit for search API requests.  Unauthenticated requests
	// are limited to 5 requests per minutes.  Authenticated requests are
	// limited to 20 per minute.
	// GitHub API docs: https://developer.github.com/v3/search/#rate-limit
	Search *Rate `json:"search"`
func (r RateLimits) String() string {
	return Stringify(r)
// Deprecated: RateLimit is deprecated, use RateLimits instead.
func (c *Client) RateLimit() (*Rate, *Response, error) {
	limits, resp, err := c.RateLimits()
	if limits == nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	return limits.Core, resp, err
// RateLimits returns the rate limits for the current client.
func (c *Client) RateLimits() (*RateLimits, *Response, error) {
	req, err := c.NewRequest("GET", "rate_limit", nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	response := new(struct {
		Resources *RateLimits `json:"resources"`
	resp, err := c.Do(req, response)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	return response.Resources, resp, err
UnauthenticatedRateLimitedTransport allows you to make unauthenticated calls
that need to use a higher rate limit associated with your OAuth application.
	t := &github.UnauthenticatedRateLimitedTransport{
		ClientID:     "your app's client ID",
		ClientSecret: "your app's client secret",
	client := github.NewClient(t.Client())
This will append the querystring params client_id=xxx&client_secret=yyy to all
See http://developer.github.com/v3/#unauthenticated-rate-limited-requests for
more information.
type UnauthenticatedRateLimitedTransport struct {
	// ClientID is the GitHub OAuth client ID of the current application, which
	// can be found by selecting its entry in the list at
	// https://github.com/settings/applications.
	ClientID string
	// ClientSecret is the GitHub OAuth client secret of the current
	// application.
	ClientSecret string
	// Transport is the underlying HTTP transport to use when making requests.
	// It will default to http.DefaultTransport if nil.
	Transport http.RoundTripper
// RoundTrip implements the RoundTripper interface.
func (t *UnauthenticatedRateLimitedTransport) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
	if t.ClientID == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("t.ClientID is empty")
	if t.ClientSecret == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("t.ClientSecret is empty")
	// To set extra querystring params, we must make a copy of the Request so
	// that we don't modify the Request we were given. This is required by the
	// specification of http.RoundTripper.
	req = cloneRequest(req)
	q := req.URL.Query()
	q.Set("client_id", t.ClientID)
	q.Set("client_secret", t.ClientSecret)
	req.URL.RawQuery = q.Encode()
	// Make the HTTP request.
	return t.transport().RoundTrip(req)
// Client returns an *http.Client that makes requests which are subject to the
// rate limit of your OAuth application.
func (t *UnauthenticatedRateLimitedTransport) Client() *http.Client {
	return &http.Client{Transport: t}
func (t *UnauthenticatedRateLimitedTransport) transport() http.RoundTripper {
	if t.Transport != nil {
		return t.Transport
	return http.DefaultTransport
// BasicAuthTransport is an http.RoundTripper that authenticates all requests
// using HTTP Basic Authentication with the provided username and password.  It
// additionally supports users who have two-factor authentication enabled on
// their GitHub account.
type BasicAuthTransport struct {
	Username string // GitHub username
	Password string // GitHub password
	OTP      string // one-time password for users with two-factor auth enabled
	// Transport is the underlying HTTP transport to use when making requests.
	// It will default to http.DefaultTransport if nil.
	Transport http.RoundTripper
// RoundTrip implements the RoundTripper interface.
func (t *BasicAuthTransport) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
	req = cloneRequest(req) // per RoundTrip contract
	req.SetBasicAuth(t.Username, t.Password)
	if t.OTP != "" {
		req.Header.Add(headerOTP, t.OTP)
	return t.transport().RoundTrip(req)
// Client returns an *http.Client that makes requests that are authenticated
// using HTTP Basic Authentication.
func (t *BasicAuthTransport) Client() *http.Client {
	return &http.Client{Transport: t}
func (t *BasicAuthTransport) transport() http.RoundTripper {
	if t.Transport != nil {
		return t.Transport
	return http.DefaultTransport
// cloneRequest returns a clone of the provided *http.Request. The clone is a
// shallow copy of the struct and its Header map.
func cloneRequest(r *http.Request) *http.Request {
	// shallow copy of the struct
	r2 := new(http.Request)
	// deep copy of the Header
	r2.Header = make(http.Header, len(r.Header))
	for k, s := range r.Header {
		r2.Header[k] = append([]string(nil), s...)
// Bool is a helper routine that allocates a new bool value
// to store v and returns a pointer to it.
func Bool(v bool) *bool {
	p := new(bool)
// Int is a helper routine that allocates a new int32 value
// to store v and returns a pointer to it, but unlike Int32
// its argument value is an int.
func Int(v int) *int {
	p := new(int)
// String is a helper routine that allocates a new string value
// to store v and returns a pointer to it.
func String(v string) *string {
	p := new(string)
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