@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ The extension does not demand this; it is a deliberately stricter choice. This c
 
 ### A confidential client
 
-`client_secret` is required; the constructor raises `ValueError` without one. The IETF profile underneath [SEP-990](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/modelcontextprotocol/issues/990) reserves this grant for confidential clients, SEP-990 requires the client to authenticate, and this SDK enforces both by insisting on a shared secret. `token_endpoint_auth_method` picks where it travels: `client_secret_post` (the default, in the form body) or `client_secret_basic` (an HTTP Basic header). The profile also permits `private_key_jwt`; this provider does not support it.
+`client_secret` is required; the constructor raises `ValueError` without one. The IETF profile underneath [SEP-990](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/modelcontextprotocol/issues/990) recommends this grant for confidential clients only, and [RFC 7521](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7521) leaves that policy to the authorization server. This SDK takes the conservative reading on both sides: the built-in authorization server refuses a client that has no shared secret, and this provider insists on one. `token_endpoint_auth_method` picks where it travels: `client_secret_post` (the default, in the form body) or `client_secret_basic` (an HTTP Basic header). The profile also permits `private_key_jwt`; this provider does not support it.
 
 !!! tip
     Read `client_secret` from the environment or a secret manager, never from source control.
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ The SDK can also *be* the authorization server: `create_auth_routes` returns the
 
 * `identity_assertion_enabled=True` gates everything. Off, which is the default, `/token` answers this grant with `unsupported_grant_type` even if you implemented the hook, and the metadata does not mention it. On, the metadata gains the `jwt-bearer` grant type and lists `urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-profile:id-jag` in `authorization_grant_profiles_supported`, the field the extension uses to advertise support. (This SDK's client never reads it: it is provisioned for one issuer and simply asks.)
 * **`exchange_identity_assertion`** is the hook. Before it runs, the SDK has authenticated the client, refused public clients, and refused clients whose registration does not list the grant. You get an `IdentityAssertionParams` (the raw `assertion`, the requested `scopes` and `resource`) and return a plain `OAuthToken`.
+* Refusing public clients is SDK policy, not a spec requirement. The built-in server authenticates clients by shared secret only: it has no `private_key_jwt` support and doesn't resolve Client ID Metadata Documents yet ([#1801](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/issues/1801)), so a client identified by one can't use this grant here. A deployment that wants a different policy can swap the `/token` route that `create_auth_routes` returns for its own.
 * Dynamic client registration refuses this grant unconditionally, so `get_client` here serves a hand-provisioned client. An ID-JAG client cannot register itself into existence.
 * Half the class is refusals. `OAuthAuthorizationServerProvider` is the *whole* authorization server, so it also asks for the authorization-code flow; a server that signs users in as well implements those for real, and this one has exactly one door.
 
 
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 Obtaining the ID-JAG (logging into the IdP and the leg-1 exchange against it) is deployment-specific
 and out of scope for the SDK; supply it through the `assertion_provider` callback. The callback
 receives the authorization server's issuer (the ID-JAG `aud`) and the MCP server's resource
-identifier (the ID-JAG `resource` claim). SEP-990 requires a confidential client, so a client secret
+identifier (the ID-JAG `resource` claim). The provider requires a confidential client, so a client secret
 is mandatory, and `issuer` is the authorization server the credentials are provisioned for - the
 provider fetches metadata from that issuer's well-known and never asks the resource server which AS
 to use.
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class IdentityAssertionProvider(OAuthAuthorizationServerProvider[AuthorizationCo
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.access_tokens: dict[str, AccessToken] = {}
-        # SEP-990 clients are pre-registered out of band (DCR refuses the grant) and must be
+        # ID-JAG clients here are pre-registered out of band (DCR refuses the grant) and must be
         # confidential. `get_client` must return them, or the token endpoint 401s before the
         # exchange runs. Real deployments load these from their own store.
         self.clients: dict[str, OAuthClientInformationFull] = {
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ def __init__(
             server_url: The MCP server URL.
             storage: Token storage implementation.
             client_id: The OAuth client ID registered with the MCP authorization server.
-            client_secret: The client secret. SEP-990 section 5.1 requires a confidential client.
+            client_secret: The client secret. This provider supports confidential clients only.
             issuer: The issuer identifier of the MCP authorization server this client is provisioned
                 for. Authorization-server metadata is fetched from this issuer's well-known and the
                 ID-JAG and secret are sent only to its token endpoint.
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def __init__(
                 (default) or `client_secret_basic`.
         """
         if not client_secret:
-            raise ValueError("client_secret is required: SEP-990 mandates a confidential client")
+            raise ValueError("client_secret is required: this provider supports confidential clients only")
         if not issuer:
             raise ValueError("issuer is required: the authorization server is configuration, not discovery")
         self._resource = resource_url_from_server_url(server_url)
 
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ async def handle(self, request: Request) -> Response:
                 status_code=400,
             )
 
-        # SEP-990 §5.1 / draft-ietf-oauth-identity-assertion-authz-grant §8.1: the ID-JAG flow is
-        # for confidential clients provisioned out of band. Refuse to grant it through DCR so a
-        # self-registered client cannot reach the identity-assertion provider hook.
+        # SDK policy: the ID-JAG flow is for confidential clients (a SHOULD in
+        # draft-ietf-oauth-identity-assertion-authz-grant-04 §9.1) provisioned out of band. Refuse to
+        # grant it through DCR so a self-registered client cannot reach the provider hook.
         if JWT_BEARER_GRANT_TYPE in client_metadata.grant_types:
             return PydanticJSONResponse(
                 content=RegistrationErrorResponse(
 
@@ -248,10 +248,10 @@ async def handle(self, request: Request):
                         )
                     )
 
-                # SEP-990 §5.1: only confidential clients may present an ID-JAG. ClientAuthenticator
-                # already rejects a secret-based method with no stored secret; this additionally
-                # rejects the public `none` method so an unauthenticated client never reaches the
-                # provider hook.
+                # SDK policy, adopting the SHOULD in draft-ietf-oauth-identity-assertion-authz-grant-04
+                # §9.1: only confidential clients may present an ID-JAG. ClientAuthenticator already
+                # rejects a secret-based method with no stored secret; this additionally rejects the
+                # public `none` method so an unauthenticated client never reaches the provider hook.
                 if not client_info.client_secret:
                     # RFC 6749 §5.2: the client authenticated but is not permitted this grant, so
                     # unauthorized_client (not invalid_client, which is for failed authentication).
 
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 import httpx2
 import pytest
+from inline_snapshot import snapshot
 
 from mcp.client.auth import OAuthFlowError, OAuthTokenError
 from mcp.client.auth.extensions.identity_assertion import IdentityAssertionOAuthProvider, _origin
@@ -377,7 +378,7 @@ def test_empty_client_secret_is_rejected() -> None:
     async def assertion_provider(audience: str, resource: str) -> str:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="client_secret is required"):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as exc_info:
         IdentityAssertionOAuthProvider(
             server_url=f"{RS}/mcp",
             storage=InMemoryStorage(),
@@ -387,6 +388,10 @@ async def assertion_provider(audience: str, resource: str) -> str:
             assertion_provider=assertion_provider,
         )
 
+    assert str(exc_info.value) == snapshot(
+        "client_secret is required: this provider supports confidential clients only"
+    )
+
 
 def test_empty_issuer_is_rejected() -> None:
     async def assertion_provider(audience: str, resource: str) -> str:
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
`@@ -248,10 +248,10 @@ async def handle(self, request: Request):`
`248`	`248`	`)`
`249`	`249`	`)`
`250`	`250`
`251`		`- # SEP-990 §5.1: only confidential clients may present an ID-JAG. ClientAuthenticator`
`252`		`- # already rejects a secret-based method with no stored secret; this additionally`
`253`		- # rejects the public `none` method so an unauthenticated client never reaches the
`254`		`- # provider hook.`
	`251`	`+ # SDK policy, adopting the SHOULD in draft-ietf-oauth-identity-assertion-authz-grant-04`
	`252`	`+ # §9.1: only confidential clients may present an ID-JAG. ClientAuthenticator already`
	`253`	`+ # rejects a secret-based method with no stored secret; this additionally rejects the`
	`254`	+ # public `none` method so an unauthenticated client never reaches the provider hook.
`255`	`255`	`if not client_info.client_secret:`
`256`	`256`	`# RFC 6749 §5.2: the client authenticated but is not permitted this grant, so`
`257`	`257`	`# unauthorized_client (not invalid_client, which is for failed authentication).`