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<section id="how-to">
<span id="howto-faq"></span><h1>How-to<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>
<nav class="contents" id="contents">
<p class="topic-title">Contents</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to" id="id1">How-to</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#why-do-i-have-so-many-ticks-and-or-why-are-they-out-of-order" id="id2">Why do I have so many ticks, and/or why are they out of order?</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#determine-the-extent-of-artists-in-the-figure" id="id3">Determine the extent of Artists in the Figure</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#check-whether-a-figure-is-empty" id="id4">Check whether a figure is empty</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#find-all-objects-in-a-figure-of-a-certain-type" id="id5">Find all objects in a figure of a certain type</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#prevent-ticklabels-from-having-an-offset" id="id6">Prevent ticklabels from having an offset</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#save-transparent-figures" id="id7">Save transparent figures</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#save-multiple-plots-to-one-pdf-file" id="id8">Save multiple plots to one pdf file</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#make-room-for-tick-labels" id="id9">Make room for tick labels</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#align-my-ylabels-across-multiple-subplots" id="id10">Align my ylabels across multiple subplots</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#control-the-draw-order-of-plot-elements" id="id11">Control the draw order of plot elements</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#make-the-aspect-ratio-for-plots-equal" id="id12">Make the aspect ratio for plots equal</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#draw-multiple-y-axis-scales" id="id13">Draw multiple y-axis scales</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#generate-images-without-having-a-window-appear" id="id14">Generate images without having a window appear</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#work-with-threads" id="id15">Work with threads</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<section id="why-do-i-have-so-many-ticks-and-or-why-are-they-out-of-order">
<span id="how-to-too-many-ticks"></span><h2>Why do I have so many ticks, and/or why are they out of order?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-do-i-have-so-many-ticks-and-or-why-are-they-out-of-order" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>One common cause for unexpected tick behavior is passing a <em>list of strings
instead of numbers or datetime objects</em>. This can easily happen without notice
when reading in a comma-delimited text file. Matplotlib treats lists of strings
as <em>categorical</em> variables
(<a class="reference internal" href="../../gallery/lines_bars_and_markers/categorical_variables.html"><span class="doc">Plotting categorical variables</span></a>), and by default
puts one tick per category, and plots them in the order in which they are
supplied.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="n">fig</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ax</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplots</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">constrained_layout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">figsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">ax</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Ticks seem out of order / misplaced'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'5'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'20'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'9'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># strings</span>
<span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">ax</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'d'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">ax</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tick_params</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'x'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">labelcolor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'red'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">labelsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">14</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">ax</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Many ticks'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xx</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">xx</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)]</span> <span class="c1"># strings</span>
<span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">ax</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">ax</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tick_params</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'x'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">labelcolor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'red'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">labelsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">14</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>(<a class="reference external" href="../../users/faq/howto_faq-1.py">Source code</a>, <a class="reference external" href="../../users/faq/howto_faq-1.png">png</a>)</p>
<figure class="align-center">
<img alt="../../_images/howto_faq-1.png" class="plot-directive" src="../../_images/howto_faq-1.png" />
</figure>
<p>The solution is to convert the list of strings to numbers or
datetime objects (often <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">np.asarray(numeric_strings,</span> <span class="pre">dtype='float')</span></code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">np.asarray(datetime_strings,</span> <span class="pre">dtype='datetime64[s]')</span></code>).</p>
<p>For more information see <a class="reference internal" href="../../gallery/ticks/ticks_too_many.html"><span class="doc">Fixing too many ticks</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="determine-the-extent-of-artists-in-the-figure">
<span id="howto-determine-artist-extent"></span><h2>Determine the extent of Artists in the Figure<a class="headerlink" href="#determine-the-extent-of-artists-in-the-figure" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Sometimes we want to know the extent of an Artist. Matplotlib <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/artist_api.html#matplotlib.artist.Artist" title="matplotlib.artist.Artist"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Artist</span></code></a> objects
have a method <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.artist.Artist.get_window_extent.html#matplotlib.artist.Artist.get_window_extent" title="matplotlib.artist.Artist.get_window_extent"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Artist.get_window_extent</span></code></a> that will usually return the extent of
the artist in pixels. However, some artists, in particular text, must be
rendered at least once before their extent is known. Matplotlib supplies
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/figure_api.html#matplotlib.figure.Figure.draw_without_rendering" title="matplotlib.figure.Figure.draw_without_rendering"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Figure.draw_without_rendering</span></code></a>, which should be called before calling
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_window_extent</span></code>.</p>
</section>
<section id="check-whether-a-figure-is-empty">
<span id="howto-figure-empty"></span><h2>Check whether a figure is empty<a class="headerlink" href="#check-whether-a-figure-is-empty" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Empty can actually mean different things. Does the figure contain any artists?
Does a figure with an empty <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/axes_api.html#matplotlib.axes.Axes" title="matplotlib.axes.Axes"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Axes</span></code></a> still count as empty? Is the figure
empty if it was rendered pure white (there may be artists present, but they
could be outside the drawing area or transparent)?</p>
<p>For the purpose here, we define empty as: "The figure does not contain any
artists except it's background patch." The exception for the background is
necessary, because by default every figure contains a <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.patches.Rectangle.html#matplotlib.patches.Rectangle" title="matplotlib.patches.Rectangle"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Rectangle</span></code></a> as it's
background patch. This definition could be checked via:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">is_empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">figure</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="sd"> Return whether the figure contains no Artists (other than the default</span>
<span class="sd"> background patch).</span>
<span class="sd"> """</span>
<span class="n">contained_artists</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">figure</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_children</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">contained_artists</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>We've decided not to include this as a figure method because this is only one
way of defining empty, and checking the above is only rarely necessary.
Usually the user or program handling the figure know if they have added
something to the figure.</p>
<p>Checking whether a figure would render empty cannot be reliably checked except
by actually rendering the figure and investigating the rendered result.</p>
</section>
<section id="find-all-objects-in-a-figure-of-a-certain-type">
<span id="howto-findobj"></span><h2>Find all objects in a figure of a certain type<a class="headerlink" href="#find-all-objects-in-a-figure-of-a-certain-type" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Every Matplotlib artist (see <a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/intermediate/artists.html"><span class="doc">Artist tutorial</span></a>) has a method
called <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.artist.Artist.findobj.html#matplotlib.artist.Artist.findobj" title="matplotlib.artist.Artist.findobj"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">findobj()</span></code></a> that can be used to
recursively search the artist for any artists it may contain that meet
some criteria (e.g., match all <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.lines.Line2D.html#matplotlib.lines.Line2D" title="matplotlib.lines.Line2D"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Line2D</span></code></a>
instances or match some arbitrary filter function). For example, the
following snippet finds every object in the figure which has a
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_color</span></code> property and makes the object blue:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">myfunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'set_color'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">fig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">findobj</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'blue'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also filter on class instances:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.text</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">text</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">fig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">findobj</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_fontstyle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'italic'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="prevent-ticklabels-from-having-an-offset">
<span id="howto-suppress-offset"></span><h2>Prevent ticklabels from having an offset<a class="headerlink" href="#prevent-ticklabels-from-having-an-offset" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>The default formatter will use an offset to reduce
the length of the ticklabels. To turn this feature
off on a per-axis basis:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_xaxis</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_major_formatter</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_useOffset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/introductory/customizing.html?highlight=axes.formatter.useoffset#matplotlibrc-sample"><span class="std std-ref"><span class="pre">rcParams["axes.formatter.useoffset"]</span></span></a></code> (default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>), or use a different
formatter. See <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/ticker_api.html#module-matplotlib.ticker" title="matplotlib.ticker"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ticker</span></code></a> for details.</p>
</section>
<section id="save-transparent-figures">
<span id="howto-transparent"></span><h2>Save transparent figures<a class="headerlink" href="#save-transparent-figures" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.savefig.html#matplotlib.pyplot.savefig" title="matplotlib.pyplot.savefig"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">savefig()</span></code></a> command has a keyword argument
<em>transparent</em> which, if 'True', will make the figure and axes
backgrounds transparent when saving, but will not affect the displayed
image on the screen.</p>
<p>If you need finer grained control, e.g., you do not want full transparency
or you want to affect the screen displayed version as well, you can set
the alpha properties directly. The figure has a
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.patches.Rectangle.html#matplotlib.patches.Rectangle" title="matplotlib.patches.Rectangle"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Rectangle</span></code></a> instance called <em>patch</em>
and the axes has a Rectangle instance called <em>patch</em>. You can set
any property on them directly (<em>facecolor</em>, <em>edgecolor</em>, <em>linewidth</em>,
<em>linestyle</em>, <em>alpha</em>). e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fig</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">fig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_alpha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">ax</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_subplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">111</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_alpha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you need <em>all</em> the figure elements to be transparent, there is
currently no global alpha setting, but you can set the alpha channel
on individual elements, e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">alpha</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_xlabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'volts'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">alpha</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="save-multiple-plots-to-one-pdf-file">
<span id="howto-multipage"></span><h2>Save multiple plots to one pdf file<a class="headerlink" href="#save-multiple-plots-to-one-pdf-file" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Many image file formats can only have one image per file, but some formats
support multi-page files. Currently, Matplotlib only provides multi-page
output to pdf files, using either the pdf or pgf backends, via the
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/backend_pdf_api.html#matplotlib.backends.backend_pdf.PdfPages" title="matplotlib.backends.backend_pdf.PdfPages"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">backend_pdf.PdfPages</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/backend_pgf_api.html#matplotlib.backends.backend_pgf.PdfPages" title="matplotlib.backends.backend_pgf.PdfPages"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">backend_pgf.PdfPages</span></code></a> classes.</p>
</section>
<section id="make-room-for-tick-labels">
<span id="howto-auto-adjust"></span><h2>Make room for tick labels<a class="headerlink" href="#make-room-for-tick-labels" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>By default, Matplotlib uses fixed percentage margins around subplots. This can
lead to labels overlapping or being cut off at the figure boundary. There are
multiple ways to fix this:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Manually adapt the subplot parameters using <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/figure_api.html#matplotlib.figure.Figure.subplots_adjust" title="matplotlib.figure.Figure.subplots_adjust"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Figure.subplots_adjust</span></code></a> /
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyplot.subplots_adjust</span></code></a>.</p></li>
<li><p>Use one of the automatic layout mechanisms:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>constrained layout (<a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/intermediate/constrainedlayout_guide.html"><span class="doc">Constrained Layout Guide</span></a>)</p></li>
<li><p>tight layout (<a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/intermediate/tight_layout_guide.html"><span class="doc">Tight Layout guide</span></a>)</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Calculate good values from the size of the plot elements yourself
(<a class="reference internal" href="../../gallery/subplots_axes_and_figures/auto_subplots_adjust.html"><span class="doc">Programmatically controlling subplot adjustment</span></a>)</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="align-my-ylabels-across-multiple-subplots">
<span id="howto-align-label"></span><h2>Align my ylabels across multiple subplots<a class="headerlink" href="#align-my-ylabels-across-multiple-subplots" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>If you have multiple subplots over one another, and the y data have
different scales, you can often get ylabels that do not align
vertically across the multiple subplots, which can be unattractive.
By default, Matplotlib positions the x location of the ylabel so that
it does not overlap any of the y ticks. You can override this default
behavior by specifying the coordinates of the label. The example
below shows the default behavior in the left subplots, and the manual
setting in the right subplots.</p>
<figure class="align-center">
<a class="reference external image-reference" href="../../gallery/text_labels_and_annotations/align_ylabels.html"><img alt="../../_images/sphx_glr_align_ylabels_001.png" src="../../_images/sphx_glr_align_ylabels_001.png" style="width: 320.0px; height: 240.0px;" /></a>
</figure>
</section>
<section id="control-the-draw-order-of-plot-elements">
<span id="howto-set-zorder"></span><h2>Control the draw order of plot elements<a class="headerlink" href="#control-the-draw-order-of-plot-elements" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>The draw order of plot elements, and thus which elements will be on top, is
determined by the <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.artist.Artist.set_zorder.html#matplotlib.artist.Artist.set_zorder" title="matplotlib.artist.Artist.set_zorder"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_zorder</span></code></a> property.
See <a class="reference internal" href="../../gallery/misc/zorder_demo.html"><span class="doc">Zorder Demo</span></a> for a detailed description.</p>
</section>
<section id="make-the-aspect-ratio-for-plots-equal">
<span id="howto-axis-equal"></span><h2>Make the aspect ratio for plots equal<a class="headerlink" href="#make-the-aspect-ratio-for-plots-equal" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>The Axes property <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_aspect.html#matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_aspect" title="matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_aspect"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_aspect()</span></code></a> controls the
aspect ratio of the axes. You can set it to be 'auto', 'equal', or
some ratio which controls the ratio:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">ax</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_subplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">111</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">aspect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'equal'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="../../gallery/subplots_axes_and_figures/axis_equal_demo.html"><span class="doc">Equal axis aspect ratio</span></a> for a
complete example.</p>
</section>
<section id="draw-multiple-y-axis-scales">
<span id="howto-twoscale"></span><h2>Draw multiple y-axis scales<a class="headerlink" href="#draw-multiple-y-axis-scales" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>A frequent request is to have two scales for the left and right
y-axis, which is possible using <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.twinx.html#matplotlib.pyplot.twinx" title="matplotlib.pyplot.twinx"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">twinx()</span></code></a> (more
than two scales are not currently supported, though it is on the wish
list). This works pretty well, though there are some quirks when you
are trying to interactively pan and zoom, because both scales do not get
the signals.</p>
<p>The approach uses <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.twinx.html#matplotlib.pyplot.twinx" title="matplotlib.pyplot.twinx"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">twinx()</span></code></a> (and its sister
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.twiny.html#matplotlib.pyplot.twiny" title="matplotlib.pyplot.twiny"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">twiny()</span></code></a>) to use <em>2 different axes</em>,
turning the axes rectangular frame off on the 2nd axes to keep it from
obscuring the first, and manually setting the tick locs and labels as
desired. You can use separate <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.ticker</span></code> formatters and
locators as desired because the two axes are independent.</p>
<p>(<a class="reference external" href="../../users/faq/howto_faq-2.py">Source code</a>, <a class="reference external" href="../../users/faq/howto_faq-2.png">png</a>)</p>
<figure class="align-default">
<img alt="../../_images/howto_faq-2.png" class="plot-directive" src="../../_images/howto_faq-2.png" />
</figure>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="../../gallery/subplots_axes_and_figures/two_scales.html"><span class="doc">Plots with different scales</span></a> for a
complete example.</p>
</section>
<section id="generate-images-without-having-a-window-appear">
<span id="howto-batch"></span><h2>Generate images without having a window appear<a class="headerlink" href="#generate-images-without-having-a-window-appear" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Simply do not call <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">show</span></code></a>, and directly save the figure to
the desired format:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">savefig</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'myfig.png'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../../gallery/user_interfaces/web_application_server_sgskip.html"><span class="doc">Embedding in a web application server (Flask)</span></a> for
information about running matplotlib inside of a web application.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="work-with-threads">
<span id="how-to-threads"></span><h2>Work with threads<a class="headerlink" href="#work-with-threads" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Matplotlib is not thread-safe: in fact, there are known race conditions
that affect certain artists. Hence, if you work with threads, it is your
responsibility to set up the proper locks to serialize access to Matplotlib
artists.</p>
<p>You may be able to work on separate figures from separate threads. However,
you must in that case use a <em>non-interactive backend</em> (typically Agg), because
most GUI backends <em>require</em> being run from the main thread as well.</p>
</section>
</section>
</article>
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