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// Include MicroPython API.
#include "py/runtime.h"
// Used to get the time in the Timer class example.
#include "py/mphal.h"
// This is the function which will be called from Python as cexample.add_ints(a, b).
static mp_obj_t example_add_ints(mp_obj_t a_obj, mp_obj_t b_obj) {
    // Extract the ints from the micropython input objects.
    int a = mp_obj_get_int(a_obj);
    int b = mp_obj_get_int(b_obj);
    // Calculate the addition and convert to MicroPython object.
    return mp_obj_new_int(a + b);
// Define a Python reference to the function above.
static MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_2(example_add_ints_obj, example_add_ints);
// This structure represents Timer instance objects.
typedef struct _example_Timer_obj_t {
    // All objects start with the base.
    mp_obj_base_t base;
    // Everything below can be thought of as instance attributes, but they
    // cannot be accessed by MicroPython code directly. In this example we
    // store the time at which the object was created.
    mp_uint_t start_time;
} example_Timer_obj_t;
// This is the Timer.time() method. After creating a Timer object, this
// can be called to get the time elapsed since creating the Timer.
static mp_obj_t example_Timer_time(mp_obj_t self_in) {
    // The first argument is self. It is cast to the *example_Timer_obj_t
    // type so we can read its attributes.
    example_Timer_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
    // Get the elapsed time and return it as a MicroPython integer.
    mp_uint_t elapsed = mp_hal_ticks_ms() - self->start_time;
    return mp_obj_new_int_from_uint(elapsed);
static MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(example_Timer_time_obj, example_Timer_time);
// This represents Timer.__new__ and Timer.__init__, which is called when
// the user instantiates a Timer object.
static mp_obj_t example_Timer_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t n_args, size_t n_kw, const mp_obj_t *args) {
    // Allocates the new object and sets the type.
    example_Timer_obj_t *self = mp_obj_malloc(example_Timer_obj_t, type);
    // Initializes the time for this Timer instance.
    self->start_time = mp_hal_ticks_ms();
    // The make_new function always returns self.
    return MP_OBJ_FROM_PTR(self);
// This collects all methods and other static class attributes of the Timer.
// The table structure is similar to the module table, as detailed below.
static const mp_rom_map_elem_t example_Timer_locals_dict_table[] = {
    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_time), MP_ROM_PTR(&example_Timer_time_obj) },
static MP_DEFINE_CONST_DICT(example_Timer_locals_dict, example_Timer_locals_dict_table);
// This defines the type(Timer) object.
MP_DEFINE_CONST_OBJ_TYPE(
    example_type_Timer,
    MP_QSTR_Timer,
    MP_TYPE_FLAG_NONE,
    make_new, example_Timer_make_new,
    locals_dict, &example_Timer_locals_dict
// What follows is a *separate* class definition that demonstrates more
// advanced techniques to implement other Python-like features, such as:
// - A custom representation for __repr__ and __str__.
// - Custom attribute handling to create a read/write "property".
// It reuses some of the elements of the basic Timer class. This is allowed
// because they both use example_Timer_obj_t as the instance structure.
// Handles AdvancedTimer.__repr__, AdvancedTimer.__str__.
static void example_AdvancedTimer_print(const mp_print_t *print, mp_obj_t self_in, mp_print_kind_t kind) {
    // Get the elapsed time. In this case, it's also a demonstration of calling
    // the equivalent of self.time() in the C API. This is not usually very
    // efficient, but it can sometimes be useful.
    mp_uint_t elapsed = mp_obj_get_int(example_Timer_time(self_in));
    // We'll make all representations print at least the class name.
    mp_printf(print, "%q()", (qstr)MP_QSTR_AdvancedTimer);
    // Decide what else to print based on print kind.
    if (kind == PRINT_STR) {
        // For __str__, let's attempt to make it more readable.
        mp_printf(print, "  # created %d seconds ago", (int)(elapsed / 1000));
// Handles AdvancedTimer.seconds for reading and writing.
static void example_AdvancedTimer_attribute_handler(mp_obj_t self_in, qstr attr, mp_obj_t *dest) {
    // In this example, we only want to handle the .seconds attribute in a
    // special way.
    if (attr != MP_QSTR_seconds) {
        // Attribute not found, continue lookup in locals dict. This way,
        // methods like .time() will be handled normally.
        dest[1] = MP_OBJ_SENTINEL;
        return;
    // Get reference to AdvancedTimer instance.
    example_Timer_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
    // Check if this is a read operation.
    if (dest[0] == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
        // It's read, so "return" elapsed seconds by storing it in dest[0].
        mp_uint_t elapsed = mp_hal_ticks_ms() - self->start_time;
        dest[0] = mp_obj_new_int_from_uint(elapsed / 1000);
        return;
    // Check if this is a delete or store operation.
    else if (dest[0] == MP_OBJ_SENTINEL) {
        // It's delete or store. Now check which one.
        if (dest[1] == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
            // It's delete. But in this example we don't want to allow it
            // so we just return.
            return;
        } else {
            // It's write. First, get the value that the user is trying to set.
            mp_uint_t desired_ms = mp_obj_get_int(dest[1]) * 1000;
            // Use it to update the start time. This way, the next read will
            // report the updated time.
            self->start_time = mp_hal_ticks_ms() - desired_ms;
            // Indicate successful store.
            dest[0] = MP_OBJ_NULL;
            return;
// This defines the type(AdvancedTimer) object.
MP_DEFINE_CONST_OBJ_TYPE(
    example_type_AdvancedTimer,
    MP_QSTR_AdvancedTimer,
    MP_TYPE_FLAG_NONE,
    attr, example_AdvancedTimer_attribute_handler,
    print, example_AdvancedTimer_print,
    make_new, example_Timer_make_new,
    locals_dict, &example_Timer_locals_dict
// Define all attributes of the module.
// Table entries are key/value pairs of the attribute name (a string)
// and the MicroPython object reference.
// All identifiers and strings are written as MP_QSTR_xxx and will be
// optimized to word-sized integers by the build system (interned strings).
static const mp_rom_map_elem_t example_module_globals_table[] = {
    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR___name__), MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_cexample) },
    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_add_ints), MP_ROM_PTR(&example_add_ints_obj) },
    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_Timer),    MP_ROM_PTR(&example_type_Timer) },
    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_AdvancedTimer),    MP_ROM_PTR(&example_type_AdvancedTimer) },
static MP_DEFINE_CONST_DICT(example_module_globals, example_module_globals_table);
// Define module object.
const mp_obj_module_t example_user_cmodule = {
    .base = { &mp_type_module },
    .globals = (mp_obj_dict_t *)&example_module_globals,
// Register the module to make it available in Python.
MP_REGISTER_MODULE(MP_QSTR_cexample, example_user_cmodule);
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