cout << " ****** Pointer to integer Case ******** \n\n";

cout << "Creating a normal pointer *p without initialisation.";

int* p;

cout << "\ncontent of p : " << p;

cout << "\n\nwhen we try to access this random content. we get error.";

cout << "\nThis is also a kind of dangling pointer";

// cout<< *p;

cout << "\n\nTo prevent this, always initialise pointer with NULL";

p = NULL;

cout << "\nAfter NULL assignment : " << p << "\n";

cout << "\n ****** Pointer to integer array Case ******** \n\n";

int n = 3;

int* a = new int[n];

for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {

a[i] = i + 1;

}

cout << "original : ";

for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {

cout << a[i] << " ";

}

cout << "\n";

cout << "\nPointer content is : " << a;

cout << "\nAccess array using pointer : ";

cout << *a << " " << *(a + 1) << *(a + 2) << "\n";

cout << "\nDeleting pointer .. \n";

delete a;

cout << "\nPointer content is : " << a;

cout << "\nAccess array using pointer : ";

cout << *a << " " << *(a + 1) << *(a + 2) << "\n";

cout << "\na is now a dangling pointer. ";

cout << "\nThe memory originally pointer by a is now de-allocated.";

cout << "\nTo remove this dangling state. Point it to null after deletion. \n";

a = NULL;

cout << "\nPointer address is : " << a;

cout << "\nAccess array using pointer : Not possible. Program will crash.\n";

// cout<< *a << " " << *(a+1) << *(a+2) << "\n";

cout << "\n *** Most common use case is in functions returning address of variable";

cout << "\nCause : The address of temp var returned from function no longer exists "

"outside of function\n";

int* ptr;

cout << "\nFunction called and received garbage.";

ptr = call();

cout << "\nExtracting it will cause segmentation fault."

// cout<<*ptr;

return 0;