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# Copyright (C) 2008, 2009 Michael Trier (mtrier@gmail.com) and contributors
#
# This module is part of GitPython and is released under the
# 3-Clause BSD License: https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/
__all__ = ["Commit"]
from collections import defaultdict
import datetime
from io import BytesIO
import logging
import os
import re
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
import sys
from time import altzone, daylight, localtime, time, timezone
import warnings
from gitdb import IStream
from git.cmd import Git
from git.diff import Diffable
from git.util import Actor, Stats, finalize_process, hex_to_bin
from . import base
from .tree import Tree
from .util import (
Serializable,
TraversableIterableObj,
altz_to_utctz_str,
from_timestamp,
parse_actor_and_date,
parse_date,
)
# typing ------------------------------------------------------------------
from typing import (
Any,
Dict,
IO,
Iterator,
List,
Sequence,
Tuple,
TYPE_CHECKING,
Union,
cast,
)
if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
from typing import Literal
else:
from typing_extensions import Literal
from git.types import PathLike
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from git.refs import SymbolicReference
from git.repo import Repo
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------
_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
class Commit(base.Object, TraversableIterableObj, Diffable, Serializable):
"""Wraps a git commit object.
See :manpage:`gitglossary(7)` on "commit object":
https://git-scm.com/docs/gitglossary#def_commit_object
:note:
This class will act lazily on some of its attributes and will query the value on
demand only if it involves calling the git binary.
"""
# ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
# Read when creating new commits.
env_author_date = "GIT_AUTHOR_DATE"
env_committer_date = "GIT_COMMITTER_DATE"
# CONFIGURATION KEYS
conf_encoding = "i18n.commitencoding"
# INVARIANTS
default_encoding = "UTF-8"
type: Literal["commit"] = "commit"
__slots__ = (
"tree",
"author",
"authored_date",
"author_tz_offset",
"committer",
"committed_date",
"committer_tz_offset",
"message",
"parents",
"encoding",
"gpgsig",
)
_id_attribute_ = "hexsha"
parents: Sequence["Commit"]
def __init__(
self,
repo: "Repo",
binsha: bytes,
tree: Union[Tree, None] = None,
author: Union[Actor, None] = None,
authored_date: Union[int, None] = None,
author_tz_offset: Union[None, float] = None,
committer: Union[Actor, None] = None,
committed_date: Union[int, None] = None,
committer_tz_offset: Union[None, float] = None,
message: Union[str, bytes, None] = None,
parents: Union[Sequence["Commit"], None] = None,
encoding: Union[str, None] = None,
gpgsig: Union[str, None] = None,
) -> None:
"""Instantiate a new :class:`Commit`. All keyword arguments taking ``None`` as
default will be implicitly set on first query.
:param binsha:
20 byte sha1.
:param tree:
A :class:`~git.objects.tree.Tree` object.
:param author:
The author :class:`~git.util.Actor` object.
:param authored_date: int_seconds_since_epoch
The authored DateTime - use :func:`time.gmtime` to convert it into a
different format.
:param author_tz_offset: int_seconds_west_of_utc
The timezone that the `authored_date` is in.
:param committer:
The committer string, as an :class:`~git.util.Actor` object.
:param committed_date: int_seconds_since_epoch
The committed DateTime - use :func:`time.gmtime` to convert it into a
different format.
:param committer_tz_offset: int_seconds_west_of_utc
The timezone that the `committed_date` is in.
:param message: string
The commit message.
:param encoding: string
Encoding of the message, defaults to UTF-8.
:param parents:
List or tuple of :class:`Commit` objects which are our parent(s) in the
commit dependency graph.
:return:
:class:`Commit`
:note:
Timezone information is in the same format and in the same sign as what
:func:`time.altzone` returns. The sign is inverted compared to git's UTC
timezone.
"""
super().__init__(repo, binsha)
self.binsha = binsha
if tree is not None:
assert isinstance(tree, Tree), "Tree needs to be a Tree instance, was %s" % type(tree)
if tree is not None:
self.tree = tree
if author is not None:
self.author = author
if authored_date is not None:
self.authored_date = authored_date
if author_tz_offset is not None:
self.author_tz_offset = author_tz_offset
if committer is not None:
self.committer = committer
if committed_date is not None:
self.committed_date = committed_date
if committer_tz_offset is not None:
self.committer_tz_offset = committer_tz_offset
if message is not None:
self.message = message
if parents is not None:
self.parents = parents
if encoding is not None:
self.encoding = encoding
if gpgsig is not None:
self.gpgsig = gpgsig
@classmethod
def _get_intermediate_items(cls, commit: "Commit") -> Tuple["Commit", ...]:
return tuple(commit.parents)
@classmethod
def _calculate_sha_(cls, repo: "Repo", commit: "Commit") -> bytes:
"""Calculate the sha of a commit.
:param repo:
:class:`~git.repo.base.Repo` object the commit should be part of.
:param commit:
:class:`Commit` object for which to generate the sha.
"""
stream = BytesIO()
commit._serialize(stream)
streamlen = stream.tell()
stream.seek(0)
istream = repo.odb.store(IStream(cls.type, streamlen, stream))
return istream.binsha
def replace(self, **kwargs: Any) -> "Commit":
"""Create new commit object from an existing commit object.
Any values provided as keyword arguments will replace the corresponding
attribute in the new object.
"""
attrs = {k: getattr(self, k) for k in self.__slots__}
for attrname in kwargs:
if attrname not in self.__slots__:
raise ValueError("invalid attribute name")
attrs.update(kwargs)
new_commit = self.__class__(self.repo, self.NULL_BIN_SHA, **attrs)
new_commit.binsha = self._calculate_sha_(self.repo, new_commit)
return new_commit
def _set_cache_(self, attr: str) -> None:
if attr in Commit.__slots__:
# Read the data in a chunk, its faster - then provide a file wrapper.
_binsha, _typename, self.size, stream = self.repo.odb.stream(self.binsha)
self._deserialize(BytesIO(stream.read()))
else:
super()._set_cache_(attr)
# END handle attrs
@property
def authored_datetime(self) -> datetime.datetime:
return from_timestamp(self.authored_date, self.author_tz_offset)
@property
def committed_datetime(self) -> datetime.datetime:
return from_timestamp(self.committed_date, self.committer_tz_offset)
@property
def summary(self) -> Union[str, bytes]:
""":return: First line of the commit message"""
if isinstance(self.message, str):
return self.message.split("\n", 1)[0]
else:
return self.message.split(b"\n", 1)[0]
def count(self, paths: Union[PathLike, Sequence[PathLike]] = "", **kwargs: Any) -> int:
"""Count the number of commits reachable from this commit.
:param paths:
An optional path or a list of paths restricting the return value to commits
actually containing the paths.
:param kwargs:
Additional options to be passed to :manpage:`git-rev-list(1)`. They must not
alter the output style of the command, or parsing will yield incorrect
results.
:return:
An int defining the number of reachable commits
"""
# Yes, it makes a difference whether empty paths are given or not in our case as
# the empty paths version will ignore merge commits for some reason.
if paths:
return len(self.repo.git.rev_list(self.hexsha, "--", paths, **kwargs).splitlines())
return len(self.repo.git.rev_list(self.hexsha, **kwargs).splitlines())
@property
def name_rev(self) -> str:
"""
:return:
String describing the commits hex sha based on the closest
:class:`~git.refs.reference.Reference`.
:note:
Mostly useful for UI purposes.
"""
return self.repo.git.name_rev(self)
@classmethod
def iter_items(
cls,
repo: "Repo",
rev: Union[str, "Commit", "SymbolicReference"],
paths: Union[PathLike, Sequence[PathLike]] = "",
**kwargs: Any,
) -> Iterator["Commit"]:
R"""Find all commits matching the given criteria.
:param repo:
The :class:`~git.repo.base.Repo`.
:param rev:
Revision specifier. See :manpage:`git-rev-parse(1)` for viable options.
:param paths:
An optional path or list of paths. If set only :class:`Commit`\s that
include the path or paths will be considered.
:param kwargs:
Optional keyword arguments to :manpage:`git-rev-list(1)` where:
* ``max_count`` is the maximum number of commits to fetch.
* ``skip`` is the number of commits to skip.
* ``since`` selects all commits since some date, e.g. ``"1970-01-01"``.
:return:
Iterator yielding :class:`Commit` items.
"""
if "pretty" in kwargs:
raise ValueError("--pretty cannot be used as parsing expects single sha's only")
# END handle pretty
# Use -- in all cases, to prevent possibility of ambiguous arguments.
# See https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/issues/264.
args_list: List[PathLike] = ["--"]
if paths:
paths_tup: Tuple[PathLike, ...]
if isinstance(paths, (str, os.PathLike)):
paths_tup = (paths,)
else:
paths_tup = tuple(paths)
args_list.extend(paths_tup)
# END if paths
proc = repo.git.rev_list(rev, args_list, as_process=True, **kwargs)
return cls._iter_from_process_or_stream(repo, proc)
def iter_parents(self, paths: Union[PathLike, Sequence[PathLike]] = "", **kwargs: Any) -> Iterator["Commit"]:
R"""Iterate *all* parents of this commit.
:param paths:
Optional path or list of paths limiting the :class:`Commit`\s to those that
contain at least one of the paths.
:param kwargs:
All arguments allowed by :manpage:`git-rev-list(1)`.
:return:
Iterator yielding :class:`Commit` objects which are parents of ``self``
"""
# skip ourselves
skip = kwargs.get("skip", 1)
if skip == 0: # skip ourselves
skip = 1
kwargs["skip"] = skip
return self.iter_items(self.repo, self, paths, **kwargs)
@property
def stats(self) -> Stats:
"""Create a git stat from changes between this commit and its first parent
or from all changes done if this is the very first commit.
:return:
:class:`Stats`
"""
def process_lines(lines: List[str]) -> str:
text = ""
for file_info, line in zip(lines, lines[len(lines) // 2 :]):
change_type = file_info.split("\t")[0][-1]
(insertions, deletions, filename) = line.split("\t")
text += "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n" % (change_type, insertions, deletions, filename)
return text
if not self.parents:
lines = self.repo.git.diff_tree(
self.hexsha, "--", numstat=True, no_renames=True, root=True, raw=True
).splitlines()[1:]
text = process_lines(lines)
else:
lines = self.repo.git.diff(
self.parents[0].hexsha, self.hexsha, "--", numstat=True, no_renames=True, raw=True
).splitlines()
text = process_lines(lines)
return Stats._list_from_string(self.repo, text)
@property
def trailers(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
"""Deprecated. Get the trailers of the message as a dictionary.
:note:
This property is deprecated, please use either :attr:`trailers_list` or
:attr:`trailers_dict`.
:return:
Dictionary containing whitespace stripped trailer information.
Only contains the latest instance of each trailer key.
"""
warnings.warn(
"Commit.trailers is deprecated, use Commit.trailers_list or Commit.trailers_dict instead",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return {k: v[0] for k, v in self.trailers_dict.items()}
@property
def trailers_list(self) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
"""Get the trailers of the message as a list.
Git messages can contain trailer information that are similar to :rfc:`822`
e-mail headers. See :manpage:`git-interpret-trailers(1)`.
This function calls ``git interpret-trailers --parse`` onto the message to
extract the trailer information, returns the raw trailer data as a list.
Valid message with trailer::
Subject line
some body information
another information
key1: value1.1
key1: value1.2
key2 : value 2 with inner spaces
Returned list will look like this::
[
("key1", "value1.1"),
("key1", "value1.2"),
("key2", "value 2 with inner spaces"),
]
:return:
List containing key-value tuples of whitespace stripped trailer information.
"""
trailer = self._interpret_trailers(self.repo, self.message, ["--parse"], encoding=self.encoding).strip()
if not trailer:
return []
trailer_list = []
for t in trailer.split("\n"):
key, val = t.split(":", 1)
trailer_list.append((key.strip(), val.strip()))
return trailer_list
@classmethod
def _interpret_trailers(
cls,
repo: "Repo",
message: Union[str, bytes],
trailer_args: Sequence[str],
encoding: str = default_encoding,
) -> str:
message_bytes = message if isinstance(message, bytes) else message.encode(encoding, errors="strict")
cmd = [repo.git.GIT_PYTHON_GIT_EXECUTABLE, "interpret-trailers", *trailer_args]
proc: Git.AutoInterrupt = repo.git.execute( # type: ignore[call-overload]
cmd,
as_process=True,
istream=PIPE,
)
try:
stdout_bytes, _ = proc.communicate(message_bytes)
return stdout_bytes.decode(encoding, errors="strict")
finally:
finalize_process(proc)
@property
def trailers_dict(self) -> Dict[str, List[str]]:
"""Get the trailers of the message as a dictionary.
Git messages can contain trailer information that are similar to :rfc:`822`
e-mail headers. See :manpage:`git-interpret-trailers(1)`.
This function calls ``git interpret-trailers --parse`` onto the message to
extract the trailer information. The key value pairs are stripped of leading and
trailing whitespaces before they get saved into a dictionary.
Valid message with trailer::
Subject line
some body information
another information
key1: value1.1
key1: value1.2
key2 : value 2 with inner spaces
Returned dictionary will look like this::
{
"key1": ["value1.1", "value1.2"],
"key2": ["value 2 with inner spaces"],
}
:return:
Dictionary containing whitespace stripped trailer information, mapping
trailer keys to a list of their corresponding values.
"""
d = defaultdict(list)
for key, val in self.trailers_list:
d[key].append(val)
return dict(d)
@classmethod
def _iter_from_process_or_stream(cls, repo: "Repo", proc_or_stream: Union[Popen, IO]) -> Iterator["Commit"]:
"""Parse out commit information into a list of :class:`Commit` objects.
We expect one line per commit, and parse the actual commit information directly
from our lighting fast object database.
:param proc:
:manpage:`git-rev-list(1)` process instance - one sha per line.
:return:
Iterator supplying :class:`Commit` objects
"""
# def is_proc(inp) -> TypeGuard[Popen]:
# return hasattr(proc_or_stream, 'wait') and not hasattr(proc_or_stream, 'readline')
# def is_stream(inp) -> TypeGuard[IO]:
# return hasattr(proc_or_stream, 'readline')
if hasattr(proc_or_stream, "wait"):
proc_or_stream = cast(Popen, proc_or_stream)
if proc_or_stream.stdout is not None:
stream = proc_or_stream.stdout
elif hasattr(proc_or_stream, "readline"):
proc_or_stream = cast(IO, proc_or_stream) # type: ignore[redundant-cast]
stream = proc_or_stream
readline = stream.readline
while True:
line = readline()
if not line:
break
hexsha = line.strip()
if len(hexsha) > 40:
# Split additional information, as returned by bisect for instance.
hexsha, _ = line.split(None, 1)
# END handle extra info
assert len(hexsha) == 40, "Invalid line: %s" % hexsha
yield cls(repo, hex_to_bin(hexsha))
# END for each line in stream
# TODO: Review this - it seems process handling got a bit out of control due to
# many developers trying to fix the open file handles issue.
if hasattr(proc_or_stream, "wait"):
proc_or_stream = cast(Popen, proc_or_stream)
finalize_process(proc_or_stream)
@classmethod
def create_from_tree(
cls,
repo: "Repo",
tree: Union[Tree, str],
message: str,
parent_commits: Union[None, List["Commit"]] = None,
head: bool = False,
author: Union[None, Actor] = None,
committer: Union[None, Actor] = None,
author_date: Union[None, str, datetime.datetime] = None,
commit_date: Union[None, str, datetime.datetime] = None,
trailers: Union[None, Dict[str, str], List[Tuple[str, str]]] = None,
) -> "Commit":
"""Commit the given tree, creating a :class:`Commit` object.
:param repo:
:class:`~git.repo.base.Repo` object the commit should be part of.
:param tree:
:class:`~git.objects.tree.Tree` object or hex or bin sha.
The tree of the new commit.
:param message:
Commit message. It may be an empty string if no message is provided. It will
be converted to a string, in any case.
:param parent_commits:
Optional :class:`Commit` objects to use as parents for the new commit. If
empty list, the commit will have no parents at all and become a root commit.
If ``None``, the current head commit will be the parent of the new commit
object.
:param head:
If ``True``, the HEAD will be advanced to the new commit automatically.
Otherwise the HEAD will remain pointing on the previous commit. This could
lead to undesired results when diffing files.
:param author:
The name of the author, optional.
If unset, the repository configuration is used to obtain this value.
:param committer:
The name of the committer, optional.
If unset, the repository configuration is used to obtain this value.
:param author_date:
The timestamp for the author field.
:param commit_date:
The timestamp for the committer field.
:param trailers:
Optional trailer key-value pairs to append to the commit message.
Can be a dictionary mapping trailer keys to values, or a list of
``(key, value)`` tuples (useful when the same key appears multiple
times, e.g. multiple ``Signed-off-by`` trailers). Trailers are
appended using ``git interpret-trailers``.
See :manpage:`git-interpret-trailers(1)`.
:return:
:class:`Commit` object representing the new commit.
:note:
Additional information about the committer and author are taken from the
environment or from the git configuration. See :manpage:`git-commit-tree(1)`
for more information.
"""
if parent_commits is None:
try:
parent_commits = [repo.head.commit]
except ValueError:
# Empty repositories have no head commit.
parent_commits = []
# END handle parent commits
else:
for p in parent_commits:
if not isinstance(p, cls):
raise ValueError(f"Parent commit '{p!r}' must be of type {cls}")
# END check parent commit types
# END if parent commits are unset
# Retrieve all additional information, create a commit object, and serialize it.
# Generally:
# * Environment variables override configuration values.
# * Sensible defaults are set according to the git documentation.
# COMMITTER AND AUTHOR INFO
cr = repo.config_reader()
env = os.environ
committer = committer or Actor.committer(cr)
author = author or Actor.author(cr)
# PARSE THE DATES
unix_time = int(time())
is_dst = daylight and localtime().tm_isdst > 0
offset = altzone if is_dst else timezone
author_date_str = env.get(cls.env_author_date, "")
if author_date:
author_time, author_offset = parse_date(author_date)
elif author_date_str:
author_time, author_offset = parse_date(author_date_str)
else:
author_time, author_offset = unix_time, offset
# END set author time
committer_date_str = env.get(cls.env_committer_date, "")
if commit_date:
committer_time, committer_offset = parse_date(commit_date)
elif committer_date_str:
committer_time, committer_offset = parse_date(committer_date_str)
else:
committer_time, committer_offset = unix_time, offset
# END set committer time
# Assume UTF-8 encoding.
enc_section, enc_option = cls.conf_encoding.split(".")
conf_encoding = cr.get_value(enc_section, enc_option, cls.default_encoding)
if not isinstance(conf_encoding, str):
raise TypeError("conf_encoding could not be coerced to str")
# If the tree is no object, make sure we create one - otherwise the created
# commit object is invalid.
if isinstance(tree, str):
tree = repo.tree(tree)
# END tree conversion
# APPLY TRAILERS
if trailers:
trailer_args: List[str] = []
if isinstance(trailers, dict):
for key, val in trailers.items():
trailer_args.append("--trailer")
trailer_args.append(f"{key}: {val}")
else:
for key, val in trailers:
trailer_args.append("--trailer")
trailer_args.append(f"{key}: {val}")
message = cls._interpret_trailers(repo, str(message), trailer_args)
# END apply trailers
# CREATE NEW COMMIT
new_commit = cls(
repo,
cls.NULL_BIN_SHA,
tree,
author,
author_time,
author_offset,
committer,
committer_time,
committer_offset,
message,
parent_commits,
conf_encoding,
)
new_commit.binsha = cls._calculate_sha_(repo, new_commit)
if head:
# Need late import here, importing git at the very beginning throws as
# well...
import git.refs
try:
repo.head.set_commit(new_commit, logmsg=message)
except ValueError:
# head is not yet set to the ref our HEAD points to.
# Happens on first commit.
master = git.refs.Head.create(
repo,
repo.head.ref,
new_commit,
logmsg="commit (initial): %s" % message,
)
repo.head.set_reference(master, logmsg="commit: Switching to %s" % master)
# END handle empty repositories
# END advance head handling
return new_commit
# { Serializable Implementation
def _serialize(self, stream: BytesIO) -> "Commit":
write = stream.write
write(("tree %s\n" % self.tree).encode("ascii"))
for p in self.parents:
write(("parent %s\n" % p).encode("ascii"))
a = self.author
aname = a.name
c = self.committer
fmt = "%s %s <%s> %s %s\n"
write(
(
fmt
% (
"author",
aname,
a.email,
self.authored_date,
altz_to_utctz_str(self.author_tz_offset),
)
).encode(self.encoding)
)
# Encode committer.
aname = c.name
write(
(
fmt
% (
"committer",
aname,
c.email,
self.committed_date,
altz_to_utctz_str(self.committer_tz_offset),
)
).encode(self.encoding)
)
if self.encoding != self.default_encoding:
write(("encoding %s\n" % self.encoding).encode("ascii"))
try:
if self.__getattribute__("gpgsig"):
write(b"gpgsig")
for sigline in self.gpgsig.rstrip("\n").split("\n"):
write((" " + sigline + "\n").encode("ascii"))
except AttributeError:
pass
write(b"\n")
# Write plain bytes, be sure its encoded according to our encoding.
if isinstance(self.message, str):
write(self.message.encode(self.encoding))
else:
write(self.message)
# END handle encoding
return self
def _deserialize(self, stream: BytesIO) -> "Commit":
readline = stream.readline
self.tree = Tree(self.repo, hex_to_bin(readline().split()[1]), Tree.tree_id << 12, "")
self.parents = []
next_line = None
while True:
parent_line = readline()
if not parent_line.startswith(b"parent"):
next_line = parent_line
break
# END abort reading parents
self.parents.append(type(self)(self.repo, hex_to_bin(parent_line.split()[-1].decode("ascii"))))
# END for each parent line
self.parents = tuple(self.parents)
# We don't know actual author encoding before we have parsed it, so keep the
# lines around.
author_line = next_line
committer_line = readline()
# We might run into one or more mergetag blocks, skip those for now.
next_line = readline()
while next_line.startswith(b"mergetag "):
next_line = readline()
while next_line.startswith(b" "):
next_line = readline()
# END skip mergetags
# Now we can have the encoding line, or an empty line followed by the optional
# message.
self.encoding = self.default_encoding
self.gpgsig = ""
# Read headers.
enc = next_line
buf = enc.strip()
while buf:
if buf[0:10] == b"encoding ":
self.encoding = buf[buf.find(b" ") + 1 :].decode(self.encoding, "ignore")
elif buf[0:7] == b"gpgsig ":
sig = buf[buf.find(b" ") + 1 :] + b"\n"
is_next_header = False
while True:
sigbuf = readline()
if not sigbuf:
break
if sigbuf[0:1] != b" ":
buf = sigbuf.strip()
is_next_header = True
break
sig += sigbuf[1:]
# END read all signature
self.gpgsig = sig.rstrip(b"\n").decode(self.encoding, "ignore")
if is_next_header:
continue
buf = readline().strip()
# Decode the author's name.
try:
(
self.author,
self.authored_date,
self.author_tz_offset,
) = parse_actor_and_date(author_line.decode(self.encoding, "replace"))
except UnicodeDecodeError:
_logger.error(
"Failed to decode author line '%s' using encoding %s",
author_line,
self.encoding,
exc_info=True,
)
try:
(
self.committer,
self.committed_date,
self.committer_tz_offset,
) = parse_actor_and_date(committer_line.decode(self.encoding, "replace"))
except UnicodeDecodeError:
_logger.error(
"Failed to decode committer line '%s' using encoding %s",
committer_line,
self.encoding,
exc_info=True,
)
# END handle author's encoding
# A stream from our data simply gives us the plain message.
# The end of our message stream is marked with a newline that we strip.
self.message = stream.read()
try:
self.message = self.message.decode(self.encoding, "replace")
except UnicodeDecodeError:
_logger.error(
"Failed to decode message '%s' using encoding %s",
self.message,
self.encoding,
exc_info=True,
)
# END exception handling
return self
# } END serializable implementation
@property
def co_authors(self) -> List[Actor]:
"""Search the commit message for any co-authors of this commit.
Details on co-authors:
https://github.blog/2018-01-29-commit-together-with-co-authors/
:return:
List of co-authors for this commit (as :class:`~git.util.Actor` objects).
"""
co_authors = []
if self.message:
results = re.findall(
r"^Co-authored-by: (.*) <(.*?)>$",
str(self.message),
re.MULTILINE,
)
for author in results:
co_authors.append(Actor(*author))
return co_authors
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