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 *  linux/fs/char_dev.c
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/kdev_t.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/major.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
#include <linux/kobject.h>
#include <linux/kobj_map.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include "internal.h"
 * capabilities for /dev/mem, /dev/kmem and similar directly mappable character
 * - permits shared-mmap for read, write and/or exec
 * - does not permit private mmap in NOMMU mode (can't do COW)
 * - no readahead or I/O queue unplugging required
struct backing_dev_info directly_mappable_cdev_bdi = {
	.name = "char",
	.capabilities	= (
#ifdef CONFIG_MMU
		/* permit private copies of the data to be taken */
		BDI_CAP_MAP_COPY |
		/* permit direct mmap, for read, write or exec */
		BDI_CAP_MAP_DIRECT |
		BDI_CAP_READ_MAP | BDI_CAP_WRITE_MAP | BDI_CAP_EXEC_MAP |
		/* no writeback happens */
		BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_AND_WRITEBACK),
static struct kobj_map *cdev_map;
static DEFINE_MUTEX(chrdevs_lock);
static struct char_device_struct {
	struct char_device_struct *next;
	unsigned int major;
	unsigned int baseminor;
	int minorct;
	char name[64];
	struct cdev *cdev;		/* will die */
} *chrdevs[CHRDEV_MAJOR_HASH_SIZE];
/* index in the above */
static inline int major_to_index(unsigned major)
	return major % CHRDEV_MAJOR_HASH_SIZE;
#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
void chrdev_show(struct seq_file *f, off_t offset)
	struct char_device_struct *cd;
	if (offset < CHRDEV_MAJOR_HASH_SIZE) {
		mutex_lock(&chrdevs_lock);
		for (cd = chrdevs[offset]; cd; cd = cd->next)
			seq_printf(f, "%3d %s\n", cd->major, cd->name);
		mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
#endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */
 * Register a single major with a specified minor range.
 * If major == 0 this functions will dynamically allocate a major and return
 * its number.
 * If major > 0 this function will attempt to reserve the passed range of
 * minors and will return zero on success.
 * Returns a -ve errno on failure.
static struct char_device_struct *
__register_chrdev_region(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor,
			   int minorct, const char *name)
	struct char_device_struct *cd, **cp;
	int ret = 0;
	cd = kzalloc(sizeof(struct char_device_struct), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (cd == NULL)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
	mutex_lock(&chrdevs_lock);
	/* temporary */
	if (major == 0) {
		for (i = ARRAY_SIZE(chrdevs)-1; i > 0; i--) {
			if (chrdevs[i] == NULL)
		if (i == 0) {
			ret = -EBUSY;
			goto out;
		major = i;
		ret = major;
	cd->major = major;
	cd->baseminor = baseminor;
	cd->minorct = minorct;
	strlcpy(cd->name, name, sizeof(cd->name));
	i = major_to_index(major);
	for (cp = &chrdevs[i]; *cp; cp = &(*cp)->next)
		if ((*cp)->major > major ||
		    ((*cp)->major == major &&
		     (((*cp)->baseminor >= baseminor) ||
		      ((*cp)->baseminor + (*cp)->minorct > baseminor))))
	/* Check for overlapping minor ranges.  */
	if (*cp && (*cp)->major == major) {
		int old_min = (*cp)->baseminor;
		int old_max = (*cp)->baseminor + (*cp)->minorct - 1;
		int new_min = baseminor;
		int new_max = baseminor + minorct - 1;
		/* New driver overlaps from the left.  */
		if (new_max >= old_min && new_max <= old_max) {
			ret = -EBUSY;
			goto out;
		/* New driver overlaps from the right.  */
		if (new_min <= old_max && new_min >= old_min) {
			ret = -EBUSY;
			goto out;
	cd->next = *cp;
	mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
	return cd;
	mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
	kfree(cd);
	return ERR_PTR(ret);
static struct char_device_struct *
__unregister_chrdev_region(unsigned major, unsigned baseminor, int minorct)
	struct char_device_struct *cd = NULL, **cp;
	int i = major_to_index(major);
	mutex_lock(&chrdevs_lock);
	for (cp = &chrdevs[i]; *cp; cp = &(*cp)->next)
		if ((*cp)->major == major &&
		    (*cp)->baseminor == baseminor &&
		    (*cp)->minorct == minorct)
	if (*cp) {
		cd = *cp;
		*cp = cd->next;
	mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
	return cd;
 * register_chrdev_region() - register a range of device numbers
 * @from: the first in the desired range of device numbers; must include
 *        the major number.
 * @count: the number of consecutive device numbers required
 * @name: the name of the device or driver.
 * Return value is zero on success, a negative error code on failure.
int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name)
	struct char_device_struct *cd;
	dev_t to = from + count;
	dev_t n, next;
	for (n = from; n < to; n = next) {
		next = MKDEV(MAJOR(n)+1, 0);
		if (next > to)
			next = to;
		cd = __register_chrdev_region(MAJOR(n), MINOR(n),
			       next - n, name);
		if (IS_ERR(cd))
			goto fail;
	for (n = from; n < to; n = next) {
		next = MKDEV(MAJOR(n)+1, 0);
		kfree(__unregister_chrdev_region(MAJOR(n), MINOR(n), next - n));
	return PTR_ERR(cd);
 * alloc_chrdev_region() - register a range of char device numbers
 * @dev: output parameter for first assigned number
 * @baseminor: first of the requested range of minor numbers
 * @count: the number of minor numbers required
 * @name: the name of the associated device or driver
 * Allocates a range of char device numbers.  The major number will be
 * chosen dynamically, and returned (along with the first minor number)
 * in @dev.  Returns zero or a negative error code.
int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count,
			const char *name)
	struct char_device_struct *cd;
	cd = __register_chrdev_region(0, baseminor, count, name);
	if (IS_ERR(cd))
		return PTR_ERR(cd);
	*dev = MKDEV(cd->major, cd->baseminor);
 * __register_chrdev() - create and register a cdev occupying a range of minors
 * @major: major device number or 0 for dynamic allocation
 * @baseminor: first of the requested range of minor numbers
 * @count: the number of minor numbers required
 * @name: name of this range of devices
 * @fops: file operations associated with this devices
 * If @major == 0 this functions will dynamically allocate a major and return
 * its number.
 * If @major > 0 this function will attempt to reserve a device with the given
 * major number and will return zero on success.
 * Returns a -ve errno on failure.
 * The name of this device has nothing to do with the name of the device in
 * /dev. It only helps to keep track of the different owners of devices. If
 * your module name has only one type of devices it's ok to use e.g. the name
 * of the module here.
int __register_chrdev(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor,
		      unsigned int count, const char *name,
		      const struct file_operations *fops)
	struct char_device_struct *cd;
	struct cdev *cdev;
	int err = -ENOMEM;
	cd = __register_chrdev_region(major, baseminor, count, name);
	if (IS_ERR(cd))
		return PTR_ERR(cd);
	cdev = cdev_alloc();
	if (!cdev)
		goto out2;
	cdev->owner = fops->owner;
	cdev->ops = fops;
	kobject_set_name(&cdev->kobj, "%s", name);
	err = cdev_add(cdev, MKDEV(cd->major, baseminor), count);
		goto out;
	cd->cdev = cdev;
	return major ? 0 : cd->major;
	kobject_put(&cdev->kobj);
	kfree(__unregister_chrdev_region(cd->major, baseminor, count));
	return err;
 * unregister_chrdev_region() - return a range of device numbers
 * @from: the first in the range of numbers to unregister
 * @count: the number of device numbers to unregister
 * This function will unregister a range of @count device numbers,
 * starting with @from.  The caller should normally be the one who
 * allocated those numbers in the first place...
void unregister_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count)
	dev_t to = from + count;
	dev_t n, next;
	for (n = from; n < to; n = next) {
		next = MKDEV(MAJOR(n)+1, 0);
		if (next > to)
			next = to;
		kfree(__unregister_chrdev_region(MAJOR(n), MINOR(n), next - n));
 * __unregister_chrdev - unregister and destroy a cdev
 * @major: major device number
 * @baseminor: first of the range of minor numbers
 * @count: the number of minor numbers this cdev is occupying
 * @name: name of this range of devices
 * Unregister and destroy the cdev occupying the region described by
 * @major, @baseminor and @count.  This function undoes what
 * __register_chrdev() did.
void __unregister_chrdev(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor,
			 unsigned int count, const char *name)
	struct char_device_struct *cd;
	cd = __unregister_chrdev_region(major, baseminor, count);
	if (cd && cd->cdev)
		cdev_del(cd->cdev);
	kfree(cd);
static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(cdev_lock);
static struct kobject *cdev_get(struct cdev *p)
	struct module *owner = p->owner;
	struct kobject *kobj;
	if (owner && !try_module_get(owner))
		return NULL;
	kobj = kobject_get(&p->kobj);
	if (!kobj)
		module_put(owner);
	return kobj;
void cdev_put(struct cdev *p)
		struct module *owner = p->owner;
		kobject_put(&p->kobj);
		module_put(owner);
 * Called every time a character special file is opened
static int chrdev_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
	struct cdev *p;
	struct cdev *new = NULL;
	int ret = 0;
	spin_lock(&cdev_lock);
	p = inode->i_cdev;
		struct kobject *kobj;
		spin_unlock(&cdev_lock);
		kobj = kobj_lookup(cdev_map, inode->i_rdev, &idx);
		if (!kobj)
			return -ENXIO;
		new = container_of(kobj, struct cdev, kobj);
		spin_lock(&cdev_lock);
		/* Check i_cdev again in case somebody beat us to it while
		   we dropped the lock. */
		p = inode->i_cdev;
		if (!p) {
			inode->i_cdev = p = new;
			list_add(&inode->i_devices, &p->list);
			new = NULL;
		} else if (!cdev_get(p))
			ret = -ENXIO;
	} else if (!cdev_get(p))
		ret = -ENXIO;
	spin_unlock(&cdev_lock);
	cdev_put(new);
		return ret;
	ret = -ENXIO;
	filp->f_op = fops_get(p->ops);
	if (!filp->f_op)
		goto out_cdev_put;
	if (filp->f_op->open) {
		ret = filp->f_op->open(inode, filp);
			goto out_cdev_put;
 out_cdev_put:
	cdev_put(p);
	return ret;
void cd_forget(struct inode *inode)
	spin_lock(&cdev_lock);
	list_del_init(&inode->i_devices);
	inode->i_cdev = NULL;
	spin_unlock(&cdev_lock);
static void cdev_purge(struct cdev *cdev)
	spin_lock(&cdev_lock);
	while (!list_empty(&cdev->list)) {
		struct inode *inode;
		inode = container_of(cdev->list.next, struct inode, i_devices);
		list_del_init(&inode->i_devices);
		inode->i_cdev = NULL;
	spin_unlock(&cdev_lock);
 * Dummy default file-operations: the only thing this does
 * is contain the open that then fills in the correct operations
 * depending on the special file...
const struct file_operations def_chr_fops = {
	.open = chrdev_open,
	.llseek = noop_llseek,
static struct kobject *exact_match(dev_t dev, int *part, void *data)
	struct cdev *p = data;
	return &p->kobj;
static int exact_lock(dev_t dev, void *data)
	struct cdev *p = data;
	return cdev_get(p) ? 0 : -1;
 * cdev_add() - add a char device to the system
 * @p: the cdev structure for the device
 * @dev: the first device number for which this device is responsible
 * @count: the number of consecutive minor numbers corresponding to this
 *         device
 * cdev_add() adds the device represented by @p to the system, making it
 * live immediately.  A negative error code is returned on failure.
int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count)
	int error;
	p->dev = dev;
	p->count = count;
	error = kobj_map(cdev_map, dev, count, NULL,
			 exact_match, exact_lock, p);
	if (error)
		return error;
	kobject_get(p->kobj.parent);
static void cdev_unmap(dev_t dev, unsigned count)
	kobj_unmap(cdev_map, dev, count);
 * cdev_del() - remove a cdev from the system
 * @p: the cdev structure to be removed
 * cdev_del() removes @p from the system, possibly freeing the structure
void cdev_del(struct cdev *p)
	cdev_unmap(p->dev, p->count);
	kobject_put(&p->kobj);
static void cdev_default_release(struct kobject *kobj)
	struct cdev *p = container_of(kobj, struct cdev, kobj);
	struct kobject *parent = kobj->parent;
	cdev_purge(p);
	kobject_put(parent);
static void cdev_dynamic_release(struct kobject *kobj)
	struct cdev *p = container_of(kobj, struct cdev, kobj);
	struct kobject *parent = kobj->parent;
	cdev_purge(p);
	kobject_put(parent);
static struct kobj_type ktype_cdev_default = {
	.release	= cdev_default_release,
static struct kobj_type ktype_cdev_dynamic = {
	.release	= cdev_dynamic_release,
 * cdev_alloc() - allocate a cdev structure
 * Allocates and returns a cdev structure, or NULL on failure.
struct cdev *cdev_alloc(void)
	struct cdev *p = kzalloc(sizeof(struct cdev), GFP_KERNEL);
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->list);
		kobject_init(&p->kobj, &ktype_cdev_dynamic);
 * cdev_init() - initialize a cdev structure
 * @cdev: the structure to initialize
 * @fops: the file_operations for this device
 * Initializes @cdev, remembering @fops, making it ready to add to the
 * system with cdev_add().
void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops)
	memset(cdev, 0, sizeof *cdev);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cdev->list);
	kobject_init(&cdev->kobj, &ktype_cdev_default);
	cdev->ops = fops;
static struct kobject *base_probe(dev_t dev, int *part, void *data)
	if (request_module("char-major-%d-%d", MAJOR(dev), MINOR(dev)) > 0)
		/* Make old-style 2.4 aliases work */
		request_module("char-major-%d", MAJOR(dev));
	return NULL;
void __init chrdev_init(void)
	cdev_map = kobj_map_init(base_probe, &chrdevs_lock);
	bdi_init(&directly_mappable_cdev_bdi);
/* Let modules do char dev stuff */
EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_chrdev_region);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_chrdev_region);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(alloc_chrdev_region);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_init);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_alloc);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_del);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_add);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__register_chrdev);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__unregister_chrdev);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(directly_mappable_cdev_bdi);
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