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== Introduction ==
  Note that this requires os.clock(), debug.sethook(),
  and debug.getinfo() or your equivalent replacements to
  be available if this is an embedded application.
  Example usage:
    profiler = newProfiler()
    profiler:start()
    < call some functions that take time >
    profiler:stop()
    local outfile = io.open( "profile.txt", "w+" )
    profiler:report( outfile )
    outfile:close()
== Optionally choosing profiling method ==
The rest of this comment can be ignored if you merely want a good profiler.
  newProfiler(method, sampledelay):
If method is omitted or "time", will profile based on real performance.
optionally, frequency can be provided to control the number of opcodes
per profiling tick. By default this is 100000, which (on my system) provides
one tick approximately every 2ms and reduces system performance by about 10%.
This can be reduced to increase accuracy at the cost of performance, or
increased for the opposite effect.
If method is "call", will profile based on function calls. Frequency is
"time" may bias profiling somewhat towards large areas with "simple opcodes",
as the profiling function (which introduces a certain amount of unavoidable
overhead) will be called more often. This can be minimized by using a larger
sample delay - the default should leave any error largely overshadowed by
statistical noise. With a delay of 1000 I was able to achieve inaccuray of
approximately 25%. Increasing the delay to 100000 left inaccuracy below my
testing error.
"call" may bias profiling heavily towards areas with many function calls.
Testing found a degenerate case giving a figure inaccurate by approximately
20,000%.  (Yes, a multiple of 200.) This is, however, more directly comparable
to common profilers (such as gprof) and also gives accurate function call
counts, which cannot be retrieved from "time".
I strongly recommend "time" mode, and it is now the default.
== History ==
2008-09-16 - Time-based profiling and conversion to Lua 5.1
  by Ben Wilhelm ( zorba-pepperfish@pavlovian.net ).
  Added the ability to optionally choose profiling methods, along with a new
  profiling method.
Converted to Lua 5, a few improvements, and
additional documentation by Tom Spilman ( tom@sickheadgames.com )
Additional corrections and tidying by original author
Daniel Silverstone ( dsilvers@pepperfish.net )
== Status ==
Daniel Silverstone is no longer using this code, and judging by how long it's
been waiting for Lua 5.1 support, I don't think Tom Spilman is either. I'm
perfectly willing to take on maintenance, so if you have problems or
questions, go ahead and email me :)
-- Ben Wilhelm ( zorba-pepperfish@pavlovian.net ) '
== Copyright ==
Lua profiler - Copyright Pepperfish 2002,2003,2004
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, and/or sell copies
of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to
do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
IN THE SOFTWARE.
local _ENV = mkmodule('profiler')
-- All profiler related stuff is stored in the top level table '_profiler'
local _profiler = {}
local DEFAULT_FILTERED_FUNC = 1
local DEFAULT_MISSING_FUNC = 3
-- newProfiler() creates a new profiler object for managing
-- the profiler and storing state.  Note that only one profiler
-- object can be executing at one time.
function newProfiler(variant, sampledelay)
  if _profiler.running then
    print("Profiler already running.")
  variant = variant or "time"
  if variant ~= "time" and variant ~= "call" then
    print("Profiler method must be 'time' or 'call'.")
  local newprof = {}
  for k,v in pairs(_profiler) do
    newprof[k] = v
  newprof.variant = variant
  newprof.sampledelay = sampledelay or 10000
  return newprof
-- This function stops the profiler.  It will do nothing
-- if a profiler is not running, and nothing if it isn't
-- the currently running profiler.
function _profiler.stop(self)
  if _profiler.running ~= self then
  -- Stop the profiler.
  debug.sethook()
  _profiler.running = nil
local function get_stats(rawstats, prevented_functions, func, depth)
    if prevented_functions[func] then
      return nil
    local stats = rawstats[func]
    if not stats then
      depth = depth + 1
      ci = debug.getinfo(depth,"fnS")
      if ci.what == "C" and ci.name == "__index" then
        local value1
        _, value1 = debug.getlocal(depth, 1)
        value1 = tostring(value1)
        value1 = value1:match("^<([^:]*):") or value1
        ci.short_src = value1
      stats = {
        func = ci.func,
        anon = ci.name == nil,
        count = 0,
        time = 0,
        profile_time = 0,
        anon_child_time = 0,
        name_child_time = 0,
        children = {},
        children_time = {},
        currentline = {},
        func_info = ci,
      rawstats[func] = stats
    return stats
-- Simple wrapper to handle the hook.  You should not
-- be calling this directly. Duplicated to reduce overhead.
local function _profiler_hook_wrapper_by_call(action)
  local entry = os.clock()
  local self = _profiler.running
  local depth, stack = self.depth, self.stack
  if action == "call" then
    local parent = stack[depth]
    if parent and parent.should_not_profile > 0 then
      parent.should_not_profile = parent.should_not_profile + 1
      parent.profile_time = parent.profile_time + (os.clock() - entry)
      return
    local ci = debug.getinfo(2,"f")
    local func = ci.func
    local rawstats = self.rawstats
    local stats = get_stats(rawstats, self.prevented_functions, func, 2)
    depth = depth + 1
    self.depth = depth
    local this = stack[depth]
    if not this then
      this = {
        should_not_profile = stats and 0 or 1,
        stats = stats,
        clock_start = entry,
        profile_time = 0,
      stack[depth] = this
      this.should_not_profile = stats and 0 or 1
      this.stats = stats
      this.clock_start = entry
    this.profile_time = (os.clock() - entry)
    if depth == 0 then
      return
    local this = stack[depth]
    if this.should_not_profile > 0 then
      this.should_not_profile = this.should_not_profile - 1
      if this.should_not_profile == 0 then
        self.depth = depth - 1
        local parent = stack[self.depth]
        if parent then
          local time = entry - this.start_time - this.profile_time
          parent.stats.anon_child_time = parent.stats.anon_child_time + time
          parent.profile_time = parent.profile_time + this.profile_time + (os.clock() - entry)
        end
        this.profile_time = this.profile_time + (os.clock() - entry)
      return
    local time = entry - this.clock_start - this.profile_time
    depth = depth - 1
    self.depth = depth
    local parent = stack[depth]
    local this_stats,parent_stats = this.stats,parent and parent.stats or nil
    local func = this_stats.func
    this_stats.count = this_stats.count + 1
    this_stats.time = this_stats.time + time
    this_stats.profile_time = this_stats.profile_time + this.profile_time
    if not parent then return end
    if  this_stats.anon then
      parent_stats.anon_child_time = parent_stats.anon_child_time + time
      parent_stats.name_child_time = parent_stats.name_child_time + time
    local ch = parent_stats.children[func]
    if not ch then
      parent_stats.children[func] = 1
      parent_stats.children_time[func] = time
      parent_stats.children[func] = ch + 1
      parent_stats.children_time[func] = parent_stats.children_time[func] + time
    parent.profile_time = parent.profile_time + this.profile_time + (os.clock() - entry)
local function _profiler_hook_wrapper_by_time()
  local self = _profiler.running
  local timetaken = os.clock() - self.lastclock
  local rawstats = self.rawstats
  local prevented = self.prevented_functions
  local depth = 2
  local caller = debug.getinfo(depth,'fl')
  local child
  if not caller then
  local cf = caller.func
  if cf then
    child = get_stats(rawstats, prevented, cf, depth)
    if child then
      child.count = child.count + 1
      child.time = child.time + timetaken
      local line = caller.currentline
      child.currentline[line] = (child.currentline[line] or 0) + 1
      cf = DEFAULT_FILTERED_FUNC
    cf = DEFAULT_MISSING_FUNC
  depth = 3
  local caller = debug.getinfo(depth,'f')
  while caller do
    if caller.func then
      local this = get_stats(rawstats, prevented, caller.func, depth)
      if this then
        this.time = this.time + timetaken
        if not child or child.anon then
          this.anon_child_time = this.anon_child_time + timetaken
        else
          this.name_child_time = this.name_child_time + timetaken
        end
        local ch = this.children[cf]
        if ch then
          this.children[cf] = ch + 1
          this.children_time[cf] = this.children_time[cf] + timetaken
        else
          this.children[cf] = 1
          this.children_time[cf] = timetaken
        end
        cf = caller.func
        cf = DEFAULT_FILTERED_FUNC
      child = this
      cf = DEFAULT_MISSING_FUNC
      child = nil
    depth = depth + 1
    caller = debug.getinfo(depth, 'f')
  self.lastclock = os.clock()
-- This function starts the profiler.  It will do nothing
-- if this (or any other) profiler is already running.
function _profiler.start(self)
  if _profiler.running then
  -- Start the profiler. This begins by setting up internal profiler state
  _profiler.running = self
  assert(_profiler.running)
  self.rawstats = {}
  self.stack = {}
  self.depth = 0
  if self.variant == "time" then
    self.lastclock = os.clock()
    debug.sethook( _profiler_hook_wrapper_by_time, "", self.sampledelay )
  elseif self.variant == "call" then
    debug.sethook( _profiler_hook_wrapper_by_call, "cr" )
    error("Profiler method must be 'time' or 'call'.")
-- This writes a profile report to the output file object.  If
-- sort_by_total_time is nil or false the output is sorted by
-- the function time minus the time in it's children.
function _profiler.report( self, outfile, sort_by_total_time )
  outfile:write
    [[Lua Profile output created by profiler.lua. Copyright Pepperfish 2002+
  -- This is pretty awful.
  local terms = {}
  if self.variant == "time" then
    terms.capitalized = "Sample"
    terms.single = "sample"
    terms.pastverb = "sampled"
  elseif self.variant == "call" then
    terms.capitalized = "Call"
    terms.single = "call"
    terms.pastverb = "called"
    error("Profiler method must be 'time' or 'call'.")
  local total_time = 0
  local ordering = {}
  for func,record in pairs(self.rawstats) do
    table.insert(ordering, func)
  if sort_by_total_time then
    table.sort( ordering,
      function(a,b) return self.rawstats[a].time > self.rawstats[b].time end
    table.sort( ordering,
      function(a,b)
        local arec = self.rawstats[a]
        local brec = self.rawstats[b]
        local atime = arec.time - (arec.anon_child_time + arec.name_child_time)
        local btime = brec.time - (brec.anon_child_time + brec.name_child_time)
        return atime > btime
  for i=1,#ordering do
    local func = ordering[i]
    local record = self.rawstats[func]
    local thisfuncname = " " .. self:_pretty_name(func) .. " "
    if string.len( thisfuncname ) < 42 then
      thisfuncname =
        string.rep( "-", math.floor((42 - string.len(thisfuncname))/2) ) .. thisfuncname
      thisfuncname =
        thisfuncname .. string.rep( "-", 42 - string.len(thisfuncname) )
    local child_count = 0
    for _,v in pairs(record.children) do
      child_count = child_count + v
    total_time = total_time + ( record.time - ( record.anon_child_time +
      record.name_child_time ) )
    outfile:write( string.rep( "-", 19 ) .. thisfuncname ..
      string.rep( "-", 19 ) .. "\n" )
    outfile:write( terms.capitalized.." count:             " ..
      string.format( "%5d", record.count ) .. "\n" )
    outfile:write( terms.capitalized.." count in children: " ..
      string.format( "%5d", child_count ) .. "\n" )
    outfile:write( "Time spend total:         " ..
      string.format( "%4.3f", record.time ) .. "s\n" )
    outfile:write( "Time spent in children:   " ..
      string.format("%4.3f",record.anon_child_time+record.name_child_time) ..
      "s\n" )
    outfile:write( "Time spent in profiler:   " ..
      string.format("%4.3f",record.profile_time) ..
      "s\n" )
    local timeinself =
      record.time - (record.anon_child_time + record.name_child_time)
    outfile:write( "Time spent in self:       " ..
      string.format("%4.3f", timeinself) .. "s\n" )
    outfile:write( "Time spent per " .. terms.single .. ":    " ..
                  string.format("%4.6f", record.time/(record.count+(self.variant == "time" and child_count or 0))) ..
      "s/" .. terms.single .. "\n" )
    outfile:write( "Time spent in self per "..terms.single..": " ..
      string.format( "%4.6f", record.count > 0 and timeinself/record.count or 0.0 ) .. "s/" ..
      terms.single.."\n" )
    -- Report on each child in the form
    -- Child  <funcname> called n times and took a.bs
    local added_blank = 0
    for k,v in pairs(record.children) do
      if self.prevented_functions[k] == nil or
         self.prevented_functions[k] == 0
        if added_blank == 0 then
          outfile:write( "\n" ) -- extra separation line
          added_blank = 1
        end
        local pretty_name
        if k == DEFAULT_FILTERED_FUNC then
          pretty_name = "(Filtered function)"
        elseif k == DEFAULT_MISSING_FUNC then
          pretty_name = "(Function pointer missing)"
        else
          pretty_name = self:_pretty_name(k)
        end
        outfile:write( "Child " .. pretty_name ..
          string.rep( " ", 41-string.len(pretty_name) ) .. " " ..
          terms.pastverb.." " .. string.format("%6d", v) )
        outfile:write( " times. Took " ..
          string.format("%4.3f", record.children_time[k] ) .. "s\n" )
    local lines = {}
    for line,v in pairs(record.currentline) do
      if line >= 0 then
        lines[#lines+1] = line
    table.sort(lines)
    for i=1,#lines do
      local line = lines[i]
      local v = record.currentline[line]
      -- @todo How about reading the source code from the file?
      outfile:write( ("%6d %s in line %d\n"):format(v, terms.pastverb, line))
    outfile:write( "\n" ) -- extra separation line
    outfile:flush()
  outfile:write( "\n\n" )
  outfile:write( "Total time spent in profiled functions: " ..
                 string.format("%5.3g",total_time) .. "s\n" )
  outfile:write( [[
  outfile:flush()
-- This writes the profile to the output file object as
-- loadable Lua source.
function _profiler.lua_report(self,outfile)
  -- Purpose: Write out the entire raw state in a cross-referenceable form.
  local ordering = {}
  local functonum = {}
  for func,record in pairs(self.rawstats) do
    table.insert(ordering, func)
    functonum[func] = #ordering
  outfile:write(
    "-- Profile generated by profiler.lua Copyright Pepperfish 2002+\n\n" )
  outfile:write( "-- Function names\nfuncnames = {}\n" )
  for i=1,#ordering do
    local thisfunc = ordering[i]
    outfile:write( "funcnames[" .. i .. "] = " ..
      string.format("%q", self:_pretty_name(thisfunc)) .. "\n" )
  outfile:write( "\n" )
  outfile:write( "-- Function times\nfunctimes = {}\n" )
  for i=1,#ordering do
    local thisfunc = ordering[i]
    local record = self.rawstats[thisfunc]
    outfile:write( "functimes[" .. i .. "] = { " )
    outfile:write( "tot=" .. record.time .. ", " )
    outfile:write( "achild=" .. record.anon_child_time .. ", " )
    outfile:write( "nchild=" .. record.name_child_time .. ", " )
    outfile:write( "count=" .. record.count .. " }\n" )
  outfile:write( "\n" )
  outfile:write( "-- Child links\nchildren = {}\n" )
  for i=1,#ordering do
    local thisfunc = ordering[i]
    local record = self.rawstats[thisfunc]
    outfile:write( "children[" .. i .. "] = { " )
    for k,v in pairs(record.children) do
      if functonum[k] then -- non-recorded functions will be ignored now
        outfile:write( functonum[k] .. ", " )
    outfile:write( "}\n" )
  outfile:write( "\n" )
  outfile:write( "-- Child call counts\nchildcounts = {}\n" )
  for i=1,#ordering do
    local thisfunc = ordering[i]
    local record = self.rawstats[thisfunc]
    outfile:write( "childcounts[" .. i .. "] = { " )
    for k,v in pairs(record.children) do
      if functonum[k] then -- non-recorded functions will be ignored now
        outfile:write( v .. ", " )
    outfile:write( "}\n" )
  outfile:write( "\n" )
  outfile:write( "-- Child call time\nchildtimes = {}\n" )
  for i=1,#ordering do
    local thisfunc = ordering[i]
    local record = self.rawstats[thisfunc];
    outfile:write( "childtimes[" .. i .. "] = { " )
    for k,v in pairs(record.children) do
      if functonum[k] then -- non-recorded functions will be ignored now
        outfile:write( record.children_time[k] .. ", " )
    outfile:write( "}\n" )
  outfile:write( "\n\n-- That is all.\n\n" )
  outfile:flush()
-- Internal function to calculate a pretty name for the profile output
function _profiler._pretty_name(self,func)
  -- Only the data collected during the actual
  -- run seems to be correct.... why?
  local info = self.rawstats[ func ].func_info
  -- local info = debug.getinfo( func )
  local name = ""
  if info.what == "Lua" then
    name = "L:"
  if info.what == "C" then
    name = "C:"
  if info.what == "main" then
    name = " :"
  if info.namewhat ~= nil then
    name = name .. info.namewhat .. ":"
  if info.name == nil then
    name = name .. "<"..tostring(func) .. ">"
    name = name .. info.name
  if info.short_src then
    name = name .. "@" .. info.short_src
    if info.what == "C" then
      name = name .. "@?"
      name = name .. "@<string>"
  name = name .. ":"
  if info.what == "C" then
    name = name .. "?"
    name = name .. info.linedefined
  return name
-- This allows you to specify functions which you do
-- not want profiled.
-- BUG: 2 will probably act exactly like 1 in "time" mode.
-- If anyone cares, let me (zorba) know and it can be fixed.
function _profiler.prevent(self, func, enable)
  if enable then
    self.prevented_functions[func] = true
    self.prevented_functions[func] = nil
_profiler.prevented_functions = {
  [_profiler.start] = true,
  [_profiler.stop] = true,
  [_profiler_hook_wrapper_by_time] = true,
  [_profiler_hook_wrapper_by_call] = true,
  [_profiler.prevent] = true,
  [_profiler.report] = true,
  [_profiler.lua_report] = true,
  [_profiler._pretty_name] = true
return _ENV
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