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 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
 * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
 * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
package java.util.concurrent;
import java.util.AbstractSet;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.NavigableMap;
import java.util.NavigableSet;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.SortedSet;
import java.util.Spliterator;
 * A scalable concurrent {@link NavigableSet} implementation based on
 * a {@link ConcurrentSkipListMap}.  The elements of the set are kept
 * sorted according to their {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering},
 * or by a {@link Comparator} provided at set creation time, depending
 * on which constructor is used.
 * <p>This implementation provides expected average <i>log(n)</i> time
 * cost for the {@code contains}, {@code add}, and {@code remove}
 * operations and their variants.  Insertion, removal, and access
 * operations safely execute concurrently by multiple threads.
 * <p>Iterators and spliterators are
 * <a href="package-summary.html#Weakly"><i>weakly consistent</i></a>.
 * <p>Ascending ordered views and their iterators are faster than
 * descending ones.
 * <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, the {@code size}
 * method is <em>not</em> a constant-time operation. Because of the
 * asynchronous nature of these sets, determining the current number
 * of elements requires a traversal of the elements, and so may report
 * inaccurate results if this collection is modified during traversal.
 * Additionally, the bulk operations {@code addAll},
 * {@code removeAll}, {@code retainAll}, {@code containsAll},
 * {@code equals}, and {@code toArray} are <em>not</em> guaranteed
 * to be performed atomically. For example, an iterator operating
 * concurrently with an {@code addAll} operation might view only some
 * of the added elements.
 * <p>This class and its iterators implement all of the
 * <em>optional</em> methods of the {@link Set} and {@link Iterator}
 * interfaces. Like most other concurrent collection implementations,
 * this class does not permit the use of {@code null} elements,
 * because {@code null} arguments and return values cannot be reliably
 * distinguished from the absence of elements.
 * <p>This class is a member of the
 * <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
 * Java Collections Framework</a>.
 * @author Doug Lea
 * @param <E> the type of elements maintained by this set
 * @since 1.6
public class ConcurrentSkipListSet<E>
    extends AbstractSet<E>
    implements NavigableSet<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -2479143111061671589L;
     * The underlying map. Uses Boolean.TRUE as value for each
     * element.  This field is declared final for the sake of thread
     * safety, which entails some ugliness in clone().
    private final ConcurrentNavigableMap<E,Object> m;
     * Constructs a new, empty set that orders its elements according to
     * their {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering}.
    public ConcurrentSkipListSet() {
        m = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<E,Object>();
     * Constructs a new, empty set that orders its elements according to
     * the specified comparator.
     * @param comparator the comparator that will be used to order this set.
     *        If {@code null}, the {@linkplain Comparable natural
     *        ordering} of the elements will be used.
    public ConcurrentSkipListSet(Comparator<? super E> comparator) {
        m = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<E,Object>(comparator);
     * Constructs a new set containing the elements in the specified
     * collection, that orders its elements according to their
     * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering}.
     * @param c The elements that will comprise the new set
     * @throws ClassCastException if the elements in {@code c} are
     *         not {@link Comparable}, or are not mutually comparable
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection or any
     *         of its elements are null
    public ConcurrentSkipListSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        m = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<E,Object>();
        addAll(c);
     * Constructs a new set containing the same elements and using the
     * same ordering as the specified sorted set.
     * @param s sorted set whose elements will comprise the new set
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified sorted set or any
     *         of its elements are null
    public ConcurrentSkipListSet(SortedSet<E> s) {
        m = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<E,Object>(s.comparator());
        addAll(s);
     * For use by submaps
    ConcurrentSkipListSet(ConcurrentNavigableMap<E,Object> m) {
        this.m = m;
     * Returns a shallow copy of this {@code ConcurrentSkipListSet}
     * instance. (The elements themselves are not cloned.)
     * @return a shallow copy of this set
    public ConcurrentSkipListSet<E> clone() {
        try {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            ConcurrentSkipListSet<E> clone =
                (ConcurrentSkipListSet<E>) super.clone();
            clone.setMap(new ConcurrentSkipListMap<E,Object>(m));
            return clone;
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            throw new InternalError();
    /* ---------------- Set operations -------------- */
     * Returns the number of elements in this set.  If this set
     * contains more than {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE} elements, it
     * returns {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE}.
     * <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, this method is
     * <em>NOT</em> a constant-time operation. Because of the
     * asynchronous nature of these sets, determining the current
     * number of elements requires traversing them all to count them.
     * Additionally, it is possible for the size to change during
     * execution of this method, in which case the returned result
     * will be inaccurate. Thus, this method is typically not very
     * useful in concurrent applications.
     * @return the number of elements in this set
    public int size() {
        return m.size();
     * Returns {@code true} if this set contains no elements.
     * @return {@code true} if this set contains no elements
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return m.isEmpty();
     * Returns {@code true} if this set contains the specified element.
     * More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this set
     * contains an element {@code e} such that {@code o.equals(e)}.
     * @param o object to be checked for containment in this set
     * @return {@code true} if this set contains the specified element
     * @throws ClassCastException if the specified element cannot be
     *         compared with the elements currently in this set
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        return m.containsKey(o);
     * Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already present.
     * More formally, adds the specified element {@code e} to this set if
     * the set contains no element {@code e2} such that {@code e.equals(e2)}.
     * If this set already contains the element, the call leaves the set
     * unchanged and returns {@code false}.
     * @param e element to be added to this set
     * @return {@code true} if this set did not already contain the
     *         specified element
     * @throws ClassCastException if {@code e} cannot be compared
     *         with the elements currently in this set
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
    public boolean add(E e) {
        return m.putIfAbsent(e, Boolean.TRUE) == null;
     * Removes the specified element from this set if it is present.
     * More formally, removes an element {@code e} such that
     * {@code o.equals(e)}, if this set contains such an element.
     * Returns {@code true} if this set contained the element (or
     * equivalently, if this set changed as a result of the call).
     * (This set will not contain the element once the call returns.)
     * @param o object to be removed from this set, if present
     * @return {@code true} if this set contained the specified element
     * @throws ClassCastException if {@code o} cannot be compared
     *         with the elements currently in this set
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        return m.remove(o, Boolean.TRUE);
     * Removes all of the elements from this set.
    public void clear() {
        m.clear();
     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this set in ascending order.
     * @return an iterator over the elements in this set in ascending order
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return m.navigableKeySet().iterator();
     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this set in descending order.
     * @return an iterator over the elements in this set in descending order
    public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
        return m.descendingKeySet().iterator();
    /* ---------------- AbstractSet Overrides -------------- */
     * Compares the specified object with this set for equality.  Returns
     * {@code true} if the specified object is also a set, the two sets
     * have the same size, and every member of the specified set is
     * contained in this set (or equivalently, every member of this set is
     * contained in the specified set).  This definition ensures that the
     * equals method works properly across different implementations of the
     * set interface.
     * @param o the object to be compared for equality with this set
     * @return {@code true} if the specified object is equal to this set
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        // Override AbstractSet version to avoid calling size()
        if (o == this)
            return true;
        if (!(o instanceof Set))
            return false;
        Collection<?> c = (Collection<?>) o;
        try {
            return containsAll(c) && c.containsAll(this);
        } catch (ClassCastException unused) {
            return false;
        } catch (NullPointerException unused) {
            return false;
     * Removes from this set all of its elements that are contained in
     * the specified collection.  If the specified collection is also
     * a set, this operation effectively modifies this set so that its
     * value is the <i>asymmetric set difference</i> of the two sets.
     * @param  c collection containing elements to be removed from this set
     * @return {@code true} if this set changed as a result of the call
     * @throws ClassCastException if the types of one or more elements in this
     *         set are incompatible with the specified collection
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection or any
     *         of its elements are null
    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
        // Override AbstractSet version to avoid unnecessary call to size()
        boolean modified = false;
        for (Object e : c)
            if (remove(e))
                modified = true;
        return modified;
    /* ---------------- Relational operations -------------- */
     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
    public E lower(E e) {
        return m.lowerKey(e);
     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
    public E floor(E e) {
        return m.floorKey(e);
     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
    public E ceiling(E e) {
        return m.ceilingKey(e);
     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
    public E higher(E e) {
        return m.higherKey(e);
    public E pollFirst() {
        Map.Entry<E,Object> e = m.pollFirstEntry();
        return (e == null) ? null : e.getKey();
    public E pollLast() {
        Map.Entry<E,Object> e = m.pollLastEntry();
        return (e == null) ? null : e.getKey();
    /* ---------------- SortedSet operations -------------- */
    public Comparator<? super E> comparator() {
        return m.comparator();
     * @throws java.util.NoSuchElementException {@inheritDoc}
    public E first() {
        return m.firstKey();
     * @throws java.util.NoSuchElementException {@inheritDoc}
    public E last() {
        return m.lastKey();
     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} or
     *         {@code toElement} is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
    public NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement,
                                  boolean fromInclusive,
                                  E toElement,
                                  boolean toInclusive) {
        return new ConcurrentSkipListSet<E>
            (m.subMap(fromElement, fromInclusive,
                      toElement,   toInclusive));
     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code toElement} is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
    public NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement, boolean inclusive) {
        return new ConcurrentSkipListSet<E>(m.headMap(toElement, inclusive));
     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
    public NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement, boolean inclusive) {
        return new ConcurrentSkipListSet<E>(m.tailMap(fromElement, inclusive));
     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} or
     *         {@code toElement} is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
    public NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement) {
        return subSet(fromElement, true, toElement, false);
     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code toElement} is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
    public NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement) {
        return headSet(toElement, false);
     * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
    public NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement) {
        return tailSet(fromElement, true);
     * Returns a reverse order view of the elements contained in this set.
     * The descending set is backed by this set, so changes to the set are
     * reflected in the descending set, and vice-versa.
     * <p>The returned set has an ordering equivalent to
     * {@link Collections#reverseOrder(Comparator) Collections.reverseOrder}{@code (comparator())}.
     * The expression {@code s.descendingSet().descendingSet()} returns a
     * view of {@code s} essentially equivalent to {@code s}.
     * @return a reverse order view of this set
    public NavigableSet<E> descendingSet() {
        return new ConcurrentSkipListSet<E>(m.descendingMap());
     * Returns a {@link Spliterator} over the elements in this set.
     * <p>The {@code Spliterator} reports {@link Spliterator#CONCURRENT},
     * {@link Spliterator#NONNULL}, {@link Spliterator#DISTINCT},
     * {@link Spliterator#SORTED} and {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}, with an
     * encounter order that is ascending order.  Overriding implementations
     * should document the reporting of additional characteristic values.
     * <p>The spliterator's comparator (see
     * {@link java.util.Spliterator#getComparator()}) is {@code null} if
     * the set's comparator (see {@link #comparator()}) is {@code null}.
     * Otherwise, the spliterator's comparator is the same as or imposes the
     * same total ordering as the set's comparator.
     * @return a {@code Spliterator} over the elements in this set
     * @since 1.8
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
        if (m instanceof ConcurrentSkipListMap)
            return ((ConcurrentSkipListMap<E,?>)m).keySpliterator();
        else
            return (Spliterator<E>)((ConcurrentSkipListMap.SubMap<E,?>)m).keyIterator();
    // Support for resetting map in clone
    private void setMap(ConcurrentNavigableMap<E,Object> map) {
        UNSAFE.putObjectVolatile(this, mapOffset, map);
    private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
    private static final long mapOffset;
    static {
        try {
            UNSAFE = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
            Class<?> k = ConcurrentSkipListSet.class;
            mapOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
                (k.getDeclaredField("m"));
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new Error(e);
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