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"""This module contains a code example related to

Think Python, 2nd Edition

by Allen Downey

http://thinkpython2.com

Copyright 2015 Allen Downey

License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

"""

from __future__ import print_function, division

import os

def walk(dirname):

"""Finds the names of all files in dirname and its subdirectories.

dirname: string name of directory

"""

names = []

if '__pycache__' in dirname:

return names

for name in os.listdir(dirname):

path = os.path.join(dirname, name)

if os.path.isfile(path):

names.append(path)

else:

names.extend(walk(path))

return names

def compute_checksum(filename):

"""Computes the MD5 checksum of the contents of a file.

filename: string

"""

cmd = 'md5sum ' + filename

return pipe(cmd)

def check_diff(name1, name2):

"""Computes the difference between the contents of two files.

name1, name2: string filenames

"""

cmd = 'diff %s %s' % (name1, name2)

return pipe(cmd)

def pipe(cmd):

"""Runs a command in a subprocess.

cmd: string Unix command

Returns (res, stat), the output of the subprocess and the exit status.

"""

# Note: os.popen is deprecated

# now, which means we are supposed to stop using it and start using

# the subprocess module. But for simple cases, I find

# subprocess more complicated than necessary. So I am going

# to keep using os.popen until they take it away.

fp = os.popen(cmd)

res = fp.read()

stat = fp.close()

assert stat is None

return res, stat

def compute_checksums(dirname, suffix):

"""Computes checksums for all files with the given suffix.

dirname: string name of directory to search

suffix: string suffix to match

Returns: map from checksum to list of files with that checksum

"""

names = walk(dirname)

d = {}

for name in names:

if name.endswith(suffix):

res, stat = compute_checksum(name)

checksum, _ = res.split()

if checksum in d:

d[checksum].append(name)

else:

d[checksum] = [name]

return d

def check_pairs(names):

"""Checks whether any in a list of files differs from the others.

names: list of string filenames

"""

for name1 in names:

for name2 in names:

if name1 < name2:

res, stat = check_diff(name1, name2)

if res:

return False

return True

def print_duplicates(d):

"""Checks for duplicate files.

Reports any files with the same checksum and checks whether they

are, in fact, identical.

d: map from checksum to list of files with that checksum

"""

for key, names in d.items():

if len(names) > 1:

print('The following files have the same checksum:')

for name in names:

print(name)

if check_pairs(names):

print('And they are identical.')

if __name__ == '__main__':

d = compute_checksums(dirname='.', suffix='.py')

print_duplicates(d)