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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
Transfer Learning for Computer Vision Tutorial
==============================================
**Author**: `Sasank Chilamkurthy <https://chsasank.github.io>`_
In this tutorial, you will learn how to train a convolutional neural network for
image classification using transfer learning. You can read more about the transfer
learning at `cs231n notes <https://cs231n.github.io/transfer-learning/>`__
Quoting these notes,
    In practice, very few people train an entire Convolutional Network
    from scratch (with random initialization), because it is relatively
    rare to have a dataset of sufficient size. Instead, it is common to
    pretrain a ConvNet on a very large dataset (e.g. ImageNet, which
    contains 1.2 million images with 1000 categories), and then use the
    ConvNet either as an initialization or a fixed feature extractor for
    the task of interest.
These two major transfer learning scenarios look as follows:
-  **Finetuning the convnet**: Instead of random initializaion, we
   initialize the network with a pretrained network, like the one that is
   trained on imagenet 1000 dataset. Rest of the training looks as
-  **ConvNet as fixed feature extractor**: Here, we will freeze the weights
   for all of the network except that of the final fully connected
   layer. This last fully connected layer is replaced with a new one
   with random weights and only this layer is trained.
# License: BSD
# Author: Sasank Chilamkurthy
from __future__ import print_function, division
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torch.optim import lr_scheduler
import numpy as np
import torchvision
from torchvision import datasets, models, transforms
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import time
import copy
plt.ion()   # interactive mode
######################################################################
# Load Data
# ---------
# We will use torchvision and torch.utils.data packages for loading the
# The problem we're going to solve today is to train a model to classify
# **ants** and **bees**. We have about 120 training images each for ants and bees.
# There are 75 validation images for each class. Usually, this is a very
# small dataset to generalize upon, if trained from scratch. Since we
# are using transfer learning, we should be able to generalize reasonably
# This dataset is a very small subset of imagenet.
# .. Note ::
#    Download the data from
#    `here <https://download.pytorch.org/tutorial/hymenoptera_data.zip>`_
#    and extract it to the current directory.
# Data augmentation and normalization for training
# Just normalization for validation
data_transforms = {
    'train': transforms.Compose([
        transforms.RandomResizedCrop(224),
        transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(),
        transforms.ToTensor(),
        transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
    'val': transforms.Compose([
        transforms.Resize(256),
        transforms.CenterCrop(224),
        transforms.ToTensor(),
        transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
data_dir = 'data/hymenoptera_data'
image_datasets = {x: datasets.ImageFolder(os.path.join(data_dir, x),
                                          data_transforms[x])
                  for x in ['train', 'val']}
dataloaders = {x: torch.utils.data.DataLoader(image_datasets[x], batch_size=4,
                                             shuffle=True, num_workers=4)
              for x in ['train', 'val']}
dataset_sizes = {x: len(image_datasets[x]) for x in ['train', 'val']}
class_names = image_datasets['train'].classes
device = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
######################################################################
# Visualize a few images
# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
# Let's visualize a few training images so as to understand the data
# augmentations.
def imshow(inp, title=None):
    """Imshow for Tensor."""
    inp = inp.numpy().transpose((1, 2, 0))
    mean = np.array([0.485, 0.456, 0.406])
    std = np.array([0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
    inp = std * inp + mean
    inp = np.clip(inp, 0, 1)
    plt.imshow(inp)
    if title is not None:
        plt.title(title)
    plt.pause(0.001)  # pause a bit so that plots are updated
# Get a batch of training data
inputs, classes = next(iter(dataloaders['train']))
# Make a grid from batch
out = torchvision.utils.make_grid(inputs)
imshow(out, title=[class_names[x] for x in classes])
######################################################################
# Training the model
# ------------------
# Now, let's write a general function to train a model. Here, we will
# illustrate:
# -  Scheduling the learning rate
# -  Saving the best model
# In the following, parameter ``scheduler`` is an LR scheduler object from
# ``torch.optim.lr_scheduler``.
def train_model(model, criterion, optimizer, scheduler, num_epochs=25):
    since = time.time()
    best_model_wts = copy.deepcopy(model.state_dict())
    best_acc = 0.0
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        print('Epoch {}/{}'.format(epoch, num_epochs - 1))
        print('-' * 10)
        # Each epoch has a training and validation phase
        for phase in ['train', 'val']:
            if phase == 'train':
                model.train()  # Set model to training mode
            else:
                model.eval()   # Set model to evaluate mode
            running_loss = 0.0
            running_corrects = 0
            # Iterate over data.
            for inputs, labels in dataloaders[phase]:
                inputs = inputs.to(device)
                labels = labels.to(device)
                # zero the parameter gradients
                optimizer.zero_grad()
                # forward
                # track history if only in train
                with torch.set_grad_enabled(phase == 'train'):
                    outputs = model(inputs)
                    _, preds = torch.max(outputs, 1)
                    loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
                    # backward + optimize only if in training phase
                    if phase == 'train':
                        loss.backward()
                        optimizer.step()
                # statistics
                running_loss += loss.item() * inputs.size(0)
                running_corrects += torch.sum(preds == labels.data)
            if phase == 'train':
                scheduler.step()
            epoch_loss = running_loss / dataset_sizes[phase]
            epoch_acc = running_corrects.double() / dataset_sizes[phase]
            print('{} Loss: {:.4f} Acc: {:.4f}'.format(
                phase, epoch_loss, epoch_acc))
            # deep copy the model
            if phase == 'val' and epoch_acc > best_acc:
                best_acc = epoch_acc
                best_model_wts = copy.deepcopy(model.state_dict())
        print()
    time_elapsed = time.time() - since
    print('Training complete in {:.0f}m {:.0f}s'.format(
        time_elapsed // 60, time_elapsed % 60))
    print('Best val Acc: {:4f}'.format(best_acc))
    # load best model weights
    model.load_state_dict(best_model_wts)
    return model
######################################################################
# Visualizing the model predictions
# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
# Generic function to display predictions for a few images
def visualize_model(model, num_images=6):
    was_training = model.training
    model.eval()
    images_so_far = 0
    fig = plt.figure()
    with torch.no_grad():
        for i, (inputs, labels) in enumerate(dataloaders['val']):
            inputs = inputs.to(device)
            labels = labels.to(device)
            outputs = model(inputs)
            _, preds = torch.max(outputs, 1)
            for j in range(inputs.size()[0]):
                images_so_far += 1
                ax = plt.subplot(num_images//2, 2, images_so_far)
                ax.axis('off')
                ax.set_title('predicted: {}'.format(class_names[preds[j]]))
                imshow(inputs.cpu().data[j])
                if images_so_far == num_images:
                    model.train(mode=was_training)
                    return
        model.train(mode=was_training)
######################################################################
# Finetuning the convnet
# ----------------------
# Load a pretrained model and reset final fully connected layer.
model_ft = models.resnet18(pretrained=True)
num_ftrs = model_ft.fc.in_features
# Here the size of each output sample is set to 2.
# Alternatively, it can be generalized to nn.Linear(num_ftrs, len(class_names)).
model_ft.fc = nn.Linear(num_ftrs, 2)
model_ft = model_ft.to(device)
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
# Observe that all parameters are being optimized
optimizer_ft = optim.SGD(model_ft.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)
# Decay LR by a factor of 0.1 every 7 epochs
exp_lr_scheduler = lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer_ft, step_size=7, gamma=0.1)
######################################################################
# Train and evaluate
# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
# It should take around 15-25 min on CPU. On GPU though, it takes less than a
model_ft = train_model(model_ft, criterion, optimizer_ft, exp_lr_scheduler,
                       num_epochs=25)
######################################################################
visualize_model(model_ft)
######################################################################
# ConvNet as fixed feature extractor
# ----------------------------------
# Here, we need to freeze all the network except the final layer. We need
# to set ``requires_grad == False`` to freeze the parameters so that the
# gradients are not computed in ``backward()``.
# You can read more about this in the documentation
# `here <https://pytorch.org/docs/notes/autograd.html#excluding-subgraphs-from-backward>`__.
model_conv = torchvision.models.resnet18(pretrained=True)
for param in model_conv.parameters():
    param.requires_grad = False
# Parameters of newly constructed modules have requires_grad=True by default
num_ftrs = model_conv.fc.in_features
model_conv.fc = nn.Linear(num_ftrs, 2)
model_conv = model_conv.to(device)
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
# Observe that only parameters of final layer are being optimized as
# opposed to before.
optimizer_conv = optim.SGD(model_conv.fc.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)
# Decay LR by a factor of 0.1 every 7 epochs
exp_lr_scheduler = lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer_conv, step_size=7, gamma=0.1)
######################################################################
# Train and evaluate
# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
# On CPU this will take about half the time compared to previous scenario.
# This is expected as gradients don't need to be computed for most of the
# network. However, forward does need to be computed.
model_conv = train_model(model_conv, criterion, optimizer_conv,
                         exp_lr_scheduler, num_epochs=25)
######################################################################
visualize_model(model_conv)
######################################################################
# Further Learning
# -----------------
# If you would like to learn more about the applications of transfer learning,
# checkout our `Quantized Transfer Learning for Computer Vision Tutorial <https://pytorch.org/tutorials/intermediate/quantized_transfer_learning_tutorial.html>`_.
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