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  Print.cpp - Base class that provides print() and println()
  Copyright (c) 2014 Arduino.  All right reserved.
  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
  modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
  License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
  This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
  Lesser General Public License for more details.
  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
  License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
  Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "Print.h"
using namespace arduino;
// Public Methods //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/* default implementation: may be overridden */
size_t Print::write(const uint8_t *buffer, size_t size)
  size_t n = 0;
  while (size--) {
    if (write(*buffer++)) n++;
    else break;
  return n;
size_t Print::print(const __FlashStringHelper *ifsh)
#if defined(__AVR__)
  PGM_P p = reinterpret_cast<PGM_P>(ifsh);
  size_t n = 0;
  while (1) {
    unsigned char c = pgm_read_byte(p++);
    if (c == 0) break;
    if (write(c)) n++;
    else break;
  return n;
  return print(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(ifsh));
size_t Print::print(const String &s)
  return write(s.c_str(), s.length());
size_t Print::print(const char str[])
  return write(str);
size_t Print::print(char c)
  return write(c);
size_t Print::print(unsigned char b, int base)
  return print((unsigned long) b, base);
size_t Print::print(int n, int base)
  return print((long) n, base);
size_t Print::print(unsigned int n, int base)
  return print((unsigned long) n, base);
size_t Print::print(long n, int base)
  if (base == 0) {
    return write(n);
  } else if (base == 10) {
    if (n < 0) {
      int t = print('-');
      n = -n;
      return printNumber(n, 10) + t;
    return printNumber(n, 10);
    return printNumber(n, base);
size_t Print::print(unsigned long n, int base)
  if (base == 0) return write(n);
  else return printNumber(n, base);
size_t Print::print(long long n, int base)
  if (base == 0) {
    return write(n);
  } else if (base == 10) {
    if (n < 0) {
      int t = print('-');
      n = -n;
      return printULLNumber(n, 10) + t;
    return printULLNumber(n, 10);
    return printULLNumber(n, base);
size_t Print::print(unsigned long long n, int base)
  if (base == 0) return write(n);
  else return printULLNumber(n, base);
size_t Print::print(double n, int digits)
  return printFloat(n, digits);
size_t Print::println(const __FlashStringHelper *ifsh)
  size_t n = print(ifsh);
  n += println();
  return n;
size_t Print::print(const Printable& x)
  return x.printTo(*this);
size_t Print::println(void)
  return write("\r\n");
size_t Print::println(const String &s)
  size_t n = print(s);
  n += println();
  return n;
size_t Print::println(const char c[])
  size_t n = print(c);
  n += println();
  return n;
size_t Print::println(char c)
  size_t n = print(c);
  n += println();
  return n;
size_t Print::println(unsigned char b, int base)
  size_t n = print(b, base);
  n += println();
  return n;
size_t Print::println(int num, int base)
  size_t n = print(num, base);
  n += println();
  return n;
size_t Print::println(unsigned int num, int base)
  size_t n = print(num, base);
  n += println();
  return n;
size_t Print::println(long num, int base)
  size_t n = print(num, base);
  n += println();
  return n;
size_t Print::println(unsigned long num, int base)
  size_t n = print(num, base);
  n += println();
  return n;
size_t Print::println(long long num, int base)
  size_t n = print(num, base);
  n += println();
  return n;
size_t Print::println(unsigned long long num, int base)
  size_t n = print(num, base);
  n += println();
  return n;
size_t Print::println(double num, int digits)
  size_t n = print(num, digits);
  n += println();
  return n;
size_t Print::println(const Printable& x)
  size_t n = print(x);
  n += println();
  return n;
// Private Methods /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
size_t Print::printNumber(unsigned long n, uint8_t base)
  char buf[8 * sizeof(long) + 1]; // Assumes 8-bit chars plus zero byte.
  char *str = &buf[sizeof(buf) - 1];
  *str = '\0';
  // prevent crash if called with base == 1
  if (base < 2) base = 10;
    char c = n % base;
    n /= base;
    *--str = c < 10 ? c + '0' : c + 'A' - 10;
  } while(n);
  return write(str);
// REFERENCE IMPLEMENTATION FOR ULL
// size_t Print::printULLNumber(unsigned long long n, uint8_t base)
  // // if limited to base 10 and 16 the bufsize can be smaller
  // char buf[65];
  // char *str = &buf[64];
  // *str = '\0';
  // // prevent crash if called with base == 1
  // if (base < 2) base = 10;
    // do {
      // unsigned long long t = n / base;
      // char c = n - t * base;  // faster than c = n%base;
      // n = t;
      // *--str = c < 10 ? c + '0' : c + 'A' - 10;
  // } while(n);
  // return write(str);
// FAST IMPLEMENTATION FOR ULL
size_t Print::printULLNumber(unsigned long long n64, uint8_t base)
  // if limited to base 10 and 16 the bufsize can be 20
  char buf[64];
  uint8_t i = 0;
  uint8_t innerLoops = 0;
  // Special case workaround https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-API/issues/178
  if (n64 == 0) {
    write('0');
    return 1;
  // prevent crash if called with base == 1
  if (base < 2) base = 10;
  // process chunks that fit in "16 bit math".
  uint16_t top = 0xFFFF / base;
  uint16_t th16 = 1;
  while (th16 < top)
    th16 *= base;
    innerLoops++;
  while (n64 > th16)
    // 64 bit math part
    uint64_t q = n64 / th16;
    uint16_t r = n64 - q*th16;
    n64 = q;
    // 16 bit math loop to do remainder. (note buffer is filled reverse)
    for (uint8_t j=0; j < innerLoops; j++)
      uint16_t qq = r/base;
      buf[i++] = r - qq*base;
      r = qq;
  uint16_t n16 = n64;
  while (n16 > 0)
    uint16_t qq = n16/base;
    buf[i++] = n16 - qq*base;
    n16 = qq;
  size_t bytes = i;
  for (; i > 0; i--)
    write((char) (buf[i - 1] < 10 ?
    '0' + buf[i - 1] :
    'A' + buf[i - 1] - 10));
  return bytes;
size_t Print::printFloat(double number, int digits)
  if (digits < 0)
    digits = 2;
  size_t n = 0;
  if (isnan(number)) return print("nan");
  if (isinf(number)) return print("inf");
  if (number > 4294967040.0) return print ("ovf");  // constant determined empirically
  if (number <-4294967040.0) return print ("ovf");  // constant determined empirically
  // Handle negative numbers
  if (number < 0.0)
     n += print('-');
     number = -number;
  // Round correctly so that print(1.999, 2) prints as "2.00"
  double rounding = 0.5;
  for (uint8_t i=0; i<digits; ++i)
    rounding /= 10.0;
  number += rounding;
  // Extract the integer part of the number and print it
  unsigned long int_part = (unsigned long)number;
  double remainder = number - (double)int_part;
  n += print(int_part);
  // Print the decimal point, but only if there are digits beyond
  if (digits > 0) {
    n += print(".");
  // Extract digits from the remainder one at a time
  while (digits-- > 0)
    remainder *= 10.0;
    unsigned int toPrint = (unsigned int)remainder;
    n += print(toPrint);
    remainder -= toPrint;
  return n;
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