UnixJunkie
diff --git a/‎backtracking/hamiltonian_cycle.py‎
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+"""
+    A Hamiltonian cycle (Hamiltonian circuit) is a graph cycle 
+    through a graph that visits each node exactly once.
+    Determining whether such paths and cycles exist in graphs 
+    is the 'Hamiltonian path problem', which is NP-complete.
+    
+    Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_path
+"""
+from typing import List
+
+
+def valid_connection(
+    graph: List[List[int]], next_ver: int, curr_ind: int, path: List[int]
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Checks whether it is possible to add next into path by validating 2 statements
+    1. There should be path between current and next vertex
+    2. Next vertex should not be in path
+    If both validations succeeds we return true saying that it is possible to connect this vertices
+    either we return false
+    
+    Case 1:Use exact graph as in main function, with initialized values
+    >>> graph = [[0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
+    ...          [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+    ...          [0, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+    ...          [1, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+    ...          [0, 1, 1, 1, 0]]
+    >>> path = [0, -1, -1, -1, -1, 0]
+    >>> curr_ind = 1
+    >>> next_ver = 1
+    >>> valid_connection(graph, next_ver, curr_ind, path)
+    True
+
+    Case 2: Same graph, but trying to connect to node that is already in path
+    >>> path = [0, 1, 2, 4, -1, 0]
+    >>> curr_ind = 4
+    >>> next_ver = 1
+    >>> valid_connection(graph, next_ver, curr_ind, path)
+    False
+    """
+
+    # 1. Validate that path exists between current and next vertices
+    if graph[path[curr_ind - 1]][next_ver] == 0:
+        return False
+
+    # 2. Validate that next vertex is not already in path
+    return not any(vertex == next_ver for vertex in path)
+
+
+def util_hamilton_cycle(graph: List[List[int]], path: List[int], curr_ind: int) -> bool:
+    """
+    Pseudo-Code
+    Base Case:
+    1. Chceck if we visited all of vertices
+        1.1 If last visited vertex has path to starting vertex return True either return False
+    Recursive Step:
+    2. Iterate over each vertex
+        Check if next vertex is valid for transiting from current vertex
+            2.1 Remember next vertex as next transition 
+            2.2 Do recursive call and check if going to this vertex solves problem
+            2.3 if next vertex leads to solution return True
+            2.4 else backtrack, delete remembered vertex
+            
+    Case 1: Use exact graph as in main function, with initialized values
+    >>> graph = [[0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
+    ...          [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+    ...          [0, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+    ...          [1, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+    ...          [0, 1, 1, 1, 0]]
+    >>> path = [0, -1, -1, -1, -1, 0]
+    >>> curr_ind = 1
+    >>> util_hamilton_cycle(graph, path, curr_ind)
+    True
+    >>> print(path)
+    [0, 1, 2, 4, 3, 0]
+
+    Case 2: Use exact graph as in previous case, but in the properties taken from middle of calculation
+    >>> graph = [[0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
+    ...          [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+    ...          [0, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+    ...          [1, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+    ...          [0, 1, 1, 1, 0]]
+    >>> path = [0, 1, 2, -1, -1, 0]
+    >>> curr_ind = 3
+    >>> util_hamilton_cycle(graph, path, curr_ind)
+    True
+    >>> print(path)
+    [0, 1, 2, 4, 3, 0]
+    """
+
+    # Base Case
+    if curr_ind == len(graph):
+        # return whether path exists between current and starting vertices
+        return graph[path[curr_ind - 1]][path[0]] == 1
+
+    # Recursive Step
+    for next in range(0, len(graph)):
+        if valid_connection(graph, next, curr_ind, path):
+            # Insert current vertex  into path as next transition
+            path[curr_ind] = next
+            # Validate created path
+            if util_hamilton_cycle(graph, path, curr_ind + 1):
+                return True
+            # Backtrack
+            path[curr_ind] = -1
+    return False
+
+
+def hamilton_cycle(graph: List[List[int]], start_index: int = 0) -> List[int]:
+    r"""
+    Wrapper function to call subroutine called util_hamilton_cycle,
+    which will either return array of vertices indicating hamiltonian cycle
+    or an empty list indicating that hamiltonian cycle was not found.
+    Case 1: 
+    Following graph consists of 5 edges. 
+    If we look closely, we can see that there are multiple Hamiltonian cycles.
+    For example one result is when we iterate like: 
+    (0)->(1)->(2)->(4)->(3)->(0)
+    
+    (0)---(1)---(2)
+     |   /   \   |
+     |  /     \  |
+     | /       \ |
+     |/         \|
+    (3)---------(4)
+    >>> graph = [[0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
+    ...          [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+    ...          [0, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+    ...          [1, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+    ...          [0, 1, 1, 1, 0]]
+    >>> hamilton_cycle(graph)
+    [0, 1, 2, 4, 3, 0]
+    
+    Case 2: 
+    Same Graph as it was in Case 1, changed starting index from default to 3
+    
+    (0)---(1)---(2)
+     |   /   \   |
+     |  /     \  |
+     | /       \ |
+     |/         \|
+    (3)---------(4)
+    >>> graph = [[0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
+    ...          [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+    ...          [0, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+    ...          [1, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+    ...          [0, 1, 1, 1, 0]]
+    >>> hamilton_cycle(graph, 3)
+    [3, 0, 1, 2, 4, 3]
+    
+    Case 3:
+    Following Graph is exactly what it was before, but edge 3-4 is removed.
+    Result is that there is no Hamiltonian Cycle anymore.
+    
+    (0)---(1)---(2)
+     |   /   \   |
+     |  /     \  |
+     | /       \ |
+     |/         \|
+    (3)         (4)
+    >>> graph = [[0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
+    ...          [1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+    ...          [0, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+    ...          [1, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+    ...          [0, 1, 1, 0, 0]]
+    >>> hamilton_cycle(graph,4)
+    []
+    """
+
+    # Initialize path with -1, indicating that we have not visited them yet
+    path = [-1] * (len(graph) + 1)
+    # initialize start and end of path with starting index
+    path[0] = path[-1] = start_index
+    # evaluate and if we find answer return path either return empty array
+    return path if util_hamilton_cycle(graph, path, 1) else []