RustPython
diff --git a/‎Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py‎
Lines changed: 2 additions & 2 deletions b/‎Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py‎
Lines changed: 2 additions & 2 deletions
diff --git a/‎Lib/test/test_threading.py‎
Lines changed: 0 additions & 4 deletions b/‎Lib/test/test_threading.py‎
Lines changed: 0 additions & 4 deletions
diff --git a/‎crates/common/src/refcount.rs‎
Lines changed: 1 addition & 1 deletion b/‎crates/common/src/refcount.rs‎
Lines changed: 1 addition & 1 deletion
diff --git a/‎crates/compiler-core/src/bytecode.rs‎
Lines changed: 35 additions & 15 deletions b/‎crates/compiler-core/src/bytecode.rs‎
Lines changed: 35 additions & 15 deletions
@@ -4815,9 +4815,9 @@ def test_finalize(self):
         result = [obj for obj in iter(conn.recv, 'STOP')]
         self.assertEqual(result, ['a', 'b', 'd10', 'd03', 'd02', 'd01', 'e'])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON - gc.get_threshold() and gc.set_threshold() not implemented
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @support.requires_resource('cpu')
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; dict iteration races with concurrent GC mutations
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_thread_safety(self):
         # bpo-24484: _run_finalizers() should be thread-safe
         def cb():
 
@@ -2141,10 +2141,6 @@ def __init__(self, a, *, b) -> None:
             CustomRLock(1, b=2)
         self.assertEqual(warnings_log, [])
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailure # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    def test_release_save_unacquired(self):
-        return super().test_release_save_unacquired()
-
     @unittest.skip('TODO: RUSTPYTHON; flaky test')
     def test_different_thread(self):
         return super().test_different_thread()
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ impl RefCount {
     pub fn safe_inc(&self) -> bool {
         let mut old = State::from_raw(self.state.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
         loop {
-            if old.destructed() {
+            if old.destructed() || old.strong() == 0 {
                 return false;
             }
             if (old.strong() as usize) >= STRONG {
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use core::{
     cell::UnsafeCell,
     hash, mem,
     ops::Deref,
-    sync::atomic::{AtomicU8, AtomicU16, Ordering},
+    sync::atomic::{AtomicU8, AtomicU16, AtomicUsize, Ordering},
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
@@ -411,6 +411,10 @@ impl TryFrom<&[u8]> for CodeUnit {
 pub struct CodeUnits {
     units: UnsafeCell<Box<[CodeUnit]>>,
     adaptive_counters: Box<[AtomicU16]>,
+    /// Pointer-sized cache entries for descriptor pointers.
+    /// Single atomic load/store prevents torn reads when multiple threads
+    /// specialize the same instruction concurrently.
+    pointer_cache: Box<[AtomicUsize]>,
 }
 
 // SAFETY: All cache operations use atomic read/write instructions.
@@ -432,9 +436,15 @@ impl Clone for CodeUnits {
             .iter()
             .map(|c| AtomicU16::new(c.load(Ordering::Relaxed)))
             .collect();
+        let pointer_cache = self
+            .pointer_cache
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| AtomicUsize::new(c.load(Ordering::Relaxed)))
+            .collect();
         Self {
             units: UnsafeCell::new(units),
             adaptive_counters,
+            pointer_cache,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -472,13 +482,19 @@ impl<const N: usize> From<[CodeUnit; N]> for CodeUnits {
 impl From<Vec<CodeUnit>> for CodeUnits {
     fn from(value: Vec<CodeUnit>) -> Self {
         let units = value.into_boxed_slice();
-        let adaptive_counters = (0..units.len())
+        let len = units.len();
+        let adaptive_counters = (0..len)
             .map(|_| AtomicU16::new(0))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>()
             .into_boxed_slice();
+        let pointer_cache = (0..len)
+            .map(|_| AtomicUsize::new(0))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .into_boxed_slice();
         Self {
             units: UnsafeCell::new(units),
             adaptive_counters,
+            pointer_cache,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -600,25 +616,29 @@ impl CodeUnits {
         lo | (hi << 16)
     }
 
-    /// Write a u64 value across four consecutive CACHE code units starting at `index`.
+    /// Store a pointer-sized value atomically in the pointer cache at `index`.
+    ///
+    /// Uses a single `AtomicUsize` store to prevent torn writes when
+    /// multiple threads specialize the same instruction concurrently.
     ///
     /// # Safety
-    /// Same requirements as `write_cache_u16`.
-    pub unsafe fn write_cache_u64(&self, index: usize, value: u64) {
-        unsafe {
-            self.write_cache_u32(index, value as u32);
-            self.write_cache_u32(index + 2, (value >> 32) as u32);
-        }
+    /// - `index` must be in bounds.
+    /// - `value` must be `0` or a valid `*const PyObject` encoded as `usize`.
+    /// - Callers must follow the cache invalidation/upgrade protocol:
+    ///   invalidate the version guard before writing and publish the new
+    ///   version after writing.
+    pub unsafe fn write_cache_ptr(&self, index: usize, value: usize) {
+        self.pointer_cache[index].store(value, Ordering::Relaxed);
     }
 
-    /// Read a u64 value from four consecutive CACHE code units starting at `index`.
+    /// Load a pointer-sized value atomically from the pointer cache at `index`.
+    ///
+    /// Uses a single `AtomicUsize` load to prevent torn reads.
     ///
     /// # Panics
-    /// Panics if `index + 3` is out of bounds.
-    pub fn read_cache_u64(&self, index: usize) -> u64 {
-        let lo = self.read_cache_u32(index) as u64;
-        let hi = self.read_cache_u32(index + 2) as u64;
-        lo | (hi << 32)
+    /// Panics if `index` is out of bounds.
+    pub fn read_cache_ptr(&self, index: usize) -> usize {
+        self.pointer_cache[index].load(Ordering::Relaxed)
     }
 
     /// Read adaptive counter bits for instruction at `index`.
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
`@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ impl RefCount {`
`123`	`123`	`pub fn safe_inc(&self) -> bool {`
`124`	`124`	`let mut old = State::from_raw(self.state.load(Ordering::Relaxed));`
`125`	`125`	`loop {`
`126`		`- if old.destructed() {`
	`126`	`+ if old.destructed() \|\| old.strong() == 0 {`
`127`	`127`	`return false;`
`128`	`128`	`}`
`129`	`129`	`if (old.strong() as usize) >= STRONG {`