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target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-v-7bc22406 data-v-bd121fe5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="M22.957 7.21c-.004-3.064-2.391-5.576-5.191-6.482-3.478-1.125-8.064-.962-11.384.604C2.357 3.231 1.093 7.391 1.046 11.54c-.039 3.411.302 7.463 3.097 9.746 2.602 2.124 6.19 2.078 9.402 1.836 1.883-.142 3.939-.358 5.477-1.528 1.564-1.19 1.873-3.298 1.972-5.151.134-2.51.187-5.016-.037-7.233zm-2.55 7.703c-.078 1.593-.383 3.473-1.795 4.334-1.351.824-3.151.973-4.686 1.083-2.891.207-6.063.276-8.514-1.399C3.106 17.39 2.924 14.34 2.95 11.67c.03-3.206.678-6.721 3.654-8.375 2.756-1.531 6.556-1.727 9.544-.872 2.339.669 4.351 2.678 4.355 5.217.007 2.583-.016 5.168-.095 7.273z"/><path d="M16.088 5.19c-1.008-.542-2.607-.48-3.441.388-.568.591-.773 1.389-.8 2.172-.034.993.068 2.013.361 2.953.307.985 1.034 1.848 2.077 2.012.878.138 1.83-.088 2.458-.732.7-.718.88-1.81.877-2.779-.003-.989-.084-1.99-.423-2.91-.268-.726-.654-1.328-1.109-1.104zm-.294 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class="VPLocalNav has-sidebar empty" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-a6f0e41e><div class="container" data-v-a6f0e41e><button class="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="VPSidebarNav" data-v-a6f0e41e><span class="vpi-align-left menu-icon" data-v-a6f0e41e></span><span class="menu-text" data-v-a6f0e41e>Menu</span></button><div class="VPLocalNavOutlineDropdown" style="--vp-vh:0px;" data-v-a6f0e41e data-v-8a42e2b4><button data-v-8a42e2b4>Return to top</button><!----></div></div></div><aside class="VPSidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-319d5ca6><div class="curtain" data-v-319d5ca6></div><nav class="nav" id="VPSidebarNav" aria-labelledby="sidebar-aria-label" tabindex="-1" data-v-319d5ca6><span class="visually-hidden" id="sidebar-aria-label" data-v-319d5ca6> Sidebar Navigation </span><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>HTTP & Routing</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Overview</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/http.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>HTTP</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/path.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>PATH</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/proxy.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>PROXY</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/proxy-out.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>PROXY_OUT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/internal.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>INTERNAL</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/enabled.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>ENABLED</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/disabled.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>DISABLED</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/tags.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TAGS</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/openapi.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>OPENAPI</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/mcp.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>MCP</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/http-type.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>HTTP CUSTOM TYPES</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Authorization</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/authorize.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>AUTHORIZE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/allow-anonymous.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>ALLOW_ANONYMOUS</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/login.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>LOGIN</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/logout.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>LOGOUT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/basic-auth.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>BASIC_AUTH</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/basic-auth-realm.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>BASIC_AUTH_REALM</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/basic-auth-command.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>BASIC_AUTH_COMMAND</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Request Configuration</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/request-param-type.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>REQUEST_PARAM_TYPE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/request-headers-mode.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>REQUEST_HEADERS_MODE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/request-headers-parameter-name.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>REQUEST_HEADERS_PARAMETER_NAME</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/body-parameter-name.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>BODY_PARAMETER_NAME</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/query-string-null-handling.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>QUERY_STRING_NULL_HANDLING</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/validate.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>VALIDATE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 has-active" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Response Configuration</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/response-headers.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Response Headers</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/response-null-handling.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>RESPONSE_NULL_HANDLING</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/nested.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>NESTED</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/single.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SINGLE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/void.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>VOID</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/raw.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>RAW</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/separator.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SEPARATOR</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/new-line.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>NEW_LINE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/column-names.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>COLUMN_NAMES</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Caching & Performance</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/cached.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>CACHED</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/cache-expires-in.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>CACHE_EXPIRES_IN</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/cache-profile.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>CACHE_PROFILE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/buffer-rows.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>BUFFER_ROWS</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/command-timeout.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>COMMAND_TIMEOUT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/retry-strategy.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>RETRY_STRATEGY</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/interval-format.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Interval Format</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Server-Sent Events</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/sse.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SSE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/sse-events-level.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SSE_EVENTS_LEVEL</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/sse-events-scope.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SSE_EVENTS_SCOPE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Upload & Policies</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/upload.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>UPLOAD</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/error-code-policy.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>ERROR_CODE_POLICY</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/rate-limiter-policy.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>RATE_LIMITER_POLICY</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Output & Code Generation</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/table-format.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TABLE_FORMAT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/tsclient.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TSCLIENT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/dartclient.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>DARTCLIENT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Parameters</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/param.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>PARAM</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/parameter-hash.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>PARAMETER_HASH</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/encrypt-decrypt.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>ENCRYPT / DECRYPT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/parameter-substitution.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Parameter Value Substitution</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/resolved-parameters.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Resolved Parameters</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SQL File Annotations</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/define-param.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>DEFINE_PARAM</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/result-name.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>RESULT_NAME</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/skip.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SKIP</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/returns.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>RETURNS</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Test Files (--test)</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/test-setup.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TEST @setup</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/test-teardown.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TEST @teardown</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/test-connection.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TEST @connection</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/test-tag.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TEST @tag</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/test-claim.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TEST @claim</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/test-response.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TEST @response</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Context & Security</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/user-context.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>USER_CONTEXT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/user-parameters.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>USER_PARAMETERS</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/connection.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>CONNECTION</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/security-sensitive.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SECURITY_SENSITIVE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/custom-parameters.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Custom Parameters</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Other Links</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b3fd67f8></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Guide</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/config/" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Configuration Reference</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/changelog/" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Changelog</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-1428d186><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-1428d186 data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-39a288b8></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-3f215769><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" class="VPDocAsideOutline" data-v-3f215769 data-v-a5bbad30><div class="content" data-v-a5bbad30><div class="outline-marker" data-v-a5bbad30></div><div aria-level="2" class="outline-title" id="doc-outline-aria-label" role="heading" data-v-a5bbad30>On this page</div><ul class="VPDocOutlineItem root" data-v-a5bbad30 data-v-b933a997><!--[--><!--]--></ul></div></nav><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><div class="comments-outline-link" data-v-6357a5e2><a href="#comments" class="outline-link" data-v-6357a5e2>Comments</a></div><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><div class="spacer" data-v-3f215769></div><!--[--><!--]--><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div></div><div class="content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _annotations_nested" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="nested" tabindex="-1">NESTED <a class="header-anchor" href="#nested" aria-label="Permalink to "NESTED""></a></h1><div class="info custom-block"><p class="custom-block-title">Also known as</p><p><code>nested_json</code>, <code>nested_composite</code> (with or without <code>@</code> prefix)</p></div><p>Serialize composite type columns as nested JSON objects instead of expanding their fields into separate columns.</p><h2 id="syntax" tabindex="-1">Syntax <a class="header-anchor" href="#syntax" aria-label="Permalink to "Syntax""></a></h2><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>code</summary><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>@nested</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div></details><h2 id="default-behavior-vs-nested" tabindex="-1">Default Behavior vs Nested <a class="header-anchor" href="#default-behavior-vs-nested" aria-label="Permalink to "Default Behavior vs Nested""></a></h2><p>When a function returns a composite type column, by default the composite type fields are expanded into separate columns (for backward compatibility).</p><p>With the <code>nested</code> annotation, composite type columns are serialized as nested JSON objects.</p><h2 id="examples" tabindex="-1">Examples <a class="header-anchor" href="#examples" aria-label="Permalink to "Examples""></a></h2><h3 id="basic-usage" tabindex="-1">Basic Usage <a class="header-anchor" href="#basic-usage" aria-label="Permalink to "Basic Usage""></a></h3><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> address_type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> street </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> city </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> zip_code </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> get_user_with_address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> table</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> user_id </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> user_name </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> address_type</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">language</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> sql</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">begin</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> atomic</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">select</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> 1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'Alice'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">row</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'123 Main St'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'New York'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'10001'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)::address_type;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function get_user_with_address() is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'HTTP GET</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@nested'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br></div></div></details><p><strong>Default behavior (without <code>@nested</code>):</strong></p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>json</summary><div class="language-json vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">json</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">[{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">userId</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">userName</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">"Alice"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">street</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">"123 Main St"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">city</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">"New York"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">zipCode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">"10001"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">}]</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div></details><p><strong>With <code>@nested</code> annotation:</strong></p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>json</summary><div class="language-json vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">json</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">[{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">userId</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">userName</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">"Alice"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">street</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">"123 Main St"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">city</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">"New York"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">zipCode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">"10001"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">}}]</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div></details><h3 id="multiple-composite-columns" tabindex="-1">Multiple Composite Columns <a class="header-anchor" href="#multiple-composite-columns" aria-label="Permalink to "Multiple Composite Columns""></a></h3><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> contact_info</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> email </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> phone </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> location</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> lat </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">numeric</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> lng </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">numeric</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> get_business</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> table</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> id </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> contact contact_info,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> coords </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">location</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">language</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> sql</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">begin</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> atomic</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">select</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> 1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'Acme Corp'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> row</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'info@acme.com'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'555-1234'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)::contact_info,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> row</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;">40</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">.</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;">7128</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#179299;--shiki-dark:#94E2D5;">-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;">74</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">.</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;">0060</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)::</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">location</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function get_business() is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'HTTP GET</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@nested'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br></div></div></details><p>Response:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>json</summary><div class="language-json vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">json</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">[{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> 1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> "Acme Corp"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">contact</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">email</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> "info@acme.com"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">phone</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> "555-1234"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">},</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">coords</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">lat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> 40.7128</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">lng</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> -74.0060</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">}]</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div></details><h3 id="deep-nested-composite-types" tabindex="-1">Deep Nested Composite Types <a class="header-anchor" href="#deep-nested-composite-types" aria-label="Permalink to "Deep Nested Composite Types""></a></h3><p>When composite types contain other composite types (or arrays of composites), the inner composites are also serialized as proper JSON objects by default:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> inner_type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (id </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> outer_type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (label </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, inner_val inner_type);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> get_nested_data</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> table</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">data</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> outer_type)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">language</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> sql</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">begin</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> atomic</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">select</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> row</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'outer'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">row</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'inner'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)::inner_type)::outer_type;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function get_nested_data() is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'HTTP GET</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@nested'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br></div></div></details><p>Response:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>json</summary><div class="language-json vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">json</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">[{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">data</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">label</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> "outer"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">innerVal</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> 1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> "inner"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">}}}]</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div></details><p>This works to any nesting depth. Deep resolution is controlled by the <code>ResolveNestedCompositeTypes</code> option (default: <code>true</code>). See <a href="./../config/routine-options.html#resolve-nested-composite-types">Routine Options</a> for details and when you might want to disable it.</p><h3 id="arrays-of-composite-types" tabindex="-1">Arrays of Composite Types <a class="header-anchor" href="#arrays-of-composite-types" aria-label="Permalink to "Arrays of Composite Types""></a></h3><p>Arrays of composite types are automatically serialized as JSON arrays of objects — this happens regardless of the <code>@nested</code> annotation:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> book_item</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (book_id </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, title </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> get_books</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> table</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(author </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, books book_item[])</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">language</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> sql</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">begin</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> atomic</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">select</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> 'Orwell'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">array</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">[row(1, '1984')::book_item, row(2, 'Animal Farm')::book_item];</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function get_books() is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'HTTP GET'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br></div></div></details><p>Response:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>json</summary><div class="language-json vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">json</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">[{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">author</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> "Orwell"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">books</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> [{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">bookId</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> 1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">title</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> "1984"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">},</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">bookId</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> 2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">title</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> "Animal Farm"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">}]}]</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div></details><p>The <code>@nested</code> annotation specifically controls whether <strong>single composite type columns</strong> are serialized as nested objects or expanded into flat fields.</p><h2 id="global-configuration" tabindex="-1">Global Configuration <a class="header-anchor" href="#global-configuration" aria-label="Permalink to "Global Configuration""></a></h2><p>Instead of adding the annotation to each endpoint, you can enable nested JSON globally via configuration. Each endpoint source has its own independent setting:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>json</summary><div class="language-json vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">json</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">NpgsqlRest</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> {</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">RoutineOptions</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> {</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">NestedJsonForCompositeTypes</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> true</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> },</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">SqlFileSource</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> {</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">NestedJsonForCompositeTypes</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> true</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> }</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> }</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br></div></div></details><p>When enabled globally, all composite type columns from the respective endpoint source will be serialized as nested JSON objects by default, without requiring the annotation.</p><h2 id="behavior" tabindex="-1">Behavior <a class="header-anchor" href="#behavior" aria-label="Permalink to "Behavior""></a></h2><ul><li>Only affects composite type columns in the result set — controls whether their fields are expanded flat or kept as nested JSON objects</li><li>Arrays of composite types are always automatically serialized as JSON arrays of objects (independent of this annotation)</li><li>Works with custom composite types (<code>CREATE TYPE</code>) and table types</li><li>NULL composite values are serialized as <code>null</code> in JSON</li><li>Deep nesting (composites inside composites) is resolved to any depth by default via <code>ResolveNestedCompositeTypes</code></li></ul><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to "Related""></a></h2><ul><li><a href="./../guide/annotations.html">Comment Annotations Guide</a> - How annotations work</li><li><a href="./../config/routine-options.html">Routine Options</a> - <code>NestedJsonForCompositeTypes</code> and <code>ResolveNestedCompositeTypes</code> for functions/procedures</li><li><a href="./../config/sql-file-source.html">SQL File Source</a> - <code>NestedJsonForCompositeTypes</code> for SQL file endpoints</li><li><a href="./../blog/custom-types-multiset-rest-api.html">Custom Types and Multiset for Nested JSON</a> - In-depth blog post with real-world examples including multiset patterns</li></ul></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><div class="edit-link" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link vp-external-link-icon no-icon edit-link-button" href="https://github.com/NpgsqlRest/npgsqlrest-docs/edit/main/docs/annotations/nested.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="vpi-square-pen edit-link-icon" data-v-e257564d></span> Edit this page on GitHub<!--]--></a></div><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-03-29T09:10:05.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" 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