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target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-v-7bc22406 data-v-bd121fe5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="M22.957 7.21c-.004-3.064-2.391-5.576-5.191-6.482-3.478-1.125-8.064-.962-11.384.604C2.357 3.231 1.093 7.391 1.046 11.54c-.039 3.411.302 7.463 3.097 9.746 2.602 2.124 6.19 2.078 9.402 1.836 1.883-.142 3.939-.358 5.477-1.528 1.564-1.19 1.873-3.298 1.972-5.151.134-2.51.187-5.016-.037-7.233zm-2.55 7.703c-.078 1.593-.383 3.473-1.795 4.334-1.351.824-3.151.973-4.686 1.083-2.891.207-6.063.276-8.514-1.399C3.106 17.39 2.924 14.34 2.95 11.67c.03-3.206.678-6.721 3.654-8.375 2.756-1.531 6.556-1.727 9.544-.872 2.339.669 4.351 2.678 4.355 5.217.007 2.583-.016 5.168-.095 7.273z"/><path d="M16.088 5.19c-1.008-.542-2.607-.48-3.441.388-.568.591-.773 1.389-.8 2.172-.034.993.068 2.013.361 2.953.307.985 1.034 1.848 2.077 2.012.878.138 1.83-.088 2.458-.732.7-.718.88-1.81.877-2.779-.003-.989-.084-1.99-.423-2.91-.268-.726-.654-1.328-1.109-1.104zm-.294 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class="VPLocalNav has-sidebar empty" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-a6f0e41e><div class="container" data-v-a6f0e41e><button class="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="VPSidebarNav" data-v-a6f0e41e><span class="vpi-align-left menu-icon" data-v-a6f0e41e></span><span class="menu-text" data-v-a6f0e41e>Menu</span></button><div class="VPLocalNavOutlineDropdown" style="--vp-vh:0px;" data-v-a6f0e41e data-v-8a42e2b4><button data-v-8a42e2b4>Return to top</button><!----></div></div></div><aside class="VPSidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-319d5ca6><div class="curtain" data-v-319d5ca6></div><nav class="nav" id="VPSidebarNav" aria-labelledby="sidebar-aria-label" tabindex="-1" data-v-319d5ca6><span class="visually-hidden" id="sidebar-aria-label" data-v-319d5ca6> Sidebar Navigation </span><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>HTTP & Routing</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Overview</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/http.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>HTTP</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/path.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>PATH</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/proxy.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>PROXY</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/proxy-out.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>PROXY_OUT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/internal.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>INTERNAL</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/enabled.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>ENABLED</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/disabled.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>DISABLED</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/tags.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TAGS</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/openapi.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>OPENAPI</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/mcp.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>MCP</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/http-type.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>HTTP CUSTOM TYPES</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Authorization</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/authorize.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>AUTHORIZE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/allow-anonymous.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>ALLOW_ANONYMOUS</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/login.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>LOGIN</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/logout.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>LOGOUT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/basic-auth.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>BASIC_AUTH</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/basic-auth-realm.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>BASIC_AUTH_REALM</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/basic-auth-command.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>BASIC_AUTH_COMMAND</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Request Configuration</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/request-param-type.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>REQUEST_PARAM_TYPE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/request-headers-mode.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>REQUEST_HEADERS_MODE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/request-headers-parameter-name.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>REQUEST_HEADERS_PARAMETER_NAME</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/body-parameter-name.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>BODY_PARAMETER_NAME</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/query-string-null-handling.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>QUERY_STRING_NULL_HANDLING</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/validate.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>VALIDATE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Response Configuration</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/response-headers.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Response Headers</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/response-null-handling.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>RESPONSE_NULL_HANDLING</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/nested.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>NESTED</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/single.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SINGLE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/void.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>VOID</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/raw.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>RAW</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/separator.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SEPARATOR</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/new-line.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>NEW_LINE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/column-names.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>COLUMN_NAMES</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Caching & Performance</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/cached.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>CACHED</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/cache-expires-in.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>CACHE_EXPIRES_IN</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/cache-profile.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>CACHE_PROFILE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/buffer-rows.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>BUFFER_ROWS</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/command-timeout.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>COMMAND_TIMEOUT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/retry-strategy.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>RETRY_STRATEGY</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/interval-format.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Interval Format</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Server-Sent Events</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/sse.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SSE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/sse-events-level.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SSE_EVENTS_LEVEL</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/sse-events-scope.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SSE_EVENTS_SCOPE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Upload & Policies</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/upload.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>UPLOAD</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/error-code-policy.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>ERROR_CODE_POLICY</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/rate-limiter-policy.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>RATE_LIMITER_POLICY</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Output & Code Generation</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/table-format.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TABLE_FORMAT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/tsclient.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TSCLIENT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/dartclient.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>DARTCLIENT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 has-active" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Parameters</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/param.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>PARAM</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/parameter-hash.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>PARAMETER_HASH</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/encrypt-decrypt.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>ENCRYPT / DECRYPT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/parameter-substitution.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Parameter Value Substitution</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/resolved-parameters.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Resolved Parameters</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SQL File Annotations</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/define-param.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>DEFINE_PARAM</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/result-name.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>RESULT_NAME</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/skip.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SKIP</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/returns.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>RETURNS</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Test Files (--test)</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/test-setup.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TEST @setup</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/test-teardown.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TEST @teardown</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/test-connection.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TEST @connection</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/test-tag.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TEST @tag</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/test-claim.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TEST @claim</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/test-response.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>TEST @response</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Context & Security</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/user-context.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>USER_CONTEXT</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/user-parameters.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>USER_PARAMETERS</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/connection.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>CONNECTION</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/security-sensitive.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>SECURITY_SENSITIVE</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/annotations/custom-parameters.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Custom Parameters</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Other Links</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b3fd67f8></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Guide</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/config/" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Configuration Reference</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/changelog/" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Changelog</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-1428d186><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-1428d186 data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-39a288b8></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-3f215769><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" class="VPDocAsideOutline" data-v-3f215769 data-v-a5bbad30><div class="content" data-v-a5bbad30><div class="outline-marker" data-v-a5bbad30></div><div aria-level="2" class="outline-title" id="doc-outline-aria-label" role="heading" data-v-a5bbad30>On this page</div><ul class="VPDocOutlineItem root" data-v-a5bbad30 data-v-b933a997><!--[--><!--]--></ul></div></nav><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><div class="comments-outline-link" data-v-6357a5e2><a href="#comments" class="outline-link" data-v-6357a5e2>Comments</a></div><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><div class="spacer" data-v-3f215769></div><!--[--><!--]--><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div></div><div class="content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _annotations_encrypt-decrypt" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="encrypt-decrypt" tabindex="-1">ENCRYPT / DECRYPT <a class="header-anchor" href="#encrypt-decrypt" aria-label="Permalink to "ENCRYPT / DECRYPT""></a></h1><div class="info custom-block"><p class="custom-block-title">Also known as</p><p><code>encrypt</code>: <code>encrypted</code>, <code>protect</code>, <code>protected</code><code>decrypt</code>: <code>decrypted</code>, <code>unprotect</code>, <code>unprotected</code></p></div><p>Transparent application-level column encryption using ASP.NET <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/security/data-protection/introduction" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Data Protection</a>. Parameter values are encrypted before being sent to PostgreSQL, and result column values are decrypted before being returned to the API client. The database stores ciphertext; the API consumer sees plaintext. No <code>pgcrypto</code> or client-side encryption required.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Prerequisite</strong>: The <code>DataProtection</code> section must be enabled in <code>appsettings.json</code> (<code>"DataProtection": { "Enabled": true }</code> — it is disabled by default). See <a href="./../config/data-protection.html">Data Protection Configuration</a>.</p></blockquote><h2 id="encrypt-parameters" tabindex="-1">Encrypt Parameters <a class="header-anchor" href="#encrypt-parameters" aria-label="Permalink to "Encrypt Parameters""></a></h2><h3 id="syntax" tabindex="-1">Syntax <a class="header-anchor" href="#syntax" aria-label="Permalink to "Syntax""></a></h3><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>code</summary><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>@encrypt [parameter_name, ...]</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div></details><p>Mark specific parameters to encrypt before they are sent to PostgreSQL:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> store_patient_ssn</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(_patient_id </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, _ssn </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> void</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">language</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> plpgsql </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> $$</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">begin</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> insert into</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> patients (id, ssn) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">values</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (_patient_id, _ssn)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> on</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> conflict (id) do </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">update</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> set</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> ssn </span><span style="--shiki-light:#179299;--shiki-dark:#94E2D5;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> excluded.ssn;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">$$;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function store_patient_ssn(int, text) is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">HTTP POST</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@encrypt _ssn</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br></div></div></details><p><strong>Equivalent as a SQL file endpoint</strong> (<code>sql/store-patient-ssn.sql</code>):</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">/*</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">HTTP POST</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">@encrypt ssn</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">*/</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">insert into</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> patients (id, ssn) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">values</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (:patient_id, :ssn)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">on</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> conflict (id) do </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">update</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> set</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> ssn </span><span style="--shiki-light:#179299;--shiki-dark:#94E2D5;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> excluded.ssn;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div></details><p>The client calls <code>POST /api/store-patient-ssn</code> with <code>{"patientId": 1, "ssn": "123-45-6789"}</code>. The server encrypts <code>_ssn</code> using Data Protection before executing the SQL — the database stores ciphertext like <code>CfDJ8N...</code>, never the plaintext SSN.</p><p>Use <code>@encrypt</code> without arguments to encrypt <strong>all</strong> text parameters:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function store_all_secrets(text, text) is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">HTTP POST</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@encrypt</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div></details><h2 id="decrypt-result-columns" tabindex="-1">Decrypt Result Columns <a class="header-anchor" href="#decrypt-result-columns" aria-label="Permalink to "Decrypt Result Columns""></a></h2><h3 id="syntax-1" tabindex="-1">Syntax <a class="header-anchor" href="#syntax-1" aria-label="Permalink to "Syntax""></a></h3><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>code</summary><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>@decrypt [column_name, ...]</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div></details><p>Mark specific result columns to decrypt before returning to the client:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> get_patient</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(_patient_id </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> table</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(id </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, ssn </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">language</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> plpgsql </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> $$</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">begin</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> query </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">select</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> p.id, p.ssn, p.name </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">from</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> patients p </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">where</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> p.id </span><span style="--shiki-light:#179299;--shiki-dark:#94E2D5;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> _patient_id;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">$$;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function get_patient(int) is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">HTTP GET</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@decrypt ssn</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br></div></div></details><p>The client calls <code>GET /api/get-patient?patientId=1</code>. The <code>ssn</code> column is decrypted from ciphertext back to <code>"123-45-6789"</code> before being included in the JSON response. The <code>id</code> and <code>name</code> columns are returned as-is.</p><p>Use <code>@decrypt</code> without arguments to decrypt <strong>all</strong> text result columns:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function get_all_secrets(text) is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">HTTP GET</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@decrypt</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div></details><p>Decrypt also works on scalar (single-value) return types:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> get_secret</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(_id </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> ...</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function get_secret(int) is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'HTTP GET</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@decrypt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div></details><h2 id="full-roundtrip-example" tabindex="-1">Full Roundtrip Example <a class="header-anchor" href="#full-roundtrip-example" aria-label="Permalink to "Full Roundtrip Example""></a></h2><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">-- Store with encryption</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> store_secret</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(_key </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, _value </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> void ...</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function store_secret(text, text) is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">HTTP POST</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@encrypt _value</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">-- Retrieve with decryption</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> get_secret</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(_key </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> table</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">key</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">value</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">) ...</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function get_secret(text) is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">HTTP GET</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@decrypt value</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br></div></div></details><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>code</summary><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>POST /api/store-secret {"key": "api-key", "value": "sk-abc123"}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>GET /api/get-secret?key=api-key → {"key": "api-key", "value": "sk-abc123"}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div></details><p>The value is stored encrypted in PostgreSQL and decrypted transparently on read.</p><h2 id="behavior" tabindex="-1">Behavior <a class="header-anchor" href="#behavior" aria-label="Permalink to "Behavior""></a></h2><ul><li><strong>NULL values</strong>: NULL parameters are not encrypted (passed as <code>DBNull</code>). NULL columns are not decrypted (returned as JSON <code>null</code>).</li><li><strong>Non-text types</strong>: Only <code>string</code> parameter values are encrypted. Integer, boolean, and other types are unaffected even when <code>@encrypt</code> is used without arguments.</li><li><strong>Decryption failures</strong>: If a column value cannot be decrypted (e.g., it was not encrypted, or keys were rotated/lost), the raw value is returned as-is — no error is thrown.</li><li><strong>Key rotation</strong>: ASP.NET Data Protection maintains a key ring. Old keys still decrypt old ciphertext. Keys rotate based on <code>DefaultKeyLifetimeDays</code> (default: 90 days).</li><li><strong>Encrypted columns are opaque to PostgreSQL</strong>: The database cannot filter, join, sort, or index on encrypted values. Use encryption only for columns that are written and read back, never queried by content.</li></ul><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to "Related""></a></h2><ul><li><a href="./../config/data-protection.html">Data Protection Configuration</a> - Key storage, rotation, and encryption settings</li><li><a href="./../guide/annotations.html">Comment Annotations Guide</a> - How annotations work</li></ul><h2 id="related-annotations" tabindex="-1">Related Annotations <a class="header-anchor" href="#related-annotations" aria-label="Permalink to "Related Annotations""></a></h2><ul><li><a href="./parameter-hash.html">PARAMETER_HASH</a> - Hash password parameters</li><li><a href="./security-sensitive.html">SECURITY_SENSITIVE</a> - Obfuscate parameters in logs</li></ul><h2 id="see-also" tabindex="-1">See Also <a class="header-anchor" href="#see-also" aria-label="Permalink to "See Also""></a></h2><ul><li><a href="/config/data-protection.html">Data Protection</a> - Configure encryption and key settings</li></ul></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><div class="edit-link" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link vp-external-link-icon no-icon edit-link-button" href="https://github.com/NpgsqlRest/npgsqlrest-docs/edit/main/docs/annotations/encrypt-decrypt.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="vpi-square-pen edit-link-icon" data-v-e257564d></span> Edit this page on GitHub<!--]--></a></div><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-06-26T13:23:03.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" 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