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#                      Data Parallel Control (dpctl)
# Copyright 2020-2025 Intel Corporation
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
Demonstrates how USM allocated memory can be accessed from the host in a
Python program.
import dpctl.memory as dpmem
# USM-shared and USM-host pointers are host-accessible,
# meaning they are accessible from Python, therefore
# they implement Pyton buffer protocol
# allocate 1K of USM-shared buffer
ms = dpmem.MemoryUSMShared(1024)
# create memoryview into USM-shared buffer
msv = memoryview(ms)
# populate buffer from host one byte at a type
for i in range(len(ms)):
    ir = i % 256
    msv[i] = ir**2 % 256
mh = dpmem.MemoryUSMHost(64)
mhv = memoryview(mh)
# copy content of block of USM-shared buffer to
# USM-host buffer
mhv[:] = msv[78 : 78 + len(mh)]
print("Byte-values of the USM-host buffer")
print(list(mhv))
# USM-device buffer is not host accessible
md = dpmem.MemoryUSMDevice(16)
    mdv = memoryview(md)
except Exception as e:
    print("")
        "An expected exception was raised during attempted construction of "
        "memoryview from USM-device memory object."
    print("\t", e)

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