Audio Silence Gate — Design

Status: Design approved, Phase 1 in progress Tracks: FastLED #2253 — volume not returning to zero in silence Scope: src/fl/audio/ — Vibe, Reactive (dominant freq / magnitude / flux), TempoAnalyzer

Problem

FastLED's audio-reactive metrics do not return to zero when audio input stops:

• Vibe::getVol() converges to 1.0 during silence (MilkDrop self-normalization — mImm / mLongAvg → noise / noise → 1.0, and the < 0.001f clamp in vibe.cpp.hpp:86-88 hard-codes mImmRel = 1.0f).
• Reactive::Data::volume decays but takes ~2 s because EnergyAnalyzer::mRunningMaxFilter has a 2 s decay tau and a hard floor of 1.0 on the denominator.
• Reactive::Data::dominantFrequency / magnitude / spectralFlux are instantaneous FFT reads with no decay — they lock onto whatever FFT bin is strongest (usually numerical noise) during silence.
• TempoAnalyzer::mCurrentBPM is updated only on onset detection → persists unchanged through silence.

Root cause: the pipeline already computes a high-quality silence signal (NoiseFloorTracker::isAboveFloor() at noise_floor_tracker.h:95) but its output is never consumed by any detector. The tracker is orphaned.

Approach — two cooperating layers

Layer 1: Silence flag in Context (plumbing)

One boolean field on audio::Context populated by Processor/Reactive from NoiseFloorTracker::isAboveFloor(). This gives every detector a zero-cost, frame-wide signal-quality signal without refactoring detector interfaces.

// audio_context.h — new methods
void setSilent(bool silent) FL_NO_EXCEPT { mIsSilent = silent; }
bool isSilent() const FL_NO_EXCEPT { return mIsSilent; }

// audio_processor.cpp.hpp — after NoiseFloorTracker.update()
if (mNoiseFloorTrackingEnabled && conditioned.isValid()) {
    mNoiseFloorTracker.update(conditioned.rms());
    mContext->setSilent(!mNoiseFloorTracker.isAboveFloor(conditioned.rms()));
} else {
    mContext->setSilent(false);  // tracking disabled → never claim silence
}

Default behavior preserved: mNoiseFloorTrackingEnabled stays false by default, so isSilent() returns false for existing users who haven't opted in. Silence gating is a user opt-in via Processor::enableNoiseFloorTracker(true) or the equivalent ReactiveConfig.

Layer 2: SilenceEnvelope — reusable decay helper

A small composable class that detectors embed to translate the boolean flag into smooth per-metric decay. This preserves detector algorithm integrity (MilkDrop math stays MilkDrop math during audio) and gives each detector a tuned decay rate.

class SilenceEnvelope {
public:
    struct Config {
        float decayTauSeconds = 0.5f;   // Time constant for decay-to-zero
        float targetValue = 0.0f;       // What to decay toward (usually 0)
    };

    SilenceEnvelope() FL_NO_EXCEPT;
    explicit SilenceEnvelope(const Config& cfg) FL_NO_EXCEPT;
    void configure(const Config& cfg) FL_NO_EXCEPT;

    // Pass-through during audio; exponential decay to targetValue during silence.
    float update(bool isSilent, float currentValue, float dt) FL_NO_EXCEPT;

    // Snap to a fresh value (called on re-attack or reset)
    void reset(float initialValue = 0.0f) FL_NO_EXCEPT;

    // True once the envelope has decayed to within epsilon of target
    bool isGated(float epsilon = 1e-4f) const FL_NO_EXCEPT;
};

Semantics:

• !isSilent → return currentValue unchanged, cache it as the last live value
• isSilent && |lastLive| > epsilon → exponentially decay the cached value toward targetValue with rate exp(-dt / decayTauSeconds)
• On silence→audio transition, snap back to the fresh currentValue (no attack lag — users want beats to hit hard)

Phase-by-phase plan

Phase 1 — foundations (parallelizable)

ID	Scope	Files	LOC	Blocks	Blocked by
PR-A	Silence flag on Context + Processor/Reactive populate it	audio_context.h/.cpp.hpp, audio_processor.cpp.hpp, audio_reactive.cpp.hpp, new test	~60	C, D, E	—
PR-B	SilenceEnvelope class + unit tests	silence_envelope.h/.cpp.hpp, new test, _build.cpp.hpp	~120	C, D, E	—

PR-A and PR-B touch disjoint files — can ship in parallel (same branch, different commits, or independent branches).

Phase 2 — adoption (parallelizable, after Phase 1)

ID	Scope	Files	LOC	Blocked by
PR-C	Vibe adopts silence gate (fixes user-visible getVol() → 1.0 bug)	vibe.h, vibe.cpp.hpp, test	~60	A, B
PR-D	Reactive adopts: dominantFrequency, magnitude, spectralFlux gate	audio_reactive.cpp.hpp, test	~40	A, B
PR-E	TempoAnalyzer adopts BPM fast-decay (tau ~2 s)	tempo_analyzer.cpp.hpp, test	~50	A, B

PR-C/D/E touch disjoint detector files — can ship in parallel once A + B land.

API additions (full detail)

audio::Context

void setSilent(bool silent) FL_NO_EXCEPT;
bool isSilent() const FL_NO_EXCEPT;

• Default state is false (no silence claim).
• Cleared to false on setSample() (per-frame reset — Processor/Reactive must re-populate after NFT update).

audio::SilenceEnvelope (new)

See Layer 2 above. Lives in src/fl/audio/silence_envelope.{h,cpp.hpp}. Added to src/fl/audio/_build.cpp.hpp unity include. Unit test at tests/fl/audio/silence_envelope.cpp.

No breaking changes

• All existing getters unchanged.
• Default behavior unchanged for users who haven't enabled NoiseFloorTracker.
• New behavior is strictly additive — silence gate kicks in only when (a) NFT enabled AND (b) detector adopts SilenceEnvelope.

Testing strategy

Per-layer unit tests

• Context silence flag: feed a sample, assert isSilent() returns what setSilent() set; assert setSample() resets to false.
• SilenceEnvelope:
  • Pass-through during audio (flag=false, returns currentValue)
  • Exponential decay during silence to tau within 5% at 3 * decayTauSeconds
  • Snap-back on silence→audio transition (no attack lag)
  • isGated() returns true once decayed below epsilon

Integration tests (Phase 2)

• Vibe silence test: drive Vibe with 1 s of 440 Hz sine, then 3 s of true silence. Assert getVol() crosses below 0.01 within 1 s of silence start.
• Reactive spectral silence test: same drive pattern. Assert dominantFrequency == 0.0f and magnitude == 0.0f after 1 s silence.
• BPM decay test: drive TempoAnalyzer with a 120 BPM click track for 5 s, then silence. Assert BPM confidence → 0 within 3 s.

Regression tests

• All existing audio tests must still pass unchanged (no breaking API).
• deficiencies.cpp (the TDD-style test file for known issues) gets three new entries that were previously failing and now pass.

Risks & open questions

• Default NFT off: if users don't enable NFT, silence gate does nothing. Should we flip NFT on by default after this lands? Decision: defer to a separate PR with benchmarks showing no perf regression. Silence gate is opt-in for v1.
• SilenceEnvelope decay tau per detector: Vibe wants ~0.5 s (fast, matches visual expectation). BPM wants ~2 s (musical tempo lingers naturally). Spectral wants ~0.2 s (FFT noise floor is brittle). These are tunable constants; initial values chosen by ear, may need tuning after user feedback.
• Interaction with signal conditioner noise gate: the conditioner already zeros PCM below RMS 300. If the conditioner gates aggressively, detectors see zero PCM → RMS drops → NFT sees silence → flag goes high. Consistent. No conflict.
• Reactive's own NFT instance: Reactive has its own mNoiseFloorTracker separate from Processor's. Both paths need to populate the Context silence flag. Done in both Processor::update() and Reactive::processSample().

Out of scope

• Unified volume concept (AudioLevel struct replacing all volume getters) — considered and rejected as too churn-heavy; preserved as Option 2 in the discussion. Can be layered on top later if demand emerges.
• Subscriber / event model on NoiseFloorTracker (Option 5) — Silence detector already fires transition events; no need to duplicate.
• Signal conditioner changes.

Revision history

• 2026-04-18: Initial draft (Claude, for zackees)