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# An example of embedding CEF browser in wxPython on Linux.
# Tested with wxPython 2.8.12.1 (gtk2-unicode).
# To install wxPython type "sudo apt-get install python-wxtools".
# This example implements a custom "_OnResourceResponse" callback
# that emulates reading response by utilizing Resourcehandler
# and WebRequest.
FIX_ENCODING_BUG = True
BROWSER_DEFAULT_ENCODING = "utf-8"
# The official CEF Python binaries come with tcmalloc hook
# disabled. But if you've built custom binaries and kept tcmalloc
# hook enabled, then be aware that in such case it is required
# for the cefpython module to be the very first import in
# python scripts. See Issue 73 in the CEF Python Issue Tracker
# for more details.
import ctypes, os, sys
libcef_so = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'libcef.so')
if os.path.exists(libcef_so):
# Import local module
ctypes.CDLL(libcef_so, ctypes.RTLD_GLOBAL)
if 0x02070000 <= sys.hexversion < 0x03000000:
import cefpython_py27 as cefpython
else:
raise Exception("Unsupported python version: %s" % sys.version)
else:
# Import from package
from cefpython3 import cefpython
import wx
import time
import re
import uuid
import platform
import shutil
class ClientHandler:
# RequestHandler.GetResourceHandler()
def GetResourceHandler(self, browser, frame, request):
# Called on the IO thread before a resource is loaded.
# To allow the resource to load normally return None.
print("GetResourceHandler(): url = %s" % request.GetUrl())
resHandler = ResourceHandler()
resHandler._clientHandler = self
resHandler._browser = browser
resHandler._frame = frame
resHandler._request = request
self._AddStrongReference(resHandler)
return resHandler
def _OnResourceResponse(self, browser, frame, request, requestStatus,
requestError, response, data):
# This callback is emulated through ResourceHandler
# and WebRequest. Real "OnResourceResponse" is not yet
# available in CEF 3 (as of CEF revision 1450). See
# issue 515 in the CEF Issue Tracker:
# https://code.google.com/p/chromiumembedded/issues/detail?id=515
# ----
# requestStatus => cefpython.WebRequest.Status
# {"Unknown", "Success", "Pending", "Canceled", "Failed"}
# For "file://" requests the status will be "Unknown".
# requestError => see the NetworkError wiki page
# response.GetStatus() => http status code
print("_OnResourceResponse()")
print("data length = %s" % len(data))
# Return the new data - you can modify it.
if request.GetUrl().startswith("file://") \
and request.GetUrl().endswith("example.html"):
data = "<b style='color: green;'>This text was inserted through " \
+ "_OnResourceResponse()</b><br>" + data
# Non-english characters are not displaying correctly.
# This is a bug in CEF. A quick fix is to get the charset
# from response headers and insert <meta charset> into
# the html page.
# Bug reported on the CEF C++ Forum:
# http://www.magpcss.org/ceforum/viewtopic.php?p=18401#p18401
if FIX_ENCODING_BUG:
contentType = response.GetHeader("Content-Type")
if contentType:
contentType = contentType.lower()
isHtml = False
headerCharset = ""
if contentType and "text/html" in contentType:
isHtml = True
if contentType and "charset" in contentType:
match = re.search(r"charset\s*=\s*([^\s]+)", contentType)
if match and match.group(1):
headerCharset = match.group(1).lower()
if isHtml and headerCharset \
and headerCharset != BROWSER_DEFAULT_ENCODING.lower():
if not re.search(r"<meta[^<>]+charset\s*=", data, \
re.IGNORECASE):
# Only apply the fix if there is no <meta charset>
# available on a page.
data = ("<meta charset='%s' />" % headerCharset) + data
return data
# A strong reference to ResourceHandler must be kept
# during the request. Some helper functions for that.
# 1. Add reference in GetResourceHandler()
# 2. Release reference in ResourceHandler.ReadResponse()
# after request is completed.
_resourceHandlers = {}
_resourceHandlerMaxId = 0
def _AddStrongReference(self, resHandler):
self._resourceHandlerMaxId += 1
resHandler._resourceHandlerId = self._resourceHandlerMaxId
self._resourceHandlers[resHandler._resourceHandlerId] = resHandler
def _ReleaseStrongReference(self, resHandler):
if resHandler._resourceHandlerId in self._resourceHandlers:
del self._resourceHandlers[resHandler._resourceHandlerId]
else:
print("_ReleaseStrongReference() FAILED: resource handler " \
"not found, id = %s" % (resHandler._resourceHandlerId))
class ResourceHandler:
# The methods of this class will always be called
# on the IO thread.
_resourceHandlerId = None
_clientHandler = None
_browser = None
_frame = None
_request = None
_responseHeadersReadyCallback = None
_webRequest = None
_webRequestClient = None
_offsetRead = 0
def ProcessRequest(self, request, callback):
print("ProcessRequest()")
# 1. Start the request using WebRequest
# 2. Return True to handle the request
# 3. Once response headers are ready call
# callback.Continue()
self._responseHeadersReadyCallback = callback
self._webRequestClient = WebRequestClient()
self._webRequestClient._resourceHandler = self
# Need to set AllowCacheCredentials and AllowCookies for
# the cookies to work during POST requests (Issue 127).
# To skip cache set the SkipCache request flag.
request.SetFlags(cefpython.Request.Flags["AllowCachedCredentials"]\
| cefpython.Request.Flags["AllowCookies"])
# A strong reference to the WebRequest object must kept.
self._webRequest = cefpython.WebRequest.Create(
request, self._webRequestClient)
return True
def GetResponseHeaders(self, response, responseLengthOut, redirectUrlOut):
print("GetResponseHeaders()")
# 1. If the response length is not known set
# responseLengthOut[0] to -1 and ReadResponse()
# will be called until it returns False.
# 2. If the response length is known set
# responseLengthOut[0] to a positive value
# and ReadResponse() will be called until it
# returns False or the specified number of bytes
# have been read.
# 3. Use the |response| object to set the mime type,
# http status code and other optional header values.
# 4. To redirect the request to a new URL set
# redirectUrlOut[0] to the new url.
assert self._webRequestClient._response, "Response object empty"
wrcResponse = self._webRequestClient._response
response.SetStatus(wrcResponse.GetStatus())
response.SetStatusText(wrcResponse.GetStatusText())
response.SetMimeType(wrcResponse.GetMimeType())
if wrcResponse.GetHeaderMultimap():
response.SetHeaderMultimap(wrcResponse.GetHeaderMultimap())
print("headers: ")
print(wrcResponse.GetHeaderMap())
responseLengthOut[0] = self._webRequestClient._dataLength
if not responseLengthOut[0]:
# Probably a cached page? Or a redirect?
pass
def ReadResponse(self, dataOut, bytesToRead, bytesReadOut, callback):
# print("ReadResponse()")
# 1. If data is available immediately copy up to
# bytesToRead bytes into dataOut[0], set
# bytesReadOut[0] to the number of bytes copied,
# and return true.
# 2. To read the data at a later time set
# bytesReadOut[0] to 0, return true and call
# callback.Continue() when the data is available.
# 3. To indicate response completion return false.
if self._offsetRead < self._webRequestClient._dataLength:
dataChunk = self._webRequestClient._data[\
self._offsetRead:(self._offsetRead + bytesToRead)]
self._offsetRead += len(dataChunk)
dataOut[0] = dataChunk
bytesReadOut[0] = len(dataChunk)
return True
self._clientHandler._ReleaseStrongReference(self)
print("no more data, return False")
return False
def CanGetCookie(self, cookie):
# Return true if the specified cookie can be sent
# with the request or false otherwise. If false
# is returned for any cookie then no cookies will
# be sent with the request.
return True
def CanSetCookie(self, cookie):
# Return true if the specified cookie returned
# with the response can be set or false otherwise.
return True
def Cancel(self):
# Request processing has been canceled.
pass
class WebRequestClient:
_resourceHandler = None
_data = ""
_dataLength = -1
_response = None
def OnUploadProgress(self, webRequest, current, total):
pass
def OnDownloadProgress(self, webRequest, current, total):
pass
def OnDownloadData(self, webRequest, data):
# print("OnDownloadData()")
self._data += data
def OnRequestComplete(self, webRequest):
print("OnRequestComplete()")
# cefpython.WebRequest.Status = {"Unknown", "Success",
# "Pending", "Canceled", "Failed"}
statusText = "Unknown"
if webRequest.GetRequestStatus() in cefpython.WebRequest.Status:
statusText = cefpython.WebRequest.Status[\
webRequest.GetRequestStatus()]
print("status = %s" % statusText)
print("error code = %s" % webRequest.GetRequestError())
# Emulate OnResourceResponse() in ClientHandler:
self._response = webRequest.GetResponse()
# Are webRequest.GetRequest() and
# self._resourceHandler._request the same? What if
# there was a redirect, what will GetUrl() return
# for both of them?
self._data = self._resourceHandler._clientHandler._OnResourceResponse(
self._resourceHandler._browser,
self._resourceHandler._frame,
webRequest.GetRequest(),
webRequest.GetRequestStatus(),
webRequest.GetRequestError(),
webRequest.GetResponse(),
self._data)
self._dataLength = len(self._data)
# ResourceHandler.GetResponseHeaders() will get called
# after _responseHeadersReadyCallback.Continue() is called.
self._resourceHandler._responseHeadersReadyCallback.Continue()
# Which method to use for message loop processing.
# EVT_IDLE - wx application has priority (default)
# EVT_TIMER - cef browser has priority
# It seems that Flash content behaves better when using a timer.
# IMPORTANT! On Linux EVT_IDLE does not work, the events seems to
# be propagated only when you move your mouse, which is not the
# expected behavior, it is recommended to use EVT_TIMER on Linux,
# so set this value to False.
USE_EVT_IDLE = False
def GetApplicationPath(file=None):
import re, os, platform
# On Windows after downloading file and calling Browser.GoForward(),
# current working directory is set to %UserProfile%.
# Calling os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
# returns for eg. "C:\Users\user\Downloads". A solution
# is to cache path on first call.
if not hasattr(GetApplicationPath, "dir"):
if hasattr(sys, "frozen"):
dir = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
elif "__file__" in globals():
dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
else:
dir = os.getcwd()
GetApplicationPath.dir = dir
# If file is None return current directory without trailing slash.
if file is None:
file = ""
# Only when relative path.
if not file.startswith("/") and not file.startswith("\\") and (
not re.search(r"^[\w-]+:", file)):
path = GetApplicationPath.dir + os.sep + file
if platform.system() == "Windows":
path = re.sub(r"[/\\]+", re.escape(os.sep), path)
path = re.sub(r"[/\\]+$", "", path)
return path
return str(file)
def ExceptHook(excType, excValue, traceObject):
import traceback, os, time, codecs
# This hook does the following: in case of exception write it to
# the "error.log" file, display it to the console, shutdown CEF
# and exit application immediately by ignoring "finally" (os._exit()).
errorMsg = "\n".join(traceback.format_exception(excType, excValue,
traceObject))
errorFile = GetApplicationPath("error.log")
try:
appEncoding = cefpython.g_applicationSettings["string_encoding"]
except:
appEncoding = "utf-8"
if type(errorMsg) == bytes:
errorMsg = errorMsg.decode(encoding=appEncoding, errors="replace")
try:
with codecs.open(errorFile, mode="a", encoding=appEncoding) as fp:
fp.write("\n[%s] %s\n" % (
time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"), errorMsg))
except:
print("cefpython: WARNING: failed writing to error file: %s" % (
errorFile))
# Convert error message to ascii before printing, otherwise
# you may get error like this:
# | UnicodeEncodeError: 'charmap' codec can't encode characters
errorMsg = errorMsg.encode("ascii", errors="replace")
errorMsg = errorMsg.decode("ascii", errors="replace")
print("\n"+errorMsg+"\n")
cefpython.QuitMessageLoop()
cefpython.Shutdown()
os._exit(1)
class MainFrame(wx.Frame):
browser = None
mainPanel = None
def __init__(self):
wx.Frame.__init__(self, parent=None, id=wx.ID_ANY,
title='wxPython CEF 3 example', size=(800,600))
self.CreateMenu()
# Cannot attach browser to the main frame as this will cause
# the menu not to work.
# --
# You also have to set the wx.WANTS_CHARS style for
# all parent panels/controls, if it's deeply embedded.
self.mainPanel = wx.Panel(self, style=wx.WANTS_CHARS)
windowInfo = cefpython.WindowInfo()
windowInfo.SetAsChild(self.mainPanel.GetGtkWidget())
# Linux requires adding "file://" for local files,
# otherwise /home/some will be replaced as http://home/some
self.browser = cefpython.CreateBrowserSync(
windowInfo,
# If there are problems with Flash you can disable it here,
# by disabling all plugins.
browserSettings={"plugins_disabled": False,
"default_encoding": BROWSER_DEFAULT_ENCODING},
navigateUrl="file://"+GetApplicationPath("example.html"))
clientHandler = ClientHandler()
self.browser.SetClientHandler(clientHandler)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_CLOSE, self.OnClose)
if USE_EVT_IDLE:
# Bind EVT_IDLE only for the main application frame.
self.Bind(wx.EVT_IDLE, self.OnIdle)
def CreateMenu(self):
filemenu = wx.Menu()
filemenu.Append(1, "Open")
exit = filemenu.Append(2, "Exit")
self.Bind(wx.EVT_MENU, self.OnClose, exit)
aboutmenu = wx.Menu()
aboutmenu.Append(1, "CEF Python")
menubar = wx.MenuBar()
menubar.Append(filemenu,"&File")
menubar.Append(aboutmenu, "&About")
self.SetMenuBar(menubar)
def OnClose(self, event):
# In wx.chromectrl calling browser.CloseBrowser() and/or
# self.Destroy() in OnClose is causing crashes when embedding
# multiple browser tabs. The solution is to call only
# browser.ParentWindowWillClose. Behavior of this example
# seems different as it extends wx.Frame, while ChromeWindow
# from chromectrl extends wx.Window. Calling CloseBrowser
# and Destroy does not cause crashes, but is not recommended.
# Call ParentWindowWillClose and event.Skip() instead. See
# also Issue 107.
self.browser.ParentWindowWillClose()
event.Skip()
def OnIdle(self, event):
cefpython.MessageLoopWork()
class MyApp(wx.App):
timer = None
timerID = 1
timerCount = 0
def OnInit(self):
if not USE_EVT_IDLE:
self.CreateTimer()
frame = MainFrame()
self.SetTopWindow(frame)
frame.Show()
return True
def CreateTimer(self):
# See "Making a render loop":
# http://wiki.wxwidgets.org/Making_a_render_loop
# Another approach is to use EVT_IDLE in MainFrame,
# see which one fits you better.
self.timer = wx.Timer(self, self.timerID)
self.timer.Start(10) # 10ms
wx.EVT_TIMER(self, self.timerID, self.OnTimer)
def OnTimer(self, event):
self.timerCount += 1
# print("wxpython.py: OnTimer() %d" % self.timerCount)
cefpython.MessageLoopWork()
def OnExit(self):
# When app.MainLoop() returns, MessageLoopWork() should
# not be called anymore.
if not USE_EVT_IDLE:
self.timer.Stop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
sys.excepthook = ExceptHook
settings = {
"debug": False, # cefpython debug messages in console and in log_file
"log_severity": cefpython.LOGSEVERITY_INFO, # LOGSEVERITY_VERBOSE
"log_file": GetApplicationPath("debug.log"), # Set to "" to disable.
# This directories must be set on Linux
"locales_dir_path": cefpython.GetModuleDirectory()+"/locales",
"resources_dir_path": cefpython.GetModuleDirectory(),
"browser_subprocess_path": "%s/%s" % (
cefpython.GetModuleDirectory(), "subprocess")
}
# print("browser_subprocess_path="+settings["browser_subprocess_path"])
cefpython.Initialize(settings)
print('wx.version=%s' % wx.version())
app = MyApp(False)
app.MainLoop()
# Let wx.App destructor do the cleanup before calling cefpython.Shutdown().
del app
cefpython.Shutdown()
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